Catastrophic isotopic modification of rhyolitic magma at times of caldera subsidence, Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field

The Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field has undergone repeated eruption of rhyolitic magma strongly depleted in ¹⁸O. Large calderas subsided 2.0, 1.3, and 0.6 Ma ago, on eruption of ash flow sheets that represent at least 2500, 280, and 1000 km³ of zoned magma. More than 60 other rhyolite lavas and tuffs permit reconstruction of the long-term chemical and isotopic evolution of the silicic system. Narrow δ¹⁸O ranges in the ash flow sheets contrast with wide δ¹⁸O variations in postcaldera lavas of the first and third caldera cycles. Earliest postcollapse lavas are 3 to 6‰ lighter than the preceding ash flow sheets. The O¹⁸ depletions were short-lived events that immediately followed caldera subsidence; hundreds of cubic kilometers of magma were drastically ¹⁸O depleted and thousands were depleted by 1–2‰. Sequences of postcaldera lavas record partial recovery toward precaldera δ¹⁸O values; secular trends between collapse events thus reflect gradual reenrichment of the roofmost magma in δ¹⁸O. Much of the subcaldera reservoir was affected, because lavas that erupted as far apart as 115 km reflect the same pattern of depletion and partial recovery. Contemporaneous extracaldera rhyolites have the highest δ¹⁸O values in the volcanic field and show no effects of the repeated depletions. Sr and Pb isotope ratios of intracaldera rhyolites jump to more radiogenic values at times of caldera formation and show a longterm zigzag pattern like that of δ¹⁸O. Although some contamination by foundering roof rocks seenis to be required, water was probably the predominant contaminant. Even if roof rocks had been strongly depleted in O¹⁸ before engulfment, their assimilation would have been far from sufficient to account for the large O¹⁸ shift. The low- O¹⁸ lavas contain no xenocrysts and show no trace element or phenocryst evidence of massive contamination. Their Fe-Ti-oxide temperatures indicate no cooling relative to the caldera-forming ash flow magma, and their whole-rock, glass, and phenoeryst chemistry suggests compositional continuity with the ash flow sequence. Oxygen exchange between the magma and a mass of low-O¹⁸ water greatly exceeding solubility limits may require (1) recurrent explosive activity to sustain access and mixing of water with the magma and (2) convection of the magma reservoir to prevent local saturation.