Structural Equation Model Describing Interactions of Urban Land Cover and Temperature

Figure 1: A Structural Equation Model (SEM) describing the interactions of urban land covers and urban temperatures. Numbers aligned with each arrow represent the partial regression coefficient of the connect relationship, with larger numbers indicating a stronger relationship and dotted lines indicated a non-significant relationship. Blue arrows represent a cooling effect, while red arrows represent a warming effect. In the upper panel representing daytime, the largest coefficient number (strongest relationship) between air temperature and a land cover category is on the blue arrow from tree canopy cover, meaning that during the day tree cover has the strongest cooling effect on air temperature of the land cover categories. In the bottom, nighttime panel, the largest coefficient number of the land cover categories is on the blue arrow between turf cover and air temperature, meaning that at night turf cover has the strongest cooling effect on air temperature. Credit – Ibsen, PC., et al, (2022), Science of the Total Environment