Ken Krauss, Ph.D. (Former Employee)
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 19
Filter Total Items: 36
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Filter Total Items: 195
The role of the upper tidal estuary in wetland blue carbon storage and flux The role of the upper tidal estuary in wetland blue carbon storage and flux
Carbon (C) standing stocks, C mass balance, and soil C burial in tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) and TFFW transitioning to low‐salinity marshes along the upper estuary are not typically included in “blue carbon” accounting, but may represent a significant C sink. Results from two salinity transects along the tidal Waccamaw and Savannah rivers of the US Atlantic Coast show total...
Authors
Ken Krauss, Gregory Noe, Jamie A. Duberstein, William Conner, Camille Stagg, Nicole Cormier, Miriam Jones, Christopher Bernhardt, B. Lockaby, Andrew From, Thomas Doyle, Richard Day, Scott H. Ensign, Katherine Pierfelice, Cliff Hupp, Alex Chow, Julie L. Whitbeck
Mangrove ecosystems under climate change Mangrove ecosystems under climate change
This chapter assesses the response of mangrove ecosystems to possible outcomes of climate change, with regard to the following categories: (i) distribution, diversity, and community composition, (ii) physiology of flora and fauna, (iii) water budget, (iv) productivity and remineralization, (v) carbon storage in biomass and sediments, and (vi) the filter function for elements beneficial...
Authors
T.C. Jennerjahn, E. Gilman, Ken Krauss, L.D. Lacerda, I. Nordhaus, E. Wolanski
Predicting landscape effects of Mississippi River diversions on soil organic carbon sequestration Predicting landscape effects of Mississippi River diversions on soil organic carbon sequestration
Large Mississippi River (MR) diversions (peak water flow >1416 m3/s and sediment loads >165 kg/s) have been proposed as part of a suite of coastal restoration projects and are expected to rehabilitate and rebuild wetlands to alleviate the significant historic wetland loss in coastal Louisiana. These coastal wetlands are undergoing increasing eustatic sea‐level rise, land subsidence...
Authors
Hongqing Wang, Gregory Steyer, Brady Couvillion, Holly Beck, John Rybczyk, Victor Rivera-Monroy, Ken Krauss, Jenneke Visser
Linear and nonlinear effects of temperature and precipitation on ecosystem properties in tidal saline wetlands Linear and nonlinear effects of temperature and precipitation on ecosystem properties in tidal saline wetlands
Climate greatly influences the structure and functioning of tidal saline wetland ecosystems. However, there is a need to better quantify the effects of climatic drivers on ecosystem properties, particularly near climate-sensitive ecological transition zones. Here, we used climate- and literature-derived ecological data from tidal saline wetlands to test hypotheses regarding the influence...
Authors
Laura Feher, Michael Osland, Kereen Griffith, James Grace, Rebecca Howard, Camille Stagg, Nicholas Enwright, Ken Krauss, Christopher A. Gabler, Richard Day, Kerrylee Rogers
Measuring the role of seagrasses in regulating sediment surface elevation Measuring the role of seagrasses in regulating sediment surface elevation
Seagrass meadows provide numerous ecosystem services and their rapid global loss may reduce human welfare as well as ecological integrity. In common with the other ‘blue carbon’ habitats (mangroves and tidal marshes) seagrasses are thought to provide coastal defence and encourage sediment stabilisation and surface elevation. A sophisticated understanding of sediment elevation dynamics in...
Authors
Maria Potouroglou, James C. Bull, Ken Krauss, Hilary Kennedy, Marco Fusi, Daniele Daffonchio, Mwita Mangora, Michael Githaiga, Karen Diele, Mark Huxham
Assessing coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast: Gaps and opportunities for developing a coordinated regional sampling network Assessing coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast: Gaps and opportunities for developing a coordinated regional sampling network
Coastal wetland responses to sea-level rise are greatly influenced by biogeomorphic processes that affect wetland surface elevation. Small changes in elevation relative to sea level can lead to comparatively large changes in ecosystem structure, function, and stability. The surface elevation table-marker horizon (SET-MH) approach is being used globally to quantify the relative...
Authors
Michael Osland, Kereen Griffith, Jack C. Larriviere, Laura Feher, Donald Cahoon, Nicholas Enwright, David Oster, John Tirpak, Mark Woodrey, Renee Collini, Joseph Baustian, Joshua Breithaupt, Julia A Cherry, Jeremy Conrad, Nicole Cormier, Carlos Coronado-Molina, Joseph Donoghue, Sean Graham, Jennifer Harper, Mark Hester, Rebecca Howard, Ken Krauss, Daniel Kroes, Robert Lane, Karen McKee, Irving Mendelssohn, Beth Middleton, Jena Moon, Sarai Piazza, Nicole Rankin, Fred Sklar, Gregory Steyer, Kathleen Swanson, Christopher Swarzenski, William Vervaeke, Jonathan Willis, K. Van Wilson
The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change
Concerted mangrove research and rehabilitation efforts over the last several decades have prompted a better understanding of the important ecosystem attributes worthy of protection and a better conservation ethic toward mangrove wetlands globally. While mangroves continue to be degraded and lost in specific regions, conservation initiatives, rehabilitation efforts, natural regeneration...
Authors
Ilka Feller, Daniel A. Friess, Ken Krauss, Roy Lewis
Historical changes in organic matter input to the muddy sediments along the Zhejiang-Fujian Coast, China over the past 160 years Historical changes in organic matter input to the muddy sediments along the Zhejiang-Fujian Coast, China over the past 160 years
The burial of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) in the large river-influenced estuarine-coastal regions is affected by hydrodynamic sorting, diagenesis and human activities. Typically, the inner shelf region of the East China Sea is a major carbon sink of the Yangtze River-derived fine-grained sediments. Most of the previous work concentrated on the studies of surface sediments or used a...
Authors
Li-lei Chen, Jian Liu, Lei Xing, Ken Krauss, Jia-sheng Wang, Gang Xu, Li Li
Performance measures for a Mississippi River reintroduction into the forested wetlands of Maurepas Swamp Performance measures for a Mississippi River reintroduction into the forested wetlands of Maurepas Swamp
The use of freshwater diversions (river reintroductions) from the Mississippi River as a restoration tool to rehabilitate Louisiana coastal wetlands has been promoted widely since the first such diversion at Caernarvon became operational in the early 1990s. To date, aside from the Bonnet Carré Spillway (which is designed and operated for flood control), there are only four operational...
Authors
Ken Krauss, Gary Shaffer, Richard Keim, Jim Chambers, William Wood, Stephen Hartley
Causal mechanisms of soil organic matter decomposition: Deconstructing salinity and flooding impacts in coastal wetlands Causal mechanisms of soil organic matter decomposition: Deconstructing salinity and flooding impacts in coastal wetlands
Coastal wetlands significantly contribute to global carbon storage potential. Sea-level rise and other climate change-induced disturbances threaten coastal wetland sustainability and carbon storage capacity. It is critical that we understand the mechanisms controlling wetland carbon loss so that we can predict and manage these resources in anticipation of climate change. However, our...
Authors
Camille Stagg, Donald Schoolmaster, Ken Krauss, Nicole Cormier, William Conner
Created mangrove wetlands store belowground carbon and surface elevation change enables them to adjust to sea-level rise Created mangrove wetlands store belowground carbon and surface elevation change enables them to adjust to sea-level rise
Mangrove wetlands provide ecosystem services for millions of people, most prominently by providing storm protection, food and fodder. Mangrove wetlands are also valuable ecosystems for promoting carbon (C) sequestration and storage. However, loss of mangrove wetlands and these ecosystem services are a global concern, prompting the restoration and creation of mangrove wetlands as a...
Authors
Ken Krauss, Nicole Cormier, Michael Osland, Matthew Kirwan, Camille Stagg, Janet Nestlerode, Marc Russell, Andrew From, Amanda Spivak, Darrin Dantin, James Harvey, Alejandro Almario
Delta-Flux: An eddy covariance network for a climate-smart Lower Mississippi Basin Delta-Flux: An eddy covariance network for a climate-smart Lower Mississippi Basin
Networks of remotely monitored research sites are increasingly the tool used to study regional agricultural impacts on carbon and water fluxes. However, key national networks such as the National Ecological Observatory Network and AmeriFlux lack contributions from the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB), a highly productive agricultural area with opportunities for soil carbon...
Authors
Benjamin Runkle, James R. Rigby, Michele Reba, Saseendran Anapalli, Joydeep Bhattacharjee, Ken Krauss, Lu Liang, Martin Locke, Kimberly Novick, Ruixiu Sui, Kosana Suvocarev, Paul White
Non-USGS Publications**
Kumara, M.P., L.P. Jayatissa, K.W. Krauss, D.H. Phillips, & M. Huxham. 2010. High mangrove density enhances surface accretion, surface elevation change, and tree survival in coastal areas susceptible to sea-level rise. Oecologia 164: 545-553.
Huxham, M., M. Kumara, L. Jayatissa, K.W. Krauss, J. Kairo, J. Langat, M. Mencuccini, M. Skov & B. Kirui. 2010. Intra and inter-specific facilitation in mangroves may increase resilience to climate change threats. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 365: 2127-2135.
Krauss, K.W. 2009. Mangrove energetics. Ecology 90: 3588-3589. [book review]
Krauss, K.W., C.E. Lovelock, K.L. McKee, L. López-Hoffman, S.M.L. Ewe & W.P. Sousa. 2008. Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: a review. Aquatic Botany 89: 105-127.
Conner, W.H., T.W. Doyle & K.W. Krauss, Eds., 2007. Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Krauss, K.W., J.L. Chambers & D. Creech. 2007. Selection for salt tolerance in tidal freshwater swamp species: advances using baldcypress as a model for restoration. Pages 385-410 in W.H. Conner, T.W. Doyle, K.W. Krauss (eds.), Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Conner W.H., K.W. Krauss & T.W. Doyle. 2007. Ecology of tidal freshwater forests in coastal deltaic Louisiana and northeastern South Carolina. Pages 223-253 in W.H. Conner, T.W. Doyle, K.W. Krauss (eds.), Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Conner, W.H., C.T. Hackney, K.W. Krauss & J.W. Day, Jr. 2007. Tidal freshwater forested wetlands: future research needs and an overview of restoration. Pages 461-485 in W.H. Conner, T.W. Doyle, K.W. Krauss (eds.), Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Gardiner, E.S. & K.W. Krauss. 2001. Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes. Tree Physiology 21: 1103-1111.
Krauss, K.W., R.A. Goyer, J.A. Allen & J.L. Chambers. 2000. Tree shelters effective in coastal swamp restoration (Louisiana). Ecological Restoration18: 200-201.
Allen, J.A., K.W. Krauss, N.C. Duke, O. Björkman, D.R. Herbst & C. Shih. 2000. Bruguiera species in Hawai’i: systematic considerations and ecological implications. Pacific Science 54: 331-343.
Doyle, T.W. & K.W. Krauss. 1999. The sands and sambars of St. Vincent Island. Florida Wildlife 53: 22-25.
Krauss, K.W., J.L. Chambers & J.A. Allen. 1998. Salinity effects and differential germination of several half-sib families of baldcypress from different seed sources. New Forests 15: 53-68.
Allen, J.A., W.H. Conner, R.A. Goyer, J.L. Chambers & K.W. Krauss. 1998. Chapter 4: Freshwater forested wetlands and global climate change. Pages 33-44 in G.R. Guntenspergen and B.A Vairin (eds.), Vulnerability of coastal wetlands in the Southeastern United States: climate change research results, 1992-97. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-1998-0002. 101 p.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
Filter Total Items: 19
Filter Total Items: 36
No Result Found
Filter Total Items: 195
The role of the upper tidal estuary in wetland blue carbon storage and flux The role of the upper tidal estuary in wetland blue carbon storage and flux
Carbon (C) standing stocks, C mass balance, and soil C burial in tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) and TFFW transitioning to low‐salinity marshes along the upper estuary are not typically included in “blue carbon” accounting, but may represent a significant C sink. Results from two salinity transects along the tidal Waccamaw and Savannah rivers of the US Atlantic Coast show total...
Authors
Ken Krauss, Gregory Noe, Jamie A. Duberstein, William Conner, Camille Stagg, Nicole Cormier, Miriam Jones, Christopher Bernhardt, B. Lockaby, Andrew From, Thomas Doyle, Richard Day, Scott H. Ensign, Katherine Pierfelice, Cliff Hupp, Alex Chow, Julie L. Whitbeck
Mangrove ecosystems under climate change Mangrove ecosystems under climate change
This chapter assesses the response of mangrove ecosystems to possible outcomes of climate change, with regard to the following categories: (i) distribution, diversity, and community composition, (ii) physiology of flora and fauna, (iii) water budget, (iv) productivity and remineralization, (v) carbon storage in biomass and sediments, and (vi) the filter function for elements beneficial...
Authors
T.C. Jennerjahn, E. Gilman, Ken Krauss, L.D. Lacerda, I. Nordhaus, E. Wolanski
Predicting landscape effects of Mississippi River diversions on soil organic carbon sequestration Predicting landscape effects of Mississippi River diversions on soil organic carbon sequestration
Large Mississippi River (MR) diversions (peak water flow >1416 m3/s and sediment loads >165 kg/s) have been proposed as part of a suite of coastal restoration projects and are expected to rehabilitate and rebuild wetlands to alleviate the significant historic wetland loss in coastal Louisiana. These coastal wetlands are undergoing increasing eustatic sea‐level rise, land subsidence...
Authors
Hongqing Wang, Gregory Steyer, Brady Couvillion, Holly Beck, John Rybczyk, Victor Rivera-Monroy, Ken Krauss, Jenneke Visser
Linear and nonlinear effects of temperature and precipitation on ecosystem properties in tidal saline wetlands Linear and nonlinear effects of temperature and precipitation on ecosystem properties in tidal saline wetlands
Climate greatly influences the structure and functioning of tidal saline wetland ecosystems. However, there is a need to better quantify the effects of climatic drivers on ecosystem properties, particularly near climate-sensitive ecological transition zones. Here, we used climate- and literature-derived ecological data from tidal saline wetlands to test hypotheses regarding the influence...
Authors
Laura Feher, Michael Osland, Kereen Griffith, James Grace, Rebecca Howard, Camille Stagg, Nicholas Enwright, Ken Krauss, Christopher A. Gabler, Richard Day, Kerrylee Rogers
Measuring the role of seagrasses in regulating sediment surface elevation Measuring the role of seagrasses in regulating sediment surface elevation
Seagrass meadows provide numerous ecosystem services and their rapid global loss may reduce human welfare as well as ecological integrity. In common with the other ‘blue carbon’ habitats (mangroves and tidal marshes) seagrasses are thought to provide coastal defence and encourage sediment stabilisation and surface elevation. A sophisticated understanding of sediment elevation dynamics in...
Authors
Maria Potouroglou, James C. Bull, Ken Krauss, Hilary Kennedy, Marco Fusi, Daniele Daffonchio, Mwita Mangora, Michael Githaiga, Karen Diele, Mark Huxham
Assessing coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast: Gaps and opportunities for developing a coordinated regional sampling network Assessing coastal wetland vulnerability to sea-level rise along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast: Gaps and opportunities for developing a coordinated regional sampling network
Coastal wetland responses to sea-level rise are greatly influenced by biogeomorphic processes that affect wetland surface elevation. Small changes in elevation relative to sea level can lead to comparatively large changes in ecosystem structure, function, and stability. The surface elevation table-marker horizon (SET-MH) approach is being used globally to quantify the relative...
Authors
Michael Osland, Kereen Griffith, Jack C. Larriviere, Laura Feher, Donald Cahoon, Nicholas Enwright, David Oster, John Tirpak, Mark Woodrey, Renee Collini, Joseph Baustian, Joshua Breithaupt, Julia A Cherry, Jeremy Conrad, Nicole Cormier, Carlos Coronado-Molina, Joseph Donoghue, Sean Graham, Jennifer Harper, Mark Hester, Rebecca Howard, Ken Krauss, Daniel Kroes, Robert Lane, Karen McKee, Irving Mendelssohn, Beth Middleton, Jena Moon, Sarai Piazza, Nicole Rankin, Fred Sklar, Gregory Steyer, Kathleen Swanson, Christopher Swarzenski, William Vervaeke, Jonathan Willis, K. Van Wilson
The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change The state of the world’s mangroves in the 21st century under climate change
Concerted mangrove research and rehabilitation efforts over the last several decades have prompted a better understanding of the important ecosystem attributes worthy of protection and a better conservation ethic toward mangrove wetlands globally. While mangroves continue to be degraded and lost in specific regions, conservation initiatives, rehabilitation efforts, natural regeneration...
Authors
Ilka Feller, Daniel A. Friess, Ken Krauss, Roy Lewis
Historical changes in organic matter input to the muddy sediments along the Zhejiang-Fujian Coast, China over the past 160 years Historical changes in organic matter input to the muddy sediments along the Zhejiang-Fujian Coast, China over the past 160 years
The burial of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) in the large river-influenced estuarine-coastal regions is affected by hydrodynamic sorting, diagenesis and human activities. Typically, the inner shelf region of the East China Sea is a major carbon sink of the Yangtze River-derived fine-grained sediments. Most of the previous work concentrated on the studies of surface sediments or used a...
Authors
Li-lei Chen, Jian Liu, Lei Xing, Ken Krauss, Jia-sheng Wang, Gang Xu, Li Li
Performance measures for a Mississippi River reintroduction into the forested wetlands of Maurepas Swamp Performance measures for a Mississippi River reintroduction into the forested wetlands of Maurepas Swamp
The use of freshwater diversions (river reintroductions) from the Mississippi River as a restoration tool to rehabilitate Louisiana coastal wetlands has been promoted widely since the first such diversion at Caernarvon became operational in the early 1990s. To date, aside from the Bonnet Carré Spillway (which is designed and operated for flood control), there are only four operational...
Authors
Ken Krauss, Gary Shaffer, Richard Keim, Jim Chambers, William Wood, Stephen Hartley
Causal mechanisms of soil organic matter decomposition: Deconstructing salinity and flooding impacts in coastal wetlands Causal mechanisms of soil organic matter decomposition: Deconstructing salinity and flooding impacts in coastal wetlands
Coastal wetlands significantly contribute to global carbon storage potential. Sea-level rise and other climate change-induced disturbances threaten coastal wetland sustainability and carbon storage capacity. It is critical that we understand the mechanisms controlling wetland carbon loss so that we can predict and manage these resources in anticipation of climate change. However, our...
Authors
Camille Stagg, Donald Schoolmaster, Ken Krauss, Nicole Cormier, William Conner
Created mangrove wetlands store belowground carbon and surface elevation change enables them to adjust to sea-level rise Created mangrove wetlands store belowground carbon and surface elevation change enables them to adjust to sea-level rise
Mangrove wetlands provide ecosystem services for millions of people, most prominently by providing storm protection, food and fodder. Mangrove wetlands are also valuable ecosystems for promoting carbon (C) sequestration and storage. However, loss of mangrove wetlands and these ecosystem services are a global concern, prompting the restoration and creation of mangrove wetlands as a...
Authors
Ken Krauss, Nicole Cormier, Michael Osland, Matthew Kirwan, Camille Stagg, Janet Nestlerode, Marc Russell, Andrew From, Amanda Spivak, Darrin Dantin, James Harvey, Alejandro Almario
Delta-Flux: An eddy covariance network for a climate-smart Lower Mississippi Basin Delta-Flux: An eddy covariance network for a climate-smart Lower Mississippi Basin
Networks of remotely monitored research sites are increasingly the tool used to study regional agricultural impacts on carbon and water fluxes. However, key national networks such as the National Ecological Observatory Network and AmeriFlux lack contributions from the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB), a highly productive agricultural area with opportunities for soil carbon...
Authors
Benjamin Runkle, James R. Rigby, Michele Reba, Saseendran Anapalli, Joydeep Bhattacharjee, Ken Krauss, Lu Liang, Martin Locke, Kimberly Novick, Ruixiu Sui, Kosana Suvocarev, Paul White
Non-USGS Publications**
Kumara, M.P., L.P. Jayatissa, K.W. Krauss, D.H. Phillips, & M. Huxham. 2010. High mangrove density enhances surface accretion, surface elevation change, and tree survival in coastal areas susceptible to sea-level rise. Oecologia 164: 545-553.
Huxham, M., M. Kumara, L. Jayatissa, K.W. Krauss, J. Kairo, J. Langat, M. Mencuccini, M. Skov & B. Kirui. 2010. Intra and inter-specific facilitation in mangroves may increase resilience to climate change threats. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 365: 2127-2135.
Krauss, K.W. 2009. Mangrove energetics. Ecology 90: 3588-3589. [book review]
Krauss, K.W., C.E. Lovelock, K.L. McKee, L. López-Hoffman, S.M.L. Ewe & W.P. Sousa. 2008. Environmental drivers in mangrove establishment and early development: a review. Aquatic Botany 89: 105-127.
Conner, W.H., T.W. Doyle & K.W. Krauss, Eds., 2007. Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Krauss, K.W., J.L. Chambers & D. Creech. 2007. Selection for salt tolerance in tidal freshwater swamp species: advances using baldcypress as a model for restoration. Pages 385-410 in W.H. Conner, T.W. Doyle, K.W. Krauss (eds.), Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Conner W.H., K.W. Krauss & T.W. Doyle. 2007. Ecology of tidal freshwater forests in coastal deltaic Louisiana and northeastern South Carolina. Pages 223-253 in W.H. Conner, T.W. Doyle, K.W. Krauss (eds.), Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Conner, W.H., C.T. Hackney, K.W. Krauss & J.W. Day, Jr. 2007. Tidal freshwater forested wetlands: future research needs and an overview of restoration. Pages 461-485 in W.H. Conner, T.W. Doyle, K.W. Krauss (eds.), Ecology of Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands of the Southeastern United States. Springer. 505 p.
Gardiner, E.S. & K.W. Krauss. 2001. Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes. Tree Physiology 21: 1103-1111.
Krauss, K.W., R.A. Goyer, J.A. Allen & J.L. Chambers. 2000. Tree shelters effective in coastal swamp restoration (Louisiana). Ecological Restoration18: 200-201.
Allen, J.A., K.W. Krauss, N.C. Duke, O. Björkman, D.R. Herbst & C. Shih. 2000. Bruguiera species in Hawai’i: systematic considerations and ecological implications. Pacific Science 54: 331-343.
Doyle, T.W. & K.W. Krauss. 1999. The sands and sambars of St. Vincent Island. Florida Wildlife 53: 22-25.
Krauss, K.W., J.L. Chambers & J.A. Allen. 1998. Salinity effects and differential germination of several half-sib families of baldcypress from different seed sources. New Forests 15: 53-68.
Allen, J.A., W.H. Conner, R.A. Goyer, J.L. Chambers & K.W. Krauss. 1998. Chapter 4: Freshwater forested wetlands and global climate change. Pages 33-44 in G.R. Guntenspergen and B.A Vairin (eds.), Vulnerability of coastal wetlands in the Southeastern United States: climate change research results, 1992-97. U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-1998-0002. 101 p.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.