Groundwater salinity: Applying the specific conductance and water type proxy

Groundwater is increasingly needed for water supplies but may have limited utility in some locations because of its salinity. Salinity, often expressed as total dissolved solid (TDS), is frequently estimated using specific conductance (SC) measurements. However, the commonly used proxy (0.65 multiplied by SC to indicate TDS, common in many handheld meters) can result in inaccurate TDS estimates. First, the TDS–SC relationship is not linear over the entire concentration range of groundwater. Furthermore, the TDS (and salinity)–SC relationships vary substantially depending on the major-ion composition. Here we develop a proxy method utilizing SC and major-ion water type to estimate TDS and salinity specifically for groundwaters. Compared to most surface waters, groundwater tends to have a wider range of salinity (fresh to highly saline) and higher concentrations of bedrock-derived solutes such as carbonate ions, silica, and many other ions. The dataset used to develop the proxies includes water chemistry data from 149,059 discrete groundwater samples. The groundwater proxies, which employ nonlinear log–log relations, utilize five water types (HCO₃, Cl, Ca-Mg-SO₄, Na-K-SO₄, and mixed waters), are accurate (median percent difference between TDS and salinity determined using the proxy compared to discrete measurements was