High-intensity fire supports restoration of grassland species richness and community composition following woody encroachment

Woody encroachment has driven drastic declines in grassland biodiversity and productivity. In the U.S. Great Plains, high-intensity prescribed fire is increasingly being used to shift encroaching redcedar woodlands to a grassland state. High-intensity fire treatments drive redcedar mortality and increase herbaceous biomass. However, it is unclear how grassland community composition recovers following stand-consuming fire. We contrast herbaceous community composition, basal cover, and species richness in woodlands treated with stand-consuming high-intensity fire to reference grassland and woodland sites to examine whether high-intensity fires facilitate restoration of grassland communities. To determine the long-term outcomes of high-intensity fire treatments, we use a space-for-time substitute to measure changes to herbaceous community and species richness over a time-since-fire gradient of 17 years. We found that herbaceous cover and species richness increased substantially in woodlands treated with stand-consuming high-intensity fire compared to unburned woodlands, and that these values were similar to those observed in both burned and unburned grasslands. Herbaceous community composition in woodlands treated with high-intensity fire also shifted towards grasslands, though some legacies of woodland communities persisted. Time-since-fire generally did not have a large influence on total herbaceous cover or species richness through time, though grass cover decreased in woodlands treated with high-intensity fire a decade post-treatment. Our findings suggest that a single high-intensity fire can support the restoration of herbaceous plant species richness and cover, and shift community composition to a grassland regime, though additional low-intensity fire treatments may be necessary to erode legacies from the encroached state.