Anthony M Pagano, Ph.D.
Ecophysiology, spatial ecology, and behavior of large mammals
Professional Experience
2022 - Present Research Wildlife Biologist USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
2021 - 2022 Post-doctoral Researcher Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
2018 - 2021 Post-doctoral Researcher Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, California
2008 - 2018 Wildlife Biologist USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
Education and Certifications
Ph.D. 2018 University of California, Santa Cruz Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
M.S. 2007 University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN Wildlife Conservation
B.A. 2002 Northeastern University, Boston, MA Biology and History
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 33
Effects of sea ice decline and summer land use on polar bear home range size in the Beaufort Sea Effects of sea ice decline and summer land use on polar bear home range size in the Beaufort Sea
Animals responding to habitat loss and fragmentation may increase their home ranges to offset declines in localized resources or they may decrease their home ranges and switch to alternative resources. In many regions of the Arctic, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) exhibit some of the largest home ranges of any quadrupedal mammal. Polar bears are presently experiencing a rapid decline in...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, George Durner, Todd Atwood, David Douglas
Human-polar bear interactions Human-polar bear interactions
Human-wildlife interactions (HWI) are driven fundamentally by overlapping space and resources. As competition intensifies, the likelihood of interaction and conflict increases. In turn, conflict may impede conservation efforts by lowering social tolerance of wildlife, especially when human-wildlife conflict (HWC) poses a threat to human safety and economic well-being. Thus, mitigating...
Authors
Todd Atwood, James Wilder
Polar bear foraging behavior Polar bear foraging behavior
Polar bears forage in the marine environment, primarily on the sea ice over the shallow waters of the continental shelf. They are solitary, ambush hunters that catch ringed and bearded seals when they surface to breathe in ice holes or haul out on the ice to rest and molt. In most parts of their range, polar bears experience dramatic seasonal variability in their ability to catch seals...
Authors
Anthony Pagano
Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears
Animal structural body size and condition are often measured to evaluate individual health, identify responses to environmental change and food availability, and relate food availability to effects on reproduction and survival. A variety of condition metrics have been developed but relationships between these metrics and vital rates are rarely validated. Identifying an optimal approach...
Authors
Karyn Rode, Todd Atwood, Gregory Thiemann, Michelle St. Martin, Ryan Wilson, George Durner, Eric Regehr, Sandra Talbot, Kevin Sage, Anthony Pagano, Kristin Simac
The seasonal energetic landscape of an apex marine carnivore, the polar bear The seasonal energetic landscape of an apex marine carnivore, the polar bear
Divergent movement strategies have enabled wildlife populations to adapt to environmental change. In recent decades, the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) has developed a divergent movement strategy in response to diminishing sea ice where the majority of the subpopulation (73–85%) stays on the sea ice in summer and the remaining bears move to land...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Todd Atwood, George Durner, Terrie Williams
Overhauling ocean spatial planning to improve marine megafauna conservation Overhauling ocean spatial planning to improve marine megafauna conservation
Tracking data have led to evidence-based conservation of marine megafauna, but a disconnect remains between the many thousands of individual animals that have been tracked and the use of these data in conservation and management actions. Furthermore, the focus of most conservation efforts is within Exclusive Economic Zones despite the ability of these species to move thousands of...
Authors
Ana Sequeira, Graeme Hays, David Sims, Victor Eguiluz, Jorge Rodriguez, Michelle Heupel, Robert Harcourt, Hannah Calich, Nuno Queiroz, Daniel Costa, Juan Fernandez-Gracia, Luciana Ferreira, Simon Goldsworthy, Mark Hindell, Mary-Anne Lea, Mark Meekan, Anthony Pagano, Scott Shaffer, Julia Reisser, Michele Thums, Michael J Weise, Carlos Duarte
Energetic costs of aquatic locomotion in a subadult polar bear Energetic costs of aquatic locomotion in a subadult polar bear
Most marine mammals rely on swimming as their primary form of locomotion. These animals have evolved specialized morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors that have enabled them to efficiently move through an aquatic environment (Williams 1999). Such adaptations include body streamlining, modified plantar surfaces for propulsion, and abilities to remain submerged for extended durations...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Amy Cutting, Nicole Nicassio-Hiskey, Amy Hash, Terrie Williams
Estimating the energy expenditure of free‐ranging polar bears using tri‐axial accelerometers: A validation with doubly labeled water Estimating the energy expenditure of free‐ranging polar bears using tri‐axial accelerometers: A validation with doubly labeled water
Measures of energy expenditure can be used to inform animal conservation and management, but methods for measuring the energy expenditure of free‐ranging animals have a variety of limitations. Advancements in biologging technologies have enabled the use of dynamic body acceleration derived from accelerometers as a proxy for energy expenditure. Although dynamic body acceleration has been...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Terrie Williams
Energetic costs of locomotion in bears: is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Energetic costs of locomotion in bears: is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical?
Ursids are the largest mammals to retain a plantigrade posture. This primitive posture has been proposed to result in reduced locomotor speed and economy relative to digitigrade and unguligrade species, particularly at high speeds. Previous energetics research on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) found locomotor costs were more than double predictions for similarly sized quadrupedal mammals...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Anthony Carnahan, Charles Robbins, Megan Owen, Tammy Batson, Nate Wagner, Amy Cutting, Nicole Nicassio-Hiskey, Amy Hash, Terrie Williams
Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans
The extent of increasing anthropogenic impacts on large marine vertebrates partly depends on the animals’ movement patterns. Effective conservation requires identification of the key drivers of movement including intrinsic properties and extrinsic constraints associated with the dynamic nature of the environments the animals inhabit. However, the relative importance of intrinsic versus...
Authors
A. M. M. Sequeira, J.P. Rodriguez, V. M. Eguíluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D.W. Sims, C.M. Duarte, D.P. Costa, J. Fernandez-Gracia, L.C. Ferreira, G.C. Hays, M. R. Heupel, M.G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A. Baylis, M. Berumen, C. Braun, J. Burns, M.J. Caley, R. Campbell, R.H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L. Einoder, Ari Friedlaender, M. Goebel, S.D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L.A. Hückstädt, N.E. Humphries, M.-A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. Mckenzie, L. McLeay, C.R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M. Muelbert, Anthony Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P. Robinson, S. Shaffer, M. Shivji, G. B. Skomal, S. Thorrold, S. Villegas-Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, M. Thums
High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an Arctic apex predator, the polar bear High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an Arctic apex predator, the polar bear
Regional declines in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations have been attributed to changing sea ice conditions, but with limited information on the causative mechanisms. By simultaneously measuring field metabolic rates, daily activity patterns, body condition, and foraging success of polar bears moving on the spring sea ice, we found that high metabolic rates (1.6 times greater than...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, George Durner, Karyn Rode, Todd Atwood, Stephen Atkinson, Elizabeth Peacock, Daniel Costa, Megan Owen, Terrie Williams
Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears
An animal's body condition provides insight into its health, foraging success, and overall fitness. Measures of body composition including proportional fat content are useful indicators of condition. Isotopic dilution is a reliable non-destructive method for estimating the body composition of live mammals, but can require prolonged handling times. Alternatively, bioelectrical impedance...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Karyn Rode, Stephen Atkinson
Non-USGS Publications**
Pagano, A.M., A.M. Carnahan, C.T. Robbins, M.A. Owen, T. Batson, N. Wagner, A.
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Pagano, A.M., G.M. Durner, K.D. Rode, T.C. Atwood, S.N. Atkinson, E. Peacock, D.P.
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Pagano, A. M., Rode, K. D., Cutting, A., Owen, M. A., Jensen, S., Ware, J. V., Robbins, C. M., Durner, G. M., Atwood, T. C., Obbard, M. E., Middel, K. R., Thiemann, G. W., and Williams, T. M., 2017, Using tri-axial accelerometers to identify wild polar bear behaviors: Endangered Species Research vol. 32 p. 19-33. doi: 10.3354/esr00779
Ware, J. V., Rode, K. D., Bromaghin, J. F., Douglas, D. C. Wilson, R. R., Regehr, E. V., Amstrup, S. C., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Olson, J. W., Robbins, C. T. and Jansen, H. T., 2017, Habitat degradation affects the summer activity of polar bears: Oecologia vol. 184 no. 1 p. 87-89. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3839-y
Wiig, Ø., Born, E. W., Laidre, K. L., Dietz, R., Jensen, M. V., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Regehr, E. V., St. Martin, M., Atkinson, S. N., and Dyck, M., 2017, Performance and retention of lightweight satellite radio tags applied to the ears of polar bears (Ursus maritimus): Animal Biotelemetry vol. 5 no. 9. doi: 10.1186/s40317-017-0124-0
Sequeira, A.M.M., J.P. Rodríguez, V.M. Eguíluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D.W. Sims, C.M. Duarte, D.P. Costa, J. Fernández-Gracia, L.C. Ferreira, G.C. Hays, M.R. Heupel, M.G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A.M.M. Baylis, M.L. Berumen, C.D. Braun, J. Burns, M.J. Caley, R. Campbell, R.H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L.D. Einoder, A. Friedlaender, M.E. Goebel, S.D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L.A. Hückstädt, N.E. Humphries, M.-A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. McKenzie, L. McLeay, C.R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M.M.C. Muelbert, A. M. Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P.W. Robinson, S.A. Shaffer, M. Shivji, G.B. Skomal, S.R. Thorrold, S. Villegas-Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, and M. Thums. 2018. Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 115 no. 12 p.3072-3077. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716137115
Pagano, A.M., K.D. Rode, and S.N. Atkinson. 2017. Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears. Ursus vol. 28 no. 2 p.171-181. doi: 10.2192/URSU-D-16-00029.1
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Detection probabilities for ground-based breeding waterfowl surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 3 p. 392-398. doi: 10.2193/2007-411
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Estimating detection probabilities of waterfowl broods from ground-based surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 5 p. 686-694. doi: 10.2193/2007-524
Arnold, T. W., Pagano, A. M., Devries, J. H., Emery, R. B., Howerter, D. W., and Joynt, B. L., 2008, Social indices of breeding productivity in parkland mallards: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 72 no. 1 p. 224-230. doi: 10.2193/2007-035
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 33
Effects of sea ice decline and summer land use on polar bear home range size in the Beaufort Sea Effects of sea ice decline and summer land use on polar bear home range size in the Beaufort Sea
Animals responding to habitat loss and fragmentation may increase their home ranges to offset declines in localized resources or they may decrease their home ranges and switch to alternative resources. In many regions of the Arctic, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) exhibit some of the largest home ranges of any quadrupedal mammal. Polar bears are presently experiencing a rapid decline in...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, George Durner, Todd Atwood, David Douglas
Human-polar bear interactions Human-polar bear interactions
Human-wildlife interactions (HWI) are driven fundamentally by overlapping space and resources. As competition intensifies, the likelihood of interaction and conflict increases. In turn, conflict may impede conservation efforts by lowering social tolerance of wildlife, especially when human-wildlife conflict (HWC) poses a threat to human safety and economic well-being. Thus, mitigating...
Authors
Todd Atwood, James Wilder
Polar bear foraging behavior Polar bear foraging behavior
Polar bears forage in the marine environment, primarily on the sea ice over the shallow waters of the continental shelf. They are solitary, ambush hunters that catch ringed and bearded seals when they surface to breathe in ice holes or haul out on the ice to rest and molt. In most parts of their range, polar bears experience dramatic seasonal variability in their ability to catch seals...
Authors
Anthony Pagano
Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears Identifying reliable indicators of fitness in polar bears
Animal structural body size and condition are often measured to evaluate individual health, identify responses to environmental change and food availability, and relate food availability to effects on reproduction and survival. A variety of condition metrics have been developed but relationships between these metrics and vital rates are rarely validated. Identifying an optimal approach...
Authors
Karyn Rode, Todd Atwood, Gregory Thiemann, Michelle St. Martin, Ryan Wilson, George Durner, Eric Regehr, Sandra Talbot, Kevin Sage, Anthony Pagano, Kristin Simac
The seasonal energetic landscape of an apex marine carnivore, the polar bear The seasonal energetic landscape of an apex marine carnivore, the polar bear
Divergent movement strategies have enabled wildlife populations to adapt to environmental change. In recent decades, the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) has developed a divergent movement strategy in response to diminishing sea ice where the majority of the subpopulation (73–85%) stays on the sea ice in summer and the remaining bears move to land...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Todd Atwood, George Durner, Terrie Williams
Overhauling ocean spatial planning to improve marine megafauna conservation Overhauling ocean spatial planning to improve marine megafauna conservation
Tracking data have led to evidence-based conservation of marine megafauna, but a disconnect remains between the many thousands of individual animals that have been tracked and the use of these data in conservation and management actions. Furthermore, the focus of most conservation efforts is within Exclusive Economic Zones despite the ability of these species to move thousands of...
Authors
Ana Sequeira, Graeme Hays, David Sims, Victor Eguiluz, Jorge Rodriguez, Michelle Heupel, Robert Harcourt, Hannah Calich, Nuno Queiroz, Daniel Costa, Juan Fernandez-Gracia, Luciana Ferreira, Simon Goldsworthy, Mark Hindell, Mary-Anne Lea, Mark Meekan, Anthony Pagano, Scott Shaffer, Julia Reisser, Michele Thums, Michael J Weise, Carlos Duarte
Energetic costs of aquatic locomotion in a subadult polar bear Energetic costs of aquatic locomotion in a subadult polar bear
Most marine mammals rely on swimming as their primary form of locomotion. These animals have evolved specialized morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors that have enabled them to efficiently move through an aquatic environment (Williams 1999). Such adaptations include body streamlining, modified plantar surfaces for propulsion, and abilities to remain submerged for extended durations...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Amy Cutting, Nicole Nicassio-Hiskey, Amy Hash, Terrie Williams
Estimating the energy expenditure of free‐ranging polar bears using tri‐axial accelerometers: A validation with doubly labeled water Estimating the energy expenditure of free‐ranging polar bears using tri‐axial accelerometers: A validation with doubly labeled water
Measures of energy expenditure can be used to inform animal conservation and management, but methods for measuring the energy expenditure of free‐ranging animals have a variety of limitations. Advancements in biologging technologies have enabled the use of dynamic body acceleration derived from accelerometers as a proxy for energy expenditure. Although dynamic body acceleration has been...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Terrie Williams
Energetic costs of locomotion in bears: is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Energetic costs of locomotion in bears: is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical?
Ursids are the largest mammals to retain a plantigrade posture. This primitive posture has been proposed to result in reduced locomotor speed and economy relative to digitigrade and unguligrade species, particularly at high speeds. Previous energetics research on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) found locomotor costs were more than double predictions for similarly sized quadrupedal mammals...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Anthony Carnahan, Charles Robbins, Megan Owen, Tammy Batson, Nate Wagner, Amy Cutting, Nicole Nicassio-Hiskey, Amy Hash, Terrie Williams
Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans
The extent of increasing anthropogenic impacts on large marine vertebrates partly depends on the animals’ movement patterns. Effective conservation requires identification of the key drivers of movement including intrinsic properties and extrinsic constraints associated with the dynamic nature of the environments the animals inhabit. However, the relative importance of intrinsic versus...
Authors
A. M. M. Sequeira, J.P. Rodriguez, V. M. Eguíluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D.W. Sims, C.M. Duarte, D.P. Costa, J. Fernandez-Gracia, L.C. Ferreira, G.C. Hays, M. R. Heupel, M.G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A. Baylis, M. Berumen, C. Braun, J. Burns, M.J. Caley, R. Campbell, R.H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L. Einoder, Ari Friedlaender, M. Goebel, S.D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L.A. Hückstädt, N.E. Humphries, M.-A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. Mckenzie, L. McLeay, C.R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M. Muelbert, Anthony Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P. Robinson, S. Shaffer, M. Shivji, G. B. Skomal, S. Thorrold, S. Villegas-Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, M. Thums
High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an Arctic apex predator, the polar bear High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an Arctic apex predator, the polar bear
Regional declines in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations have been attributed to changing sea ice conditions, but with limited information on the causative mechanisms. By simultaneously measuring field metabolic rates, daily activity patterns, body condition, and foraging success of polar bears moving on the spring sea ice, we found that high metabolic rates (1.6 times greater than...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, George Durner, Karyn Rode, Todd Atwood, Stephen Atkinson, Elizabeth Peacock, Daniel Costa, Megan Owen, Terrie Williams
Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears
An animal's body condition provides insight into its health, foraging success, and overall fitness. Measures of body composition including proportional fat content are useful indicators of condition. Isotopic dilution is a reliable non-destructive method for estimating the body composition of live mammals, but can require prolonged handling times. Alternatively, bioelectrical impedance...
Authors
Anthony Pagano, Karyn Rode, Stephen Atkinson
Non-USGS Publications**
Pagano, A.M., A.M. Carnahan, C.T. Robbins, M.A. Owen, T. Batson, N. Wagner, A.
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Cutting, N. Nicassio-Hiskey, A. Hash, and T.M. Williams. 2018. Energetic costs of
locomotion in bears: Is plantigrade locomotion energetically economical? Journal of
Experimental Biology vol. 221 no. 12 p.1-9. doi: 10.1242/jeb.175372
Pagano, A.M., G.M. Durner, K.D. Rode, T.C. Atwood, S.N. Atkinson, E. Peacock, D.P.
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Costa, M.A. Owen, and T.M. Williams. 2018. High-energy, high-fat lifestyle challenges an
Arctic apex predator, the polar bear. Science vol. 359 no. 6375 p. 568-572. doi: 10.1126/science.aan8677
Pagano, A. M., Rode, K. D., Cutting, A., Owen, M. A., Jensen, S., Ware, J. V., Robbins, C. M., Durner, G. M., Atwood, T. C., Obbard, M. E., Middel, K. R., Thiemann, G. W., and Williams, T. M., 2017, Using tri-axial accelerometers to identify wild polar bear behaviors: Endangered Species Research vol. 32 p. 19-33. doi: 10.3354/esr00779
Ware, J. V., Rode, K. D., Bromaghin, J. F., Douglas, D. C. Wilson, R. R., Regehr, E. V., Amstrup, S. C., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Olson, J. W., Robbins, C. T. and Jansen, H. T., 2017, Habitat degradation affects the summer activity of polar bears: Oecologia vol. 184 no. 1 p. 87-89. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3839-y
Wiig, Ø., Born, E. W., Laidre, K. L., Dietz, R., Jensen, M. V., Durner, G. M., Pagano, A. M., Regehr, E. V., St. Martin, M., Atkinson, S. N., and Dyck, M., 2017, Performance and retention of lightweight satellite radio tags applied to the ears of polar bears (Ursus maritimus): Animal Biotelemetry vol. 5 no. 9. doi: 10.1186/s40317-017-0124-0
Sequeira, A.M.M., J.P. Rodríguez, V.M. Eguíluz, R. Harcourt, M. Hindell, D.W. Sims, C.M. Duarte, D.P. Costa, J. Fernández-Gracia, L.C. Ferreira, G.C. Hays, M.R. Heupel, M.G. Meekan, A. Aven, F. Bailleul, A.M.M. Baylis, M.L. Berumen, C.D. Braun, J. Burns, M.J. Caley, R. Campbell, R.H. Carmichael, E. Clua, L.D. Einoder, A. Friedlaender, M.E. Goebel, S.D. Goldsworthy, C. Guinet, J. Gunn, D. Hamer, N. Hammerschlag, M. Hammill, L.A. Hückstädt, N.E. Humphries, M.-A. Lea, A. Lowther, A. Mackay, E. McHuron, J. McKenzie, L. McLeay, C.R. McMahon, K. Mengersen, M.M.C. Muelbert, A. M. Pagano, B. Page, N. Queiroz, P.W. Robinson, S.A. Shaffer, M. Shivji, G.B. Skomal, S.R. Thorrold, S. Villegas-Amtmann, M. Weise, R. Wells, B. Wetherbee, A. Wiebkin, B. Wienecke, and M. Thums. 2018. Convergence of marine megafauna movement patterns in coastal and open oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 115 no. 12 p.3072-3077. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1716137115
Pagano, A.M., K.D. Rode, and S.N. Atkinson. 2017. Evaluating methods to assess the body condition of female polar bears. Ursus vol. 28 no. 2 p.171-181. doi: 10.2192/URSU-D-16-00029.1
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Detection probabilities for ground-based breeding waterfowl surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 3 p. 392-398. doi: 10.2193/2007-411
Pagano, A. M. and Arnold, T. W., 2009, Estimating detection probabilities of waterfowl broods from ground-based surveys: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 73 no. 5 p. 686-694. doi: 10.2193/2007-524
Arnold, T. W., Pagano, A. M., Devries, J. H., Emery, R. B., Howerter, D. W., and Joynt, B. L., 2008, Social indices of breeding productivity in parkland mallards: Journal of Wildlife Management vol. 72 no. 1 p. 224-230. doi: 10.2193/2007-035
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.