Avian botulism is a paralytic, often fatal disease of birds resulting from ingestion of toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Waterfowl die-offs from the botulism are usually caused by type C toxin; sporadic die-offs among fish-eating birds, such as common loons (Gavia immer) and gulls, have been caused by type E toxin.
Citation Information
| Publication Year | 1989 |
|---|---|
| Title | Avian botulism: geographic expansion of a historic disease |
| Authors | Louis N. Locke, Milton Friend |
| Publication Type | Report |
| Publication Subtype | Federal Government Series |
| Series Title | Fish and Wildlife Leaflet |
| Series Number | 13.2.4 |
| Index ID | 70006740 |
| Record Source | USGS Publications Warehouse |
| USGS Organization | National Wildlife Health Center |