Exposure-Related Effects of Zequanox on Lake Sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) Survival and Condition Active
A dead-cell, spray-dried powder formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain CL145A was recently approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for control of dreissenid mussels (zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha and quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) in open-water environments. The EPA approved product, Zequanox® (registration number 84059-15) is manufactured by Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc. (Davis, California) and it was registered for controlling dreissenid mussels in industrial water systems in 2012 and for controlling dreissenid mussels in open-water systems in 2014. Zequanox induces mortality of dreissenid mussels by degradation of the epithelial cells lining the dreissenid digestive system.
Previous research assessing the exposure-related effects of Zequanox to freshwater unionid mussels has suggested that Zequanox exposure to native unionids is safe when it is applied at the maximum approved label concentration and exposure duration of 100 mg/L (active ingredient) for 8 hours (Luoma et al., 2015; Luoma, Weber, Waller, et al. 2015; Weber et al., 2015). However, laboratory trials conducted using a constant flow system to expose native fish to Zequanox treated water have demonstrated mixed results for native fishes (Luoma et al., in press).
Thorough assessments of exposure-related effects of Zequanox to native fishes are necessary before resource managers should apply Zequanox to control dreissenid mussels in open-water environments. Data needs regarding the use of Zequanox where native trust species such as lake sturgeon and lake trout are present is even greater, given the impacts to lake sturgeon and salmonid species observed in exposures conducted using a constant flow test system (Luoma et al., in press).
Objective
- Assess the exposure-related effects of Zequanox on juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) survival and condition when applied up to the maximum open-water label concentration and exposure duration (i.e. 100 mg/L [AI] for 8 hours).
References
Eddy, S., & Underhill, J. Campbell, 1978, How to know the freshwater fishes. 3d ed. Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Co.
Piper, R. G., Mc Elwain, I. B., Orrne, L.E., McCraren, J.P., Fowler L.G., & Leonard, J.R., 1982, Pages 134-135 in Fish Hatchery Management (Table 17). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 517 pp.
Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., Severson, T.J., and Mayer, D.A., 2015, Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A spray dried powder for controlling zebra mussels adhering to native unionid mussels within field enclosures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1051, 301 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/20151051.
Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., Waller, D.L., Wise, J.K., Mayer, D.A., and Aloisi, D.B., 2015, Safety of spray-dried powder formulated Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A exposure to subadult/adult unionid mussels during simulated open-water treatments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1064, 248 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151064.
Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., and Mayer, D.A., 2015 (In press), Exposure-related effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain CL145A, on coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–XXXX, XXXp.
Weber, K.L., Luoma, J.A., Mayer, D.A., Aloisi, D.B., and Eckert, N.L. 2015, Exposure-related effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on juvenile unionid mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1066, 663 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151066.
Aloisi, D.B., Gordon, R.R., Starzl, N.J., Walker, J.L, and Brady, T.R., 2006, Genoa National Fish Lake Sturgeon Culture Standard Operating Procedures. Region 3 Fisheries, Fisheries Data Series FDS 2006-003. (Accessed March 26, 2015, http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Fisheries/pub-policy/FDS-2006-3.pdf)
A dead-cell, spray-dried powder formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain CL145A was recently approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for control of dreissenid mussels (zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha and quagga mussel, Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) in open-water environments. The EPA approved product, Zequanox® (registration number 84059-15) is manufactured by Marrone Bio Innovations, Inc. (Davis, California) and it was registered for controlling dreissenid mussels in industrial water systems in 2012 and for controlling dreissenid mussels in open-water systems in 2014. Zequanox induces mortality of dreissenid mussels by degradation of the epithelial cells lining the dreissenid digestive system.
Previous research assessing the exposure-related effects of Zequanox to freshwater unionid mussels has suggested that Zequanox exposure to native unionids is safe when it is applied at the maximum approved label concentration and exposure duration of 100 mg/L (active ingredient) for 8 hours (Luoma et al., 2015; Luoma, Weber, Waller, et al. 2015; Weber et al., 2015). However, laboratory trials conducted using a constant flow system to expose native fish to Zequanox treated water have demonstrated mixed results for native fishes (Luoma et al., in press).
Thorough assessments of exposure-related effects of Zequanox to native fishes are necessary before resource managers should apply Zequanox to control dreissenid mussels in open-water environments. Data needs regarding the use of Zequanox where native trust species such as lake sturgeon and lake trout are present is even greater, given the impacts to lake sturgeon and salmonid species observed in exposures conducted using a constant flow test system (Luoma et al., in press).
Objective
- Assess the exposure-related effects of Zequanox on juvenile lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) survival and condition when applied up to the maximum open-water label concentration and exposure duration (i.e. 100 mg/L [AI] for 8 hours).
References
Eddy, S., & Underhill, J. Campbell, 1978, How to know the freshwater fishes. 3d ed. Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Co.
Piper, R. G., Mc Elwain, I. B., Orrne, L.E., McCraren, J.P., Fowler L.G., & Leonard, J.R., 1982, Pages 134-135 in Fish Hatchery Management (Table 17). U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 517 pp.
Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., Severson, T.J., and Mayer, D.A., 2015, Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A spray dried powder for controlling zebra mussels adhering to native unionid mussels within field enclosures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1051, 301 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/20151051.
Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., Waller, D.L., Wise, J.K., Mayer, D.A., and Aloisi, D.B., 2015, Safety of spray-dried powder formulated Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A exposure to subadult/adult unionid mussels during simulated open-water treatments: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1064, 248 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151064.
Luoma, J.A., Weber, K.L., and Mayer, D.A., 2015 (In press), Exposure-related effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens, strain CL145A, on coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–XXXX, XXXp.
Weber, K.L., Luoma, J.A., Mayer, D.A., Aloisi, D.B., and Eckert, N.L. 2015, Exposure-related effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on juvenile unionid mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1066, 663 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151066.
Aloisi, D.B., Gordon, R.R., Starzl, N.J., Walker, J.L, and Brady, T.R., 2006, Genoa National Fish Lake Sturgeon Culture Standard Operating Procedures. Region 3 Fisheries, Fisheries Data Series FDS 2006-003. (Accessed March 26, 2015, http://www.fws.gov/midwest/Fisheries/pub-policy/FDS-2006-3.pdf)