Catastrophic Landslides of the 20th Century - Worldwide Active

By Landslide Hazards Program June 25, 2018

Table of the Catastrophic Landslides including year, country, triggering process, the volume of material, impact, and comments.

Year	Country (State/ Province)	Name & Type(s)^*	Triggering Process	Volume	IMPACT	COMMENTS
1911	Tadzhik Rep. (Formerly USSR)	Usoy rock slide³	Usoy earthquake M = 7.4	2.0 x 10⁹m³	Destroyed Usoy village; 54 killed; dammed Murgab River, impounding 65-km long still existing Lake Sarez	Casualties low because of sparse population
1919	Indonesia (Java)	Kalut lahars (Volcanic udflows)^47,39,4	Eruption of Kalut volcano	185 km²	5,110 killed; 104 villages destroyed or damaged	Draining of Crater Lake caused hot mud flows
1920	China (Ningxia)	Haiyuan landslides^5,9	Haiyuan earthquake	???	100,000 killed; many villages destroyed	675 large loess landslides created more than 40 lakes
1921	Kazakh Rep. (formerly USSR)	Alma-Ata debris flow⁴⁵	Snowmelt	???	500 killed	Debris flow in Valley of Alma-Atinka River
1933	China (Sichuan)	Deixi landslides²²	Deixi earthquake M = 7.5	>150 x 10⁶m³	6,800 killed by landslides; 2,500 drowned when landslide dam failed	Earthquake caused several major landslides; largest formed 255-m-high dam on Min River
1939	Japan (Hyogo)	Mount Rokko slides and mudflows^26,29	Heavy rain	???	505 dead/missing; 130,000 homes destroyed or badly damaged by mass movements and/or floods	Caused by major typhoon; 0-90% of impact of Japanese typhoons caused by mass movements
1949	Tadzhik Rep. (formerly USSR)	Khait rock slide^13,44	Khait earthquake M = 7.5	???	12,000 - 20,000 killed or missing; 33 villages destroyed	Began as rock slide; transformed into large loess and granite debris avalanche
1953	Japan (Wakayama)	Arita River slides and debris/mud flows²⁶	Heavy rain	???	460 dead/missing; 4,772 homes destroyed by mass movements/floods	Caused by major typhoon; 50-90% of impact of Japanese typhoons caused by mass movements
1953	Japan (Kyoto)	Minamiy- amashiro slides & debris/mud flows²⁶	Heavy rain	???	336 dead/missing; 5,122 homes destroyed or badly damaged by mass movements/floods	"
1958	Japan (Shizuoka)	Kanogawa slides and mud/debris flows²⁶	Heavy rain	???	1,094 dead/missing; 19,754 homes destroyed or badly damaged by mass movements/floods	"
1962	Peru (Ancash)	Nevados Huascaran debris avalanche^24,27	???	13 x 10⁶m³	4,000-5,000 killed; much of village of Ranrahirca destroyed	Major debris avalanche from Nevados Huascaran; average velocity 170 km/hour
1963	Italy (Friuli- venezia- Griulia)	Vaiont Reservoir rockslide^12,16,28	???	250 x 10⁶m³	2,000 killed; city of Longarone badly damaged; total damages: US$200 million (1963 $)	High-velocity rock slide into Vaiont Reservoir caused 100-m waves to overtop Vaiont Dam
1964	United States (Alaska)	1964 Alaska landslides^11,46	Prince William Sound Earthquake M = 9.4	???	Estimated US$280 million (1964 $) damages	Major landslide damage in cities of Anchorage, Valdez, Whittier, Seward
1965	China (Yunnan)	Rock slide²¹	???	450 x 10⁶m³	Four villages; 444 dead	Occurred at “high speed”
1966	Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)	Rio de Janeiro slides, avalanches, debris/mud flows^8,14	Heavy rain	???	1,000 dead from landslides and floods	Many landslides in Rio de Janeiro and environs
1967	Brazil (Serra das Araras)	Serra das Araras slides, avalanches, debris/mud flows^8,14	Heavy rain	???	1,700 dead from landslides and floods	Many landslides in mountains SW of Rio de Janeiro
1970	Peru (Ancash)	Nevados Huascaran debris valanche^6,31,32	Earthquake M = 7.7	30-50 x 10⁶m³	18,000 dead; town of Yungay destroyed; Ranrahirca partially destroyed	Debris avalanche from same peak as in 1962; attained average velocity of 280 km/hr
1974	Peru (Huanca- velica)	Mayunmarca rock slide- debris avalanche^19,20	Rainfall? River erosion?	1.6 x 10⁹m³	Mayunmarca village destroyed, 450 killed; failure of 150-m-high landslide dam caused major downstream flooding	Debris avalanche with average velocity of 140 km/hr. dammed Mantaro River
1980	United States (Washington)	Mount St. Helens rock slide-debris avalanche^33,42	Eruption of Mount St. Helens	2.8 x 10⁹m³	World 1s largest historic landslide; only 5-10 killed, but major destruction of homes, highways, etc.; major debris flow; deaths low because of evacuation	Evacuation saved lives; began as rock slide; deteriorated into 23-km-long debris avalanche with average velocity of 125 km/hr.; surface remobilized into 95- km-long debris flow
1983	United States (Utah)	Thistle debris slide^15,38	Snowmelt & heavy rain	21 x 10⁶m³	Destroyed major railroad and highways; dammed Spanish Fork flooding town of Thistle; no deaths	Total losses: US$600 million (1983 $) —50% direct losses, 50% indirect losses
1983	China (Gansu)	Saleshan landslide^21,43	???	35 x 10⁶m³	237 dead; buried four villages; filled two reservoirs	Loess landslide
1985	Colombia (Tolima)	Nevado del Ruiz debris flows^25,41	Eruption of Nevado del Ruiz	???	Four towns and villages destroyed; flow in valley of Lagunillas River killed more than 20,000 in city of Armero.	Death toll unnecessarily large because hazard warnings not passed to residents
1986	Papua, New Guinea (East New Britain)	Bairaman Rock slide-debris avalanche^17,18	Bairaman earthquake M = 7.1	200 x 10⁶m³	Village of Bairaman destroyed by debris flow from breached l andslide dam; evacuation prevented casualties; huge effect on local landscape	Debris avalanche formed 210-m-high dam that impounded 50-million m³ lake; dam failed, causing 100m-deep debris flow-flood downstream.
1987	Ecuador (Napo)	Reventador landslides^34,35	Reventador earthquakes M = 6.1 and 6.9	75-110 x 10⁶m³	1,000 killed; many kms of trans-Ecuadorian oil pipeline and highway destroyed; total losses: US$ 1 billion (1987 $)	Land sliding mainly in saturated, residual soils on steep slopes; thousands of thin slides remobilized into debris flows in tributary and main drainages.
1994	Colombia (Cauca)	Paez landslides^23,35	Paez earthquake, M = 6.4	250 km²	Several villages partially destroyed by landslides; 271 dead; 1,700 missing; 158 injured; 12,000 displaced.	Thousands of thin, residual-soil slides on steep slopes turned into damaging debris flows in tributary and main drainages.
1998	Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador	Hurricane Mitch^{M1,M2,M3 flooding} Landslides debris-flows	Hurricane Mitch		Approximately 10,000 people killed in the flooding and landslides, which occurred throughout the region. Casitas volcano in Nicaragua experienced large debris flows. Impossible to differentiate deaths from landslides from deaths due to flooding.	180-mile per hour winds affected Honduras primarily. Torrential rains occurred, at the rate of 4 inches per hour. Large landslides in Tegucigalpa and elsewhere.

Source for Table

(Modified from) Schuster, R.L., 1996. The 25 most catastrophic landslides of the 20^th century, in Chacon, Irigaray and Fernandez (eds.), Landslides, Proc. Of the 8^th International Conf. & Field Trip on Landslides, Granada, Spain, 27-28 Sept. Rotterdam: Balkema.

*References for Table

Advisory Committee on the International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction 1987. Confronting natural disasters—an International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction. National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences, 60 p., Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Bates, R.L. and J.A. Jackson (eds.) 1987. Glossary of geology, 788 p., Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
Bolt, B.A., W.L. Horn, G.A. Macdonald and R.F. Scott, 1975. Geological Hazards, 328 p., New York: Springer-Verlag.
Brand, E.W., 1984. Landslides in Southeast Asia: a state-of-the-art report. In Proceedings, 4^th Int'l. Symposium on Landslides 1:17–59. Toronto: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Close, U., and McCormick, 1922. Where the mountains walked. National Geographic Magazine, 41:5:445-464.
Cluff, L.S., 1971. Peru earthquake of May 31, 1970. Engineering Geology Observations. Seismological Society of America Bulletin, 61:3:511-521.
Cruden, D.M. and D.J. Varnes, 1996. Landslide types and processes. Chapter 3 in A.K. Turner and R.L. Schuster (eds.), Landslides Investigation and Mitigation. Transportation Research Board Special Report 247:36-75. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
Da Costa Nunes, A.J., A.M.M. Costa Couto e Fonseca and R.E. Hunt, 1979. Landslides of Brazil. Chapter 11 in B.Voight (ed.) Rockslides and Avalanches, 2, Engineering Sites, p. 419-446. New York: Elsevier.
Feng, X. and A. Guo, 1985. Earthquake landslides in China. In proceedings, 4^th International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides, pp. 339-346. Tokyo: Japan Landslide society.
Gasiev, E., 1984. Study of the Usoy landslide in Pamir. In Proceedings, 4^th International Symposium on Landslides, 1:511-515. Toronto; Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Hansen, W.R., 1965. Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 at Anchorage, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542-A, 68 p., Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Hendron, A.J., Jr., and F.D. Patton, 1985. The Vaiont slide: a geotechnical analysis based on new geologic observations of the failure surface. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report, 1:104p. Vicksburg, Mississippi: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Jaroff, L., 1977. Forecasting the earth s convulsions. In Nature/Science Annual, pp. 21-33. New York: Time-Life Books.
Jones, F.O., 1973. Landslides in Rio de Janeiro and the Serra das Araras escarpment, Brazil. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 697, 42 p. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Kaliser, B.N., 1983. Geologic hazards of 1983. Survey Notes, pp. 3-8, Salt Lake City: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey.
Kiersch, G.A., 1964. Vaiont Reservoir disaster. Civil Engineering 4:3:32-39.
King, J., 1987. The Bairaman Valley debris flow. In Proceedings, 5^thInternational Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1-12 August, pp. 27-235.
King, J., I. Loveday, and R.L. Schuster, 1989. The 1985 Baraman landslide dam and resulting debris flow, Papua New Guinea. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 22:4:257-270.
Kojan, K.L. and J.N. Hutchinson, 1978. Mayunmarca rockslide and debris flow, Peru. In B. Voight (ed.), Rockslides and Avalanches, 1, Natural Phenomena, pp. 316-361. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Lee, K.L., and J.M. Duncan, 1975. Landslide of April 25, 1974 on the Mantaro River, Peru. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Natural Disasters, 72 p. National Academy of Sciences.
Li, Tianchi, 1990. Landslide management in the mountain areas of China. ICIMOD Occasional Paper 15:50 p.
Li, Tianchi, Schuster, R.L., and Wu Jishan, 1986. Landslide dams in southwestern China. In R.L. Schuster (ed.), Processes, Risk, and Mitigation, pp. 146-162. American Society of Civil Engineers Special Publication3.
Martinez, J.M., Avila, G., Agudelo, A., Schuster, R.L., Casadevall, T.J., and K.M. Scott, 1995. Landslides and debris flows triggered by the 6 June 1994 Paez earthquake, southwestern Colombia. Landslide News, no. 9:13-15. Kyoto: Japan Landslide Society.
McDowell, B., and J.E. Fletcher, 1962. Avalanche. National Geographic Magazine, 121:855-880.
Mileti, D.S., Bolton, P.A., Fernandez, G., and R.G. Updike, 1991. The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985. Committee on Natural Disasters, National Research Council, Natural Disaster Studies, 4:109 p., Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Ministry of Construction, 1983. Reference manual on erosion control works (in Japanese), 386 p. Japan: Erosion Control Department.
Morales, B., 1966. The Huascaran avalanche in the Santa Valley, Peru. In Proceedings, International Symposium on Scientific Aspects of Snow and Ice Avalanches, 5-10 April 1965. Davos, Switzerland: International Association of Scientific Hydrology Publication No. 69: pp. 304-315.
Muller, L., 1968. The rock slide in the Vaiont Valley. Rock Mechanics and Engineering Geology, 2:148-212.
Nakano, T., Kadomura, H., Mizutani, T., Okuda, M., and T. Sekiguchi, 1974. Natural hazards report from Japan. In G.F. White (ed.), Natural Hazards Local, National, Global, 8:231-243, New York: Oxford University Press.
Oyagi, N., 1989. Geological and economic extent of landslides in Japan and Korea. In E.E. Brabb and B.L. Harrod (eds.), Landslides Extent and Economic Significance, Proceedings of the 28^th International Geolgoical Congress, Symposium on Landslides, 17 July, pp. 289-302. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema.
Plafker, G., Ericksen, G.E., and J. Fernandez Concha, 1971. Geological aspects of the May 31, 1979 Peru earthquake. Seismological Society of America Bulletin, 61:3:543-578.
Plafker, G. and G.E. Ericksen, 1978. Nevados Huascaran avalanches. Chapter 8 In B. Voight (ed.), Rockslides and Avalanches, 1, Natural Phenomena, pp. 277-314. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Schuster, R.L., 1983. Engineering aspects of the 1980 Mount St. Helens Eruptions. Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, 20:2:125-143.
Schuster, R.L., (ed.)1991. The March 5, 1987, Ecuador earthquakes–mass wasting and economic effects. Committee on Natural Disasters, National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences, Natural Disaster Studies 5:163 p. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Schuster, R.L., 1995. Landslides and floods triggered by the June 6, 1994, Paez earthquake, southwestern Colombia. Association of Engineering Geologists, AEG News 38:1:32-33.
Schuster, R.L., Nieto, A.S., O'Rourke, T.D., Crespo, E., and G. Plaza-Nieto, 1995. Mass wasting triggered by the 5 March 1987 Ecuador earthquakes. Engineering Geology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
United States Department of Commerce, 1995. Statistical abstract of the United States—the national data book. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1,045 p.
University of Utah, 1984. Flooding and landslides in Utah—an economic impact analysis. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Bureau of Economic and Business Res., Utah Department of Community and Economic Development, and Utah Office of Planning and Budget, 123 p.
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Publications for Hurricane Mitch

Crone, Anthony J., Rex L. Baum, David J. Lidke, Damon N.D. Sather, Lee-Ann Bradley and Arthur C. Tarr, 2001. Landslides Induced by Hurricane Mitch in El Salvador—An Inventory and Descriptions of Selected Features, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 01-0444.
Bucknam, Robert C., Jeffrey A. Coe, Manuel Mota Chavarria, Jonathan W. Godt, Arthur C. Tarr, Lee-Ann Bradley, Sharon Rafferty, Dean Hancock, Richard L. Dart, and Margo L. Johnson, 2001. Landslides Triggered by Hurricane Mitch in Guatemala—Inventory and Discussion, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 01-0443.
Cannon, Susan H., Kathleen M. Haller, Ingrid Ekstrom, Eugene S. Schweig III, Graziella Devoli, David W. Moore, Sharon A. Rafferty, and Arthur C. Tarr, 2001. Landslide Response to Hurricane Mitch Rainfall in Seven Study Areas in Nicaragua, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 01-0412A.

Overview

Table of the Catastrophic Landslides including year, country, triggering process, the volume of material, impact, and comments.

Year	Country (State/ Province)	Name & Type(s)^*	Triggering Process	Volume	IMPACT	COMMENTS
1911	Tadzhik Rep. (Formerly USSR)	Usoy rock slide³	Usoy earthquake M = 7.4	2.0 x 10⁹m³	Destroyed Usoy village; 54 killed; dammed Murgab River, impounding 65-km long still existing Lake Sarez	Casualties low because of sparse population
1919	Indonesia (Java)	Kalut lahars (Volcanic udflows)^47,39,4	Eruption of Kalut volcano	185 km²	5,110 killed; 104 villages destroyed or damaged	Draining of Crater Lake caused hot mud flows
1920	China (Ningxia)	Haiyuan landslides^5,9	Haiyuan earthquake	???	100,000 killed; many villages destroyed	675 large loess landslides created more than 40 lakes
1921	Kazakh Rep. (formerly USSR)	Alma-Ata debris flow⁴⁵	Snowmelt	???	500 killed	Debris flow in Valley of Alma-Atinka River
1933	China (Sichuan)	Deixi landslides²²	Deixi earthquake M = 7.5	>150 x 10⁶m³	6,800 killed by landslides; 2,500 drowned when landslide dam failed	Earthquake caused several major landslides; largest formed 255-m-high dam on Min River
1939	Japan (Hyogo)	Mount Rokko slides and mudflows^26,29	Heavy rain	???	505 dead/missing; 130,000 homes destroyed or badly damaged by mass movements and/or floods	Caused by major typhoon; 0-90% of impact of Japanese typhoons caused by mass movements
1949	Tadzhik Rep. (formerly USSR)	Khait rock slide^13,44	Khait earthquake M = 7.5	???	12,000 - 20,000 killed or missing; 33 villages destroyed	Began as rock slide; transformed into large loess and granite debris avalanche
1953	Japan (Wakayama)	Arita River slides and debris/mud flows²⁶	Heavy rain	???	460 dead/missing; 4,772 homes destroyed by mass movements/floods	Caused by major typhoon; 50-90% of impact of Japanese typhoons caused by mass movements
1953	Japan (Kyoto)	Minamiy- amashiro slides & debris/mud flows²⁶	Heavy rain	???	336 dead/missing; 5,122 homes destroyed or badly damaged by mass movements/floods	"
1958	Japan (Shizuoka)	Kanogawa slides and mud/debris flows²⁶	Heavy rain	???	1,094 dead/missing; 19,754 homes destroyed or badly damaged by mass movements/floods	"
1962	Peru (Ancash)	Nevados Huascaran debris avalanche^24,27	???	13 x 10⁶m³	4,000-5,000 killed; much of village of Ranrahirca destroyed	Major debris avalanche from Nevados Huascaran; average velocity 170 km/hour
1963	Italy (Friuli- venezia- Griulia)	Vaiont Reservoir rockslide^12,16,28	???	250 x 10⁶m³	2,000 killed; city of Longarone badly damaged; total damages: US$200 million (1963 $)	High-velocity rock slide into Vaiont Reservoir caused 100-m waves to overtop Vaiont Dam
1964	United States (Alaska)	1964 Alaska landslides^11,46	Prince William Sound Earthquake M = 9.4	???	Estimated US$280 million (1964 $) damages	Major landslide damage in cities of Anchorage, Valdez, Whittier, Seward
1965	China (Yunnan)	Rock slide²¹	???	450 x 10⁶m³	Four villages; 444 dead	Occurred at “high speed”
1966	Brazil (Rio de Janeiro)	Rio de Janeiro slides, avalanches, debris/mud flows^8,14	Heavy rain	???	1,000 dead from landslides and floods	Many landslides in Rio de Janeiro and environs
1967	Brazil (Serra das Araras)	Serra das Araras slides, avalanches, debris/mud flows^8,14	Heavy rain	???	1,700 dead from landslides and floods	Many landslides in mountains SW of Rio de Janeiro
1970	Peru (Ancash)	Nevados Huascaran debris valanche^6,31,32	Earthquake M = 7.7	30-50 x 10⁶m³	18,000 dead; town of Yungay destroyed; Ranrahirca partially destroyed	Debris avalanche from same peak as in 1962; attained average velocity of 280 km/hr
1974	Peru (Huanca- velica)	Mayunmarca rock slide- debris avalanche^19,20	Rainfall? River erosion?	1.6 x 10⁹m³	Mayunmarca village destroyed, 450 killed; failure of 150-m-high landslide dam caused major downstream flooding	Debris avalanche with average velocity of 140 km/hr. dammed Mantaro River
1980	United States (Washington)	Mount St. Helens rock slide-debris avalanche^33,42	Eruption of Mount St. Helens	2.8 x 10⁹m³	World 1s largest historic landslide; only 5-10 killed, but major destruction of homes, highways, etc.; major debris flow; deaths low because of evacuation	Evacuation saved lives; began as rock slide; deteriorated into 23-km-long debris avalanche with average velocity of 125 km/hr.; surface remobilized into 95- km-long debris flow
1983	United States (Utah)	Thistle debris slide^15,38	Snowmelt & heavy rain	21 x 10⁶m³	Destroyed major railroad and highways; dammed Spanish Fork flooding town of Thistle; no deaths	Total losses: US$600 million (1983 $) —50% direct losses, 50% indirect losses
1983	China (Gansu)	Saleshan landslide^21,43	???	35 x 10⁶m³	237 dead; buried four villages; filled two reservoirs	Loess landslide
1985	Colombia (Tolima)	Nevado del Ruiz debris flows^25,41	Eruption of Nevado del Ruiz	???	Four towns and villages destroyed; flow in valley of Lagunillas River killed more than 20,000 in city of Armero.	Death toll unnecessarily large because hazard warnings not passed to residents
1986	Papua, New Guinea (East New Britain)	Bairaman Rock slide-debris avalanche^17,18	Bairaman earthquake M = 7.1	200 x 10⁶m³	Village of Bairaman destroyed by debris flow from breached l andslide dam; evacuation prevented casualties; huge effect on local landscape	Debris avalanche formed 210-m-high dam that impounded 50-million m³ lake; dam failed, causing 100m-deep debris flow-flood downstream.
1987	Ecuador (Napo)	Reventador landslides^34,35	Reventador earthquakes M = 6.1 and 6.9	75-110 x 10⁶m³	1,000 killed; many kms of trans-Ecuadorian oil pipeline and highway destroyed; total losses: US$ 1 billion (1987 $)	Land sliding mainly in saturated, residual soils on steep slopes; thousands of thin slides remobilized into debris flows in tributary and main drainages.
1994	Colombia (Cauca)	Paez landslides^23,35	Paez earthquake, M = 6.4	250 km²	Several villages partially destroyed by landslides; 271 dead; 1,700 missing; 158 injured; 12,000 displaced.	Thousands of thin, residual-soil slides on steep slopes turned into damaging debris flows in tributary and main drainages.
1998	Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador	Hurricane Mitch^{M1,M2,M3 flooding} Landslides debris-flows	Hurricane Mitch		Approximately 10,000 people killed in the flooding and landslides, which occurred throughout the region. Casitas volcano in Nicaragua experienced large debris flows. Impossible to differentiate deaths from landslides from deaths due to flooding.	180-mile per hour winds affected Honduras primarily. Torrential rains occurred, at the rate of 4 inches per hour. Large landslides in Tegucigalpa and elsewhere.

Source for Table

*References for Table

Advisory Committee on the International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction 1987. Confronting natural disasters—an International Decade for Natural Hazard Reduction. National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences, 60 p., Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Bates, R.L. and J.A. Jackson (eds.) 1987. Glossary of geology, 788 p., Washington D.C.: National Academy Press.
Bolt, B.A., W.L. Horn, G.A. Macdonald and R.F. Scott, 1975. Geological Hazards, 328 p., New York: Springer-Verlag.
Brand, E.W., 1984. Landslides in Southeast Asia: a state-of-the-art report. In Proceedings, 4^th Int'l. Symposium on Landslides 1:17–59. Toronto: Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Close, U., and McCormick, 1922. Where the mountains walked. National Geographic Magazine, 41:5:445-464.
Cluff, L.S., 1971. Peru earthquake of May 31, 1970. Engineering Geology Observations. Seismological Society of America Bulletin, 61:3:511-521.
Cruden, D.M. and D.J. Varnes, 1996. Landslide types and processes. Chapter 3 in A.K. Turner and R.L. Schuster (eds.), Landslides Investigation and Mitigation. Transportation Research Board Special Report 247:36-75. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
Da Costa Nunes, A.J., A.M.M. Costa Couto e Fonseca and R.E. Hunt, 1979. Landslides of Brazil. Chapter 11 in B.Voight (ed.) Rockslides and Avalanches, 2, Engineering Sites, p. 419-446. New York: Elsevier.
Feng, X. and A. Guo, 1985. Earthquake landslides in China. In proceedings, 4^th International Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides, pp. 339-346. Tokyo: Japan Landslide society.
Gasiev, E., 1984. Study of the Usoy landslide in Pamir. In Proceedings, 4^th International Symposium on Landslides, 1:511-515. Toronto; Canadian Geotechnical Society.
Hansen, W.R., 1965. Effects of the earthquake of March 27, 1964 at Anchorage, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 542-A, 68 p., Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Hendron, A.J., Jr., and F.D. Patton, 1985. The Vaiont slide: a geotechnical analysis based on new geologic observations of the failure surface. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report, 1:104p. Vicksburg, Mississippi: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Jaroff, L., 1977. Forecasting the earth s convulsions. In Nature/Science Annual, pp. 21-33. New York: Time-Life Books.
Jones, F.O., 1973. Landslides in Rio de Janeiro and the Serra das Araras escarpment, Brazil. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 697, 42 p. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.
Kaliser, B.N., 1983. Geologic hazards of 1983. Survey Notes, pp. 3-8, Salt Lake City: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey.
Kiersch, G.A., 1964. Vaiont Reservoir disaster. Civil Engineering 4:3:32-39.
King, J., 1987. The Bairaman Valley debris flow. In Proceedings, 5^thInternational Conference and Field Workshop on Landslides, Christchurch, New Zealand, 1-12 August, pp. 27-235.
King, J., I. Loveday, and R.L. Schuster, 1989. The 1985 Baraman landslide dam and resulting debris flow, Papua New Guinea. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 22:4:257-270.
Kojan, K.L. and J.N. Hutchinson, 1978. Mayunmarca rockslide and debris flow, Peru. In B. Voight (ed.), Rockslides and Avalanches, 1, Natural Phenomena, pp. 316-361. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Lee, K.L., and J.M. Duncan, 1975. Landslide of April 25, 1974 on the Mantaro River, Peru. Washington, D.C.: Committee on Natural Disasters, 72 p. National Academy of Sciences.
Li, Tianchi, 1990. Landslide management in the mountain areas of China. ICIMOD Occasional Paper 15:50 p.
Li, Tianchi, Schuster, R.L., and Wu Jishan, 1986. Landslide dams in southwestern China. In R.L. Schuster (ed.), Processes, Risk, and Mitigation, pp. 146-162. American Society of Civil Engineers Special Publication3.
Martinez, J.M., Avila, G., Agudelo, A., Schuster, R.L., Casadevall, T.J., and K.M. Scott, 1995. Landslides and debris flows triggered by the 6 June 1994 Paez earthquake, southwestern Colombia. Landslide News, no. 9:13-15. Kyoto: Japan Landslide Society.
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Publications for Hurricane Mitch

Crone, Anthony J., Rex L. Baum, David J. Lidke, Damon N.D. Sather, Lee-Ann Bradley and Arthur C. Tarr, 2001. Landslides Induced by Hurricane Mitch in El Salvador—An Inventory and Descriptions of Selected Features, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 01-0444.
Bucknam, Robert C., Jeffrey A. Coe, Manuel Mota Chavarria, Jonathan W. Godt, Arthur C. Tarr, Lee-Ann Bradley, Sharon Rafferty, Dean Hancock, Richard L. Dart, and Margo L. Johnson, 2001. Landslides Triggered by Hurricane Mitch in Guatemala—Inventory and Discussion, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 01-0443.
Cannon, Susan H., Kathleen M. Haller, Ingrid Ekstrom, Eugene S. Schweig III, Graziella Devoli, David W. Moore, Sharon A. Rafferty, and Arthur C. Tarr, 2001. Landslide Response to Hurricane Mitch Rainfall in Seven Study Areas in Nicaragua, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 01-0412A.