Congo (Kinshasa)

2024 Report

Full data release with tables here.

Introduction 

In 2024, the Democratic Republic of the Congo [Congo (Kinshasa)] was the world’s leading producer of cobalt, accounting for an estimated 75% of global output and estimated 55% of reserves. The country was also the world’s leading producer of tantalum, accounting for 51% of global output; the world's second-ranked producer of diamond (industrial), mined copper, and refined copper, accounting for 18%, 13% and 9% of global production, respectively; third-ranked producer of niobium, accounting for an estimated 1% of global production; fifth-ranked producer of tin, accounting for an estimated 9% of global production; and seventh-ranked producer of diamond (gem-quality), accounting for an estimated 3% of global production. Other mineral commodities produced in the country included germanium, gold, manganese, tungsten, and zinc (Ewing, 2025, 2026; Flanagan, 2026; Friedline, 2026a–c; Olson, 2026a, b). 

Minerals in National Economy 

In 2024, Congo (Kinshasa)’s real gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.7%, and the nominal GDP was about \$71.5 billion. In 2024, the mining and mineral processing sector accounted for an estimated 40.0% of the real GDP and the manufacturing sector, 8.8%. The value of real output in the mining sector increased by 12.5% in 2024. The mining sector contributed 71.1% to GDP growth and accounted for about 95% of total exports of goods and services by value. Mining companies invested about \$131 million in exploration activities. In 2023 (the latest year for which data were available), the mining sector generated about \$5.6 billion in revenue to the Government and accounted for 20% of employment. The economy is heavily dependent on mining and therefore highly sensitive to global price fluctuations for copper, cobalt, gold, tin, tungsten, and tantalum (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2025, p. 12, 17; S&P Global Market Intelligence, 2025; Banque Centrale du Congo, 2026, p. 5, 10, 11, 102–104, 108). 

Government Policies and Programs 

The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Congo (Kinshasa) is provided by the Mining Code, law No. 007 of 2002 as amended and supplemented by law No. 18/001 of 2018. The Mining Code is implemented through Decree No. 038/2003 of 2003 as amended and supplemented by Decree No. 18/024 of 2018, along with various ministerial and interministerial orders. The mining code regulates all mining activities including prospecting, exploration, mining, processing, transportation, and sale of mineral commodities. Artisanal mining is legal in Congo (Kinshasa) when carried out within the regulatory framework, meaning it must take place in Government-designated artisanal mining zones by only Congolese citizens organized into cooperatives and holding the required permits. The Ministère des Mines (Ministry of Mines) is responsible for implementing the national mining policy and exercises regulatory authority over the sector, including the power to grant or deny mining rights. It oversees compliance with the Mining Code and its regulations, supervises state‑owned mining entities, ensures the proper collection of mining revenues, and coordinates geologic research and sector governance (African Mining Legislation Atlas, 2024; Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2025, p. 42, 43).  

Several decrees were adopted between 2022 and 2024, including measures revising the distribution of mining royalties, creating the General Inspectorate of Mines, regulating royalty allocations to Provinces and local entities, setting procedures for transactions involving state-owned mining assets, strengthening the Mining Fund for Future Generations, and creating the Agence de Pilotage, de Coordination et de Suivi des Conventions to replace the Sino-Congolese Program Coordination Office. Interministerial orders issued in 2022 and 2023 created specialized bodies to manage the 0.3% turnover allocation from mining companies (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2025, p. 42, 43).  

Production 

Data on mineral production are in the Production table (formerly table 1). 

Structure of the Mineral Industry 

In Congo (Kinshasa), the extraction of key minerals such as cobalt, copper, diamond, gold, and tin was carried out predominantly by private foreign companies, which operated most large-scale industrial mines across the country. While Government-owned enterprises held the mineral titles or equity stakes, actual production was largely driven by international operators—particularly in copper-cobalt projects, gold operations in the northeast, and tin, tantalum, tungsten, and niobium deposits in the eastern Provinces. As a result, the Government participated mainly through joint ventures, exploration, royalties, and shareholding rather than direct extraction. Government-owned La Société Générale des Carrières et des Mines SA (Gécamines) produced coal, cobalt, copper, and sulfuric acid; and held 19% to 100% interest in multiple other operations or projects. The Government also held majority shares in La Congolaise d’Exploitation Minière SA (Cominière; gold; niobium, tin, tantalum, and lithium); Société de Développement Industriel et Minier du Congo SARL (Sodimico; gold, copper, and cobalt); Société Congolaise pour le Traitement du Manganèse de Kisenge SARL (SCMK‑Mn; manganese); Société Aurifère du Kivu et du Maniema SARL (Sakima; gold, tin, tantalum, tungsten); Société des Mines d’Or de Kilo‑Moto SA (Sokimo; gold); Minière de Bakwanga SA (Miba; diamond); Société Anhui‑Congo d’Investissement Minier SPRL (Sacim; diamond); and Société Nationale des Hydrocarbures du Congo SA (Sonahydroc; petroleum products). The Government also held between 5% and 20% of shares in numerous other operations (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2025, p. 77, 83, 84, 86–88). The Facilities table (formerly table 2) is a list of major mineral industry facilities. 

Artisanal and small-scale miners played a significant role in the country’s cobalt, diamond, gemstones, gold, niobium, tantalum, tin, and tungsten production. Armed groups reportedly interfered with artisanal mining operations in eastern Congo (Kinshasa) through the illegal taxation of miners (Brussels Times, 2023; Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 3, 5, 12, 16–19; International Peace Information Service, 2026). 

Mineral Trade 

In 2024, the country’s total exports were valued at \$34.9 billion, and imports, \$31.0 billion. Copper accounted for 79.3% of the value of Congo (Kinshasa)’s exports; cobalt, 10.9%; gold, 4.5%; crude petroleum, 1.7%; diamond and zinc, 0.3% each; and lead, niobium, tantalum, tin, and zinc, a total of 1.5%. Other mineral exports included germanium, tourmaline, and tungsten. In 2024, cobalt, copper, niobium, tantalum, tin, tungsten, vanadium, and zinc were exported mainly to China. In 2023 (the latest year for which data were available), gold (artisanal) was exported mainly to South Africa, diamond (artisanal) to Belgium, and zinc to Singapore (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, 2025, p. 100, 101; Banque Centrale du Congo, 2026, p. 29, 30; Trade Data Monitor LLC, 2026). 

Congo (Kinshasa) had a net export balance with the United States in 2024 of \$96 million. Congo (Kinshasa)’s exports of goods to the United States were valued at \$323 million in 2024. Copper and articles thereof accounted for about 92% of these exports, which were valued at \$296 million. Other mineral-related exports to the United States included natural gem-quality diamond, valued at \$2.9 million; and gemstones (other; not specified), \$1.1 million. Congo (Kinshasa)'s imports from the United States were valued at \$228 million in 2024. Mineral-related imports from the United States included excavating machinery, \$3.3 million; and specialized mining equipment, $2 million (U.S. Census Bureau, 2026a, b). 

Commodity Review 

Cobalt and Copper.—Total mined copper production (including leaching and electrowon) increased to 2.99 million metric tons (Mt) in 2024 from 2.93 Mt (revised) in 2023, and total refined copper, to 2.56 Mt from 2.17 Mt. Mined cobalt production increased to an estimated 226,000 metric tons (t) in 2024 from an estimated 176,000 t in 2023 (Production table).  

In 2024, CMOC Group Ltd. of China held the majority ownership stake in both the Tenke Fungurume Mine (TFM) and the Kisanfu Mine (KFM). The combined output at the TFM and KFM was 650,161 t of copper and 114,165 t of cobalt in hydroxide compared with 419,537 t of copper and 55,526 t of cobalt in 2023. In 2023, the TFM capacity increased to 450,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of copper (from 250,000 t/yr) and 37,000 t/yr of cobalt in hydroxide (from 20,000 t/yr). CMOC Group started production at the KFM site in Lualaba Province in 2023 and, in 2024, KFM had a production capacity of 150,000 t/yr of copper (CMOC Group Ltd., 2025, p. 32, 33). 

In joint venture, Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. of Canada and Zijin Mining Group Co., Ltd. of China produced 437,061 t of copper in concentrate at the Kamoa-Kakula Copper Complex in 2024. A concentrator completed in June 2024 expanded annual production capacity to about 600,000 t/yr of copper from 450,000 t/yr in 2023. Planned production guidance for 2025 was 520,000 t to 580,000 t (Ivanhoe Mines Ltd., 2025, p. 5–7, 15). 

La Sino-Congolaise des Mines SA (a Chinese-owned company) operated the Mashamba West Mine in Lualaba Province. The company’s refined copper production increased to 245,865 t from 235,500 t in 2023 and cobalt in hydroxide production increased to 5,498 t from 3,900 t. China Railway Group also produced 22,839 t of refined copper and 131 t of cobalt in hydroxide at the Luishia Mine in 2024. Production at the Luishia Mine was 30,100 t of refined copper (electrowon) and 500 t of cobalt in 2023 (China Railway Group Ltd., 2024, p. 32; 2025, p. 34).  

Kamoto Copper Co., a joint venture between Katanga Mining Ltd. (a subsidiary of Glencore plc.) and Gécamines, produced copper and cobalt at the Kamoto Oliveira Virgule (KOV), the Kamoto Underground (KTO), the Mashamba East Mines, and the Luilu metallurgical refinery. In 2024, Kamoto produced 190,600 t of refined copper and 27,200 t of cobalt in hydroxide compared with 206,400 t of refined copper and 27,600 t of cobalt in 2023. Mutanda Mining SARL (a subsidiary of Glencore plc, 95%) operated the Mutanda Mine and refinery in Lualaba Province. Copper production at Mutanda decreased to 33,900 t in 2024 from 35,100 t in 2023 and cobalt production decreased to 7,900 t from 11,200 t (Glencore plc, 2024, p. 6, 10; 2025).  

In 2024, China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. (CNMC) of China produced copper at its operations in Haut-Katanga Province. Annual production of copper cathodes in 2024 from CNMC Huachin Mabende Mining SA decreased by 37.5% to 23,017 t compared with that in 2023. Huachin Mabende Metal Leach SA’s annual production of copper cathodes decreased by 8.6% to 22,090 t and production of cobalt in hydroxide decreased by 16.2% to 215 t. Kambove Mining SAS’s copper cathode production increased by 3.6% to 34,439 t, and cobalt in hydroxide increased to 795 t compared with 540 t in 2023. CNMC Congo Compagnie Minière SARL exported 19,948 t of copper cathodes. In 2024, CNMC operated the Lualaba Copper Smelter (LCS) in Lualaba Province. Blister copper production at the plant decreased to 131,252 t, or by 16.4% compared with that in 2023 (China Nonferrous Mining Corp. Ltd., 2025, p. 28; Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 24). 

In 2024, Somidez Co., Ltd. exported 88,149 t of refined copper from the Deziwa Mine compared with 83,508 t in 2023. The company’s cobalt exports were 7,083 t compared with 6,787 t in 2023 (Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2024, p. 16; 2025, p. 25). 

In 2024, Eurasian Resources Group SARL (ERG) of Luxembourg produced 38,000 t of saleable copper concentrate at the Frontier Mine compared with about 60,700 t in 2023. In 2024, ERG started mining the open pit expansion called “Cut 4 expansion” at Frontier that extended the mine’s life by 10 years. The reduction in output was primarily attributed to a transitional phase as the company prepared the Cut 4 pit for long-term extraction. ERG also operated the Metalkol Roan Tailings Retreatment project, which reprocessed tailings from previous mining operations near Kolwezi. ERG’s production of refined copper decreased to 101,200 t in 2024 from 102,600 t in 2023. The production of cobalt hydroxide decreased to 19,000 t in 2024 from 20,000 t in 2023 (Eurasian Resources Group SARL, 2025, p. 5, 6, 19). 

La Compagnie Minière de Musonoie Global SAS (a Chinese‑owned company) produced 94,584 t of copper at the Kolwezi Mine in Lualaba Province in 2024, of which 51,914 t was refined (electrowon) compared to 127,018 t of copper in 2023, of which 72,921 t was refined. Cobalt production decreased to 830 t from 2,306 t in 2023. Planned production for 2025 was 110,000 t of copper and about 243 t of cobalt (Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., 2024, p. 37, 38; 2025, p. 33, 34). 

Chengtun Congo Ressources SARL of China operated Kalongwe plant in Lualaba Province. Refined copper production at the plant increased to 66,478 t compared with 60,144 t in 2023, and that of cobalt in hydroxide decreased to 1,343 t from an estimated 2,542 t in 2023 (Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2024, p. 16; 2025, p. 25). 

La Miniere de Kalukundi SA sold production was 51,744 t of refined copper and 4,845 t of cobalt in hydroxide from the plant at the Pompi Mine site located in Lualaba Province in 2024. The company sold 48,258 t of refined copper and 4,802 of cobalt in hydroxide at Pompi in 2023. In 2024, La Compagnie Miniere de Kambove SARL (Comika) sold 47,085 t of refined copper at Kamoya in Lualaba Province compared with 40,283 t in 2023. Comika sold 2,182 t in 2024 of cobalt in concentrate and hydroxide from 3,143 t in 2023 (Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2024, p. 16; 2025, p. 25). 

MMG Ltd. of China operated the Kinsevere Mine and solvent extraction–electrowinning (SX–EW) plant. In 2024, production was 44,597 t of refined copper compared with 44,068 t in 2023. In 2024, the Kinsevere expansion project was completed, and the company expected to produce in 2025 between 63,000 and 69,000 t of refined copper. The expansion of Kinsevere would extend the mine’s life to at least 2035 by mining sulfide ore. Cobalt production increased to 2,926 t in 2024 compared with 105 t in 2023, when cobalt production started. In December 2024, the cobalt plant was placed on care-and-maintenance status owing to low cobalt prices (MMG Ltd., 2024, p. 3; 2025, p. 8, 16). 

Jinchuan Group International Resources Co., Ltd. held a majority ownership interest in both Ruashi Mining SPRL and Kinsenda Copper Company SARL. Ruashi Mining SPRL operated the Ruashi Mine, and SX–EW plant, producing refined copper cathodes, sulfide copper concentrate, and cobalt hydroxide. Kinsenda Copper Company SARL operated the Kinsenda Mine and plant. In 2024, Jinchuan’s combined copper production was 63,787 t compared with 62,006 t in 2023. Ruashi Mining SPRL produced 855 t of cobalt content in cobalt hydroxide in 2024 compared with 2,207 t in 2023. The decreased production was partially attributable to lower ore grades and decline in cobalt prices. The estimated remaining life of Ruashi was 8 years and Kinsenda’s was 12 years as of yearend 2023 (Jinchuan Group International Resources Co. Ltd., 2024, p. 2, 13, 14, 17, 18; 2025, p. 1, 2). 

In 2024, in the Haut-Katanga Province, Congo Dongfang International Mining SPRL of China processed artisanal cobalt ore from Kasulo site and exported 59,308 t of refined copper and 553 t of cobalt compared with 49,577 t and 1,861 t, respectively, in 2023. Shituru Mining Corp. SPRL operated the Shituru Mine and exported 26,241 t of refined copper compared with 33,028 t in 2023. Minière de Kasombo SA exports decreased to 25,966 t of refined copper and 216 t of cobalt from 28,103 t and 767 t, respectively, in 2023. Chemaf SPRL (a subsidiary of Shalina Resources Ltd. of the United Arab Emirates), operated the Etoile Mine and SX–EW plant and exported 20,251 t of refined copper and 962 t of cobalt compared with 27,867 t and 1,776 t, respectively, in 2023. Metal Mines SARL exported 17,737 t of refined copper and 43 t of cobalt compared with 17,051 t and 1,197 t, respectively, in 2023. Gécamines operated Kamfundwa and Kilamusembu Mines and exported 6,423 t of refined copper (an increased from 6,319 t in 2023) and, through Société pour le Traitement du Terril de Lubumbashi (STL) at the Big Hill tailings plant, 204 t of cobalt in a copper-cobalt alloy (a decreased from 2,357 t in 2023) (Société pour le Traitement du Terril de Lubumbashi, [undated]; Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2024, p. 16; 2025, p. 25). 

In September 2023, JCHX Mining Management Co., Ltd. of China started production at the Lonshi Mine (western section), Katanga Province. The company produced about 26,100 t of refined copper in 2024. The Lonshi Mine was expected to produce at its full capacity about 40,000 t/yr of refined copper. The company was also developing the eastern section of the mine (JCHX Mining Management Co. Ltd., 2023; 2025, p. 26, 37). 

Gold.—In 2024, the country’s gold output was 27,935 kilograms (kg) compared with 28,808 kg in 2023. According to data from the Ministry of Mines, industrial operations contributed about 94% of the country’s total gold exports in 2024, while artisanal gold mining contribute the remaining 6%. Notably, 93% of artisanal gold output originated from Sud-Kivu Province, 2.8% from Tanganyika, 2% from Ituri, and 1.7% from Nord-Kivu, all in eastern Congo (Kinshasa), the remaining was reported from Kinshasa. A significant portion of gold produced by artisanal miners was not declared, making it challenging to accurately estimate the country’s total gold output (Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 11, 12). 

Barrick Gold Corp. of Canada, in joint venture with AngloGold Ashanti plc of South Africa and Sokimo, produced gold at the Kibali Mine in Haut-Uele Province. Production in 2024 decreased by 10% to about 21,300 kg of gold which was owing to lower ore grade and recovery. Planned production in 2025 was estimated to be between 22,000 and 25,000 kg. The estimated remaining life of the mine was more than 10 years (Barrick Gold Corp., 2025, p. 30, 32, 79, 80). 

Congo Gold Raffinerie SARL (CGR) was building a gold refinery with a capacity of about 24,000 kilograms per year in Bukavu. The company planned to process ore from artisanal miners in Sud-Kivu Province. In July 2023, the Government revoked CGR’s operational license but it was reinstated in late 2024 (Mining Technology, 2023, Jean-Luc, 2024). 

Niobium (Columbium) and Tantalum.—In 2024, columbite-tantalite output was 2,849 t compared with 1,795 t in 2023. Artisanal mines in Haut-Katanga Province produced 1,353 t (or 47% of total output); Sud-Kivu Province, 543 t (19%); Maniema Province, 347 t (12%); Nord-Kivu Province, 308 t (11%); and Tanganyika, 299 t (11%). Niobium and tantalum were also contained in cassiterite. Based on Congo (Kinshasa)’s historical niobium and tantalum production from slag at smelters, the estimated tantalum and niobium content of cassiterite in 2024 was 630 t and 420 t, respectively, compared with 510 t and 340 t, respectively, in 2023 (Production table; World Mining, 1979; Ellis, 1981; Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 17, 18, 20). 

Tin.—Alphamin Resources Corp. of Mauritius produced 17,324 t of tin in 2024 compared with 12,568 t in 2023 from the Bisie Tin Mine. According to data from the Ministry of Mines, the company exported 26,932 t of cassiterite in 2024, which accounted for 99% of the country’s industrial cassiterite exports. The increased tin output was attributable to the additional output from the Mpama South expansion, which was completed in the second quarter of 2024. The company’s production guidance for 2025 was about 17,500 t/yr of contained tin (Alphamin Resources Corp., 2025, p. 2, 3; Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 15). 

In 2024, cassiterite production increased to 42,953 t from 34,463 t in 2023. Of this amount, industrial mining accounted for 63% and artisanal mining for 37%. Artisanal and small-scale miners produced cassiterite in Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Sud-Kivu, Haut-Katanga, and Tanganyika Provinces. Exports in the Haut-Katanga Province were 7,179 t; Maniema Province, 4,158 t; Sud-Kivu Province, 2,863 t; Tanganyika Province, 1,166 t; and Nord-Kivu Province, 486 t (Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 15–17). 

Tungsten.—Wolframite was predominantly mined by artisanal miners in Maniema, Haut-Katanga, Nord-Kivu, and Sud-Kivu Provinces. Congo (Kinshasa)’s exports of wolframite decreased to 337 t in 2024 from 457 t in 2023 (Facilities table, Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 20).  

Zinc.— In 2024, Kipushi Corp. SA (KICO)—a joint venture between Ivanhoe Mines (68%) and Gécamines (32%)—restarted operations at the Kipushi zinc-copper-germanium-silver mine. The first zinc concentrate was produced in June 2024, and total zinc output for the year reached 50,307 t. The Kipushi Mine, located about 30 kilometers (km) southwest of Lubumbashi near the Zambian border, had been in care-and-maintenance status for about 30 years. The company planned to produce about 280,000 t/yr of zinc in concentrate during the first 5 years of the mine’s projected 14-year life. Additionally, STL continued zinc production at the Big Hill tailings treatment plant in Lubumbashi (Société pour le Traitement du Terril de Lubumbashi, [undated]; Gleeson, 2022; Ivanhoe Mines Ltd., 2024, p. 1; Kipushi Corporation SA, 2025, p. 2).  

Diamond.—In 2024, Congolese artisanal and small-scale diamond production was 6.3 million carats, accounting for about 70% of total production. In recent years, industrial-quality diamond accounted for about 95% of Congolese diamond production, and gem-quality diamond, 5%. Sacim produced mostly industrial-quality diamond at the Tshibwe Mine in Kasai-Oriental Province. In 2024, Sacim exported about 2.9 million carats (Republique Democratique du Congo Ministere des Mines, 2025, p. 4–7).  

Lithium.—AVZ Minerals Ltd. of Australia completed a definitive feasibility study in 2020 and an updated mineral resource estimate for the Manono Lithium and Tin Project (Manono Project) in 2024. The Manono project focuses primarily on lithium, tantalum, and tin deposits. The project was expected to produce 700,000 t/yr of spodumene concentrates at a grade of 6% lithium oxide and 46,000 t/yr of primary lithium sulfate. In June 2024, proved and probable ore reserves were estimated at 131.7 Mt containing 2.14 Mt of lithium oxide and 130,300 t of tin. The estimated life of Manono, which is located in Tanganyika Province, was at least 20 years. As of the end of 2024, the company was engaged in legal disputes with the Government regarding its mining and exploration rights to Manono (AVZ Minerals Ltd., 2020, p. 1, 2, 14, 66; 2025, p. 3, 8, 9). 

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• Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., 2024, Annual report 2023: Fujian, China, Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., 448 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.zijinmining.com/upload/file/2024/04/30/74fe00e4dbe140fab015….) 

• Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., 2025, Annual report 2024: Fujian, China, Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd., 440 p. (Accessed January 28, 2026, at https://www.zijinmining.com/upload/file/2025/04/25/3091791b98ac4361a5de….)