PVTx properties of the CO₂-H₂O and CO₂-H₂O-NaCl systems below 647 K: assessment of experimental data and thermodynamic models

Evaluation of CO₂ sequestration in formation brine or in seawater needs highly accurate experimental data or models of pressure–volume–temperature-composition (PVTx) properties for the CO₂–H₂O and CO₂–H₂O–NaCl systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the experimental PVTx properties and the thermodynamic models of these two systems. The following conclusions are drawn from the review: (1) About two-thirds of experimental data are consistent with each other, where the uncertainty in liquid volumes is within 0.5%, and that in gas volumes within 2%. However, this accuracy is not sufficient for assessing CO₂ sequestration. Among the data sets for liquids, only a few are available for accurate modeling of CO₂ sequestration. These data have an error of about 0.1% on average, roughly covering from 273 to 642 K and from 1 to 35 MPa; (2) There is a shortage of volumetric data of saturated vapor phase. (3) There are only a few data sets for the ternary liquids, and they are inconsistent with each other, where only a couple of data sets can be used to test a predictive density model for CO₂ sequestration; (4) Although there are a few models with accuracy close to that of experiments, none of them is accurate enough for CO₂ sequestration modeling, which normally needs an accuracy of density better than 0.1%. Some calculations are made available on www.geochem-model.org.