In 2024, Vietnam was estimated to be the world’s second-ranked producer of tungsten, accounting for 4.1% of global production; third-ranked producer of cement, accounting for 2.3% of global production; and fifth-ranked producer of fluorspar, accounting for 1.4% of global production. Other mineral commodities produced in the country included alumina, antimony, bauxite, bismuth, cobalt, copper, gold, graphite, iron ore, pig iron, lead, manganese, nitrogen (ammonia), phosphate rock, rare earths, salt, raw steel, tin, titanium (mineral concentrates), zinc, and zirconium (mineral concentrates).
The mining and quarrying sector contributed about 2.5% to the gross domestic product. The legislative framework for the mineral sector in Vietnam is provided by the Mineral Law of 1996 (VNM–1996–L–73762), as amended in 2005 and 2010. The Department of Geology and Minerals directly under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment oversees the mineral industry. The mineral industry is dominated by state-owned enterprises, such as Vietnam National Coal and Mineral Industries Holding Corp. Ltd. (VINACOMIN), which accounted for approximately more than 99% of national coal production. Domestic nonstate-owned enterprises dominated cement, salt, and steel production and foreign-owned enterprises did in crude petroleum.
