Environmental Effects of Agricultural Practices Active
As agricultural land in the Minnesota River Basin is retired, tile drains are removed or broken and riparian corridors are planted to reduce runoff. Early studies saw decreased sediment and nitrogen and improved biological indicators but no significant changes in phosphorus. This project continues to investigate the linkages between riparian buffer extent, age, and continuity; stream water; and biotic quality, with a specific emphasis on sediment and phosphorus.
In the Minnesota River Basin, retirement of agricultural land has been actively pursued at the state and federal level and includes removal of tile drains and planting of retired riparian corridors with native grasses and is supported under various programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), and Reinvest in Minnesota Program (RIM). U.S. Geological Survey scientists observed that suspended sediment as well as nitrite plus nitrate and total nitrogen (N) decreased with increasing percentages of retired land in a basin. In addition, although biological indicators varied in their response to percentage of retired land, most, including algal biovolume, abundance of tolerant invertebrate and fish species, and fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores improved as a function of the amount of retired land within 50 to 100 meters of the stream. In contrast, total phosphorus (P) concentrations showed no clear link to percentage of retired land. This observed inconsistent relation between various water quality and biological indicators led to questions of how the distribution and history of retired agricultural land impacted ecological outcomes.
A project was initiated in the Fall of 2011 that builds on the initial findings of Christensen and others (2009) to further address the linkages between riparian buffer extent, age, and continuity, and stream water and biotic quality, with a specific emphasis on sediment and phosphorus.
Features
- Small basin study of land management effects on water quality, in-stream nutrient retention, and organism health
- Distribution gradient of retired riparian corridor
- Incorporates a long-term water-quality site
- Scientists from multiple USGS Science Centers
- Interaction with local, State, and Federal cooperators including Minnesota Board of Soil and Water Resources, Hawk Creek Watershed Project, Renville County Soil and Water Conservation District, and NRCS District Office
Background
Sediments are considered among the most significant agricultural pollutants because sediment runoff physically degrades aquatic habitat, and carries excess nutrients, especially phosphorus. Riparian buffers, including those retired from agricultural production, are a key agricultural practice used to control runoff of sediment and associated pollutants. Edge-of-field studies have shown that these buffers:
- Reduce streambank erosion
- Dissipate stream energy
- Trap sediment and associated pollutants
- Enhance terrestrial and aquatic wildlife habitat
However, the link between riparian buffers and ecological response is less clear, due to issues of:
- Discontinuities of riparian buffers along the length of a stream
- Vegetation management on retired agricultural land
- The addition of tile-drains to fields that pass through the retired agricultural land in the riparian zone
- Changes in streambank erosion and sediment storage in retired areas
- The effect of in-ditch vegetation on sediment and nutrient retention and support of biodiversity
This project builds on our initial findings to further address the linkages between riparian buffer extent, age, and continuity, and stream water and biotic quality, with a specific emphasis on sediment and phosphorus. The approach:
- Defines a framework for study design that is transferrable to other physiographic and agricultural settings
- Demonstrates how detailed understanding of processes can lead to improved indicators of retired riparian corridor effectiveness
- Produces new understanding of the role of retired riparian corridors in improvement of water and stream biota quality. In addition, this project proposes a biotic response as a critical component of assessing the effects of retired lands.
- Improves understanding of the effect of within ditch vegetation on sediment and nutrient retention, and the relation to biodiversity and stream organism health
This project demonstrates an integrated USGS approach to watershed-scale studies, involves USGS scientists from several Science Centers and National Programs, and is conducted in cooperation with local, state and federal agencies. This project addresses the Midwest Area Environmental Effects of Agricultural Practices Initiative Themes of Watershed Resilience, Ecosystem Services, and Wildlife and Human Health, and addresses the Energy theme by addressing age of retirement and continuity of retired lands.
Research Approach
From the previously-studied Minnesota River basins (Christensen and others, 2009) a series of subbasins were selected to isolate the issues of hydrogeology and buffer characteristics. In order to focus on the impact of buffer character, sites will be selected that involve primarily cropland agriculture. Sub-basins will be chosen to provide a range of (1) time of retirement and (2) hydrogeologic conditions, at the same time controlling for other issues that might complicate the perceived response. Selected basins will be evaluated in terms of:
- Extent and duration of agricultural land retirement
- Hydrogeology
- Artificial drainage
- Agricultural practice
- Relation of streams to buffers, tile-drains, and agricultural fields
Data collection and sampling design includes:
Ecosystem Quality
- Water quality samples (Stream water, Groundwater, Tile-drained water)
- Water quality components (Nutrients, Suspended sediment concentration), including real-time water-quality monitoring
- Biological sampling and lipid analysis of algae, insects, and fish
- Organism health
- Food sources
- Stalbe isotopic (C & N) analysis of fish and insects
- Food source
- Food chain length
Sediment Characterization
- Sediment samples from multiple flow events
- Collection of sediment source samples
- Samples to be analyzed by USGS labs (Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Lab, Organic Geochemistry Research Lab, Kentucky Sediment Lab, Colorado Plateau Stable Isotope Lab, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) Lipid Lab, National Water Quality Lab)
Photo credits:
U.S. Geological field crew collects sample in a tributary of the Minnesota River Basin, 2008 (photo by Victoria Christensen)
U.S. Geological Survey field crew sampling invertebrates at South Branch Rush River, MN, 2006 (photo by: Victoria Christensen, U.S. Geological Survey)
Below are publications associated with Environmental Effects of Agricultural Practices in the Upper Midwest.
Building a library of source samples for sediment fingerprinting – Potential and proof of concept
Watershed- and reach-scale drivers of phosphorus retention and release by streambed sediment in a western Lake Erie watershed during summer
Riparian forest cover modulates phosphorus storage and nitrogen cycling in agricultural stream sediments
Workflow for using unmanned aircraft systems and traditional geospatial data to delineate agricultural drainage tiles at edge-of-field sites
Land use effects on sediment nutrient processes in a heavily modified watershed using structural equation models
Overall results and key findings on the use of UAV visible-color, multispectral, and thermal infrared imagery to map agricultural drainage pipes
Complex response of sediment phosphorus to land use and management within a river network
Denitrification in the river network of a mixed land use watershed: Unpacking the complexities
Migratory bird habitat in relation to tile drainage and poorly drained hydrologic soil groups
Assessment of conservation easements, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids in West Fork Beaver Creek, Minnesota, 1999-2012
Relations between retired agricultural land, water quality, and aquatic-community health, Minnesota River Basin
Water-Quality and Biological Characteristics and Responses to Agricultural Land Retirement in Three Streams of the Minnesota River Basin, Water Years 2006-08
Below are partners associated with this project.
- Overview
As agricultural land in the Minnesota River Basin is retired, tile drains are removed or broken and riparian corridors are planted to reduce runoff. Early studies saw decreased sediment and nitrogen and improved biological indicators but no significant changes in phosphorus. This project continues to investigate the linkages between riparian buffer extent, age, and continuity; stream water; and biotic quality, with a specific emphasis on sediment and phosphorus.
In the Minnesota River Basin, retirement of agricultural land has been actively pursued at the state and federal level and includes removal of tile drains and planting of retired riparian corridors with native grasses and is supported under various programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), and Reinvest in Minnesota Program (RIM). U.S. Geological Survey scientists observed that suspended sediment as well as nitrite plus nitrate and total nitrogen (N) decreased with increasing percentages of retired land in a basin. In addition, although biological indicators varied in their response to percentage of retired land, most, including algal biovolume, abundance of tolerant invertebrate and fish species, and fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores improved as a function of the amount of retired land within 50 to 100 meters of the stream. In contrast, total phosphorus (P) concentrations showed no clear link to percentage of retired land. This observed inconsistent relation between various water quality and biological indicators led to questions of how the distribution and history of retired agricultural land impacted ecological outcomes.
A project was initiated in the Fall of 2011 that builds on the initial findings of Christensen and others (2009) to further address the linkages between riparian buffer extent, age, and continuity, and stream water and biotic quality, with a specific emphasis on sediment and phosphorus.
Features
- Small basin study of land management effects on water quality, in-stream nutrient retention, and organism health
- Distribution gradient of retired riparian corridor
- Incorporates a long-term water-quality site
- Scientists from multiple USGS Science Centers
- Interaction with local, State, and Federal cooperators including Minnesota Board of Soil and Water Resources, Hawk Creek Watershed Project, Renville County Soil and Water Conservation District, and NRCS District Office
Background
Sediments are considered among the most significant agricultural pollutants because sediment runoff physically degrades aquatic habitat, and carries excess nutrients, especially phosphorus. Riparian buffers, including those retired from agricultural production, are a key agricultural practice used to control runoff of sediment and associated pollutants. Edge-of-field studies have shown that these buffers:
- Reduce streambank erosion
- Dissipate stream energy
- Trap sediment and associated pollutants
- Enhance terrestrial and aquatic wildlife habitat
However, the link between riparian buffers and ecological response is less clear, due to issues of:
- Discontinuities of riparian buffers along the length of a stream
- Vegetation management on retired agricultural land
- The addition of tile-drains to fields that pass through the retired agricultural land in the riparian zone
- Changes in streambank erosion and sediment storage in retired areas
- The effect of in-ditch vegetation on sediment and nutrient retention and support of biodiversity
This project builds on our initial findings to further address the linkages between riparian buffer extent, age, and continuity, and stream water and biotic quality, with a specific emphasis on sediment and phosphorus. The approach:
- Defines a framework for study design that is transferrable to other physiographic and agricultural settings
- Demonstrates how detailed understanding of processes can lead to improved indicators of retired riparian corridor effectiveness
- Produces new understanding of the role of retired riparian corridors in improvement of water and stream biota quality. In addition, this project proposes a biotic response as a critical component of assessing the effects of retired lands.
- Improves understanding of the effect of within ditch vegetation on sediment and nutrient retention, and the relation to biodiversity and stream organism health
This project demonstrates an integrated USGS approach to watershed-scale studies, involves USGS scientists from several Science Centers and National Programs, and is conducted in cooperation with local, state and federal agencies. This project addresses the Midwest Area Environmental Effects of Agricultural Practices Initiative Themes of Watershed Resilience, Ecosystem Services, and Wildlife and Human Health, and addresses the Energy theme by addressing age of retirement and continuity of retired lands.
Research Approach
From the previously-studied Minnesota River basins (Christensen and others, 2009) a series of subbasins were selected to isolate the issues of hydrogeology and buffer characteristics. In order to focus on the impact of buffer character, sites will be selected that involve primarily cropland agriculture. Sub-basins will be chosen to provide a range of (1) time of retirement and (2) hydrogeologic conditions, at the same time controlling for other issues that might complicate the perceived response. Selected basins will be evaluated in terms of:
- Extent and duration of agricultural land retirement
- Hydrogeology
- Artificial drainage
- Agricultural practice
- Relation of streams to buffers, tile-drains, and agricultural fields
Data collection and sampling design includes:
Ecosystem Quality
- Water quality samples (Stream water, Groundwater, Tile-drained water)
- Water quality components (Nutrients, Suspended sediment concentration), including real-time water-quality monitoring
- Biological sampling and lipid analysis of algae, insects, and fish
- Organism health
- Food sources
- Stalbe isotopic (C & N) analysis of fish and insects
- Food source
- Food chain length
Sediment Characterization
- Sediment samples from multiple flow events
- Collection of sediment source samples
- Samples to be analyzed by USGS labs (Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Lab, Organic Geochemistry Research Lab, Kentucky Sediment Lab, Colorado Plateau Stable Isotope Lab, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) Lipid Lab, National Water Quality Lab)
Photo credits:
U.S. Geological field crew collects sample in a tributary of the Minnesota River Basin, 2008 (photo by Victoria Christensen)
U.S. Geological Survey field crew sampling invertebrates at South Branch Rush River, MN, 2006 (photo by: Victoria Christensen, U.S. Geological Survey)
- Publications
Below are publications associated with Environmental Effects of Agricultural Practices in the Upper Midwest.
Filter Total Items: 16Building a library of source samples for sediment fingerprinting – Potential and proof of concept
PurposeSediment fingerprinting of fluvial targets has proven useful to guide conservation management and prioritize sediment sources for Federal and State supported programs in the United States. However, the collection and analysis of source samples can make these studies unaffordable, especially when needed for multiple drainage basins. We investigate the potential use of source samples from a bAuthorsTanja N. Williamson, Faith Fitzpatrick, Rebecca KreilingWatershed- and reach-scale drivers of phosphorus retention and release by streambed sediment in a western Lake Erie watershed during summer
Reducing phosphorus (P) concentrations in aquatic ecosystems, is necessary to improve water quality and reduce the occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial algal blooms. Managing P reduction requires information on the role rivers play in P transport from land to downstream water bodies, but we have a poor understanding of when and where river systems are P sources or sinks. During the summers of 2019AuthorsRebecca Kreiling, Patrik Mathis Perner, Kenna Jean Breckner, Tanja N. Williamson, Lynn A. Bartsch, James M. Hood, Nathan F. Manning, Laura T. JohnsonRiparian forest cover modulates phosphorus storage and nitrogen cycling in agricultural stream sediments
Watershed land cover affects in-stream water quality and sediment nutrient dynamics. The presence of natural land cover in the riparian zone can reduce the negative effects of agricultural land use on water quality; however, literature evaluating the effects of natural riparian land cover on stream sediment nutrient dynamics is scarce. The objective of this study was to assess if stream sediment pAuthorsRebecca Kreiling, Lynn A. Bartsch, Patrik Mathis Perner, Enrika Hlavacek, Victoria ChristensenWorkflow for using unmanned aircraft systems and traditional geospatial data to delineate agricultural drainage tiles at edge-of-field sites
Managing nutrient and sediment runoff from fields that drain to the Great Lakes is key to mitigating harmful algal blooms. Implementation of best management practices on agricultural land is considered a critical step to improving water quality in these streams, however the effect of these best management practices is difficult to quantify. The purpose of this study was to use a suite of high-resoAuthorsJ. Jeremy Webber, Tanja N. WilliamsonLand use effects on sediment nutrient processes in a heavily modified watershed using structural equation models
Contemporary land use can affect sediment nutrient processes in rivers draining heavily modified watersheds; however, studies linking land use to sediment nutrient processes in large river networks are limited. In this study, we developed and evaluated structural equation models (SE models) for denitrification and phosphorus retention capacity to determine direct and indirect linkages between currAuthorsRebecca Kreiling, Martin C. Thoms, Lynn A. Bartsch, James H. Larson, Victoria ChristensenOverall results and key findings on the use of UAV visible-color, multispectral, and thermal infrared imagery to map agricultural drainage pipes
Effective and efficient methods are needed to map agricultural subsurface drainage systems. Visible-color (VIS-C), multispectral (MS), and thermal infrared (TIR) imagery obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) may provide a means for determining drainage pipe locations. Aerial surveys using a UAV with VIS-C, MS, and TIR cameras were conducted at 29 agricultural field sites in the Midwest U.S.AAuthorsBarry J. Allred, Luis Martinez, Melake Fessehazion, Greg Rouse, Tanja N. Williamson, DeBonne Wishart, Triven Koganti, Robert Freeland, Neal Eash, Adam Batschelet, Robert FeatheringillComplex response of sediment phosphorus to land use and management within a river network
Rivers affected by anthropogenic nutrient inputs can retain some of the phosphorus (P) load through sediment retention and burial. Determining the influence of land use and management on sediment P concentrations and P retention in fluvial ecosystems is challenging because of different stressors operating at multiple spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we sought to determine how land use aAuthorsRebecca Kreiling, Martin C. Thoms, Lynn A. Bartsch, William B. Richardson, Victoria G. ChristensenDenitrification in the river network of a mixed land use watershed: Unpacking the complexities
River networks have the potential to permanently remove nitrogen through denitrification. Few studies have measured denitrification rates within an entire river network or assessed how land use affect rates at larger spatial scales. We sampled 108 sites throughout the network of the Fox River watershed, Wisconsin, to determine if land use influence sediment denitrification rates, and to identify zAuthorsRebecca Kreiling, William B. Richardson, Lynn A. Bartsch, Martin C. Thoms, Victoria G. ChristensenMigratory bird habitat in relation to tile drainage and poorly drained hydrologic soil groups
The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is home to more than 50% of the migratory waterfowl in North America. Although the PPR provides an abundance of temporary and permanent wetlands for nesting and feeding, increases in commodity prices and agricultural drainage practices have led to a trend of wetland drainage. The Northern Shoveler is a migratory dabbling duck species that uses wetland habitats andAuthorsBrandi Kastner, Victoria G. Christensen, Tanja N. Williamson, Christopher A. SanockiAssessment of conservation easements, total phosphorus, and total suspended solids in West Fork Beaver Creek, Minnesota, 1999-2012
This study examined conservation easements and their effectiveness at reducing phosphorus and solids transport to streams. The U.S. Geological Survey cooperated with the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources and worked collaboratively with the Hawk Creek Watershed Project to examine the West Fork Beaver Creek Basin in Renville County, which has the largest number of Reinvest In Minnesota lanAuthorsVictoria G. Christensen, Kristen A. KietaRelations between retired agricultural land, water quality, and aquatic-community health, Minnesota River Basin
The relative importance of agricultural land retirement on water quality and aquatic-community health was investigated in the Minnesota River Basin. Eighty-two sites, with drainage areas ranging from 4.3 to 2200 km2, were examined for nutrient concentrations, measures of aquatic-community health (e.g., fish index of biotic integrity [IBI] scores), and environmental factors (e.g., drainage area andAuthorsVictoria G. Christensen, Kathy Lee, James M. McLees, Scott L. NiemelaWater-Quality and Biological Characteristics and Responses to Agricultural Land Retirement in Three Streams of the Minnesota River Basin, Water Years 2006-08
Water-quality and biological characteristics in three streams in the Minnesota River Basin were assessed using data collected during water years 2006-08. The responses of nutrient concentrations, suspended-sediment concentrations, and biological characteristics to agricultural land retirement also were assessed. In general, total nitrogen, suspended-sediment, and chlorophyll-a concentrations, andAuthorsVictoria G. Christensen, Kathy Lee, Christopher A. Sanocki, Eric H. Mohring, Richard L. Kiesling - Partners
Below are partners associated with this project.