Book Chapters

Paleosols, in loess or other deposits, are soils of the past. Three types can be recognized, buried, exhumed (once buried, but now at the surface), and relict (not buried, but formed under a different environment in the past). In loess deposits, paleosols have stratigraphic significance as they represent times of minimal or no loess accumulation. In many parts of the world, loess-derived...

This one-day field trip explores northeastern Santa Cruz Island (Limuw, in native Chumash), a part of Channel Islands National Park, USA. The geomorphology of eastern Santa Cruz Island has been controlled largely by active tectonics and sea-level fluctuations. The bedrock is Miocene volcanic rock overlain by Miocene shale and siltstone. The island has experienced Quaternary uplift...

Circa 12 Ma, there was a fundamental reorganization of magmatism and tectonics in the Mojave Desert, California, USA, from basaltic to rhyolitic fields associated with extensional tectonics to dispersed basaltic monogenetic fields associated with the northwest- or east-striking strike-slip faults. The broad zone of strike-slip faults associated with the San Andreas transform margin...

Terrestrial ecosystems, such as forests, and the inland waters within them, such as bogs, floodplains, lakes, rivers, springs, and wetlands, are foundational for life on earth. They provide critical ecosystem services such as carbon storage and sequestration, clean water, primary production, pollination, soil fertility, and erosion control. The human footprint on terrestrial and...

The term stability, as applied to ecological systems, whether populations, communities, or ecosystems, means the tendency either to stay either close to some initial state, or to stay within certain bounds, or to persist in the face of environmental disturbances or changes. Here, a historical overview of stability concepts in ecology is outlined and measures of stability are discussed...

The first fish paramyxovirus was isolated from normal adult Chinook salmon returning to a coastal hatchery in Oregon in the fall of 1982. Subsequently, the virus was isolated from other stocks of adult Chinook salmon and one stock of adult coho salmon in California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska, leading to its designation as the Pacific salmon paramyxovirus (PsaPV). The slow-growing...

Originally reported in California, the cutthroat trout virus (CTV) has now been isolated from nine species of salmonids in North America. Early work focused on the replication and physical characteristics of the virus, but 20 years later was determined to be most closely related to the hepatitis E virus. The small genome is positive-sense, single-stranded RNA similar to other members of...

Volcanic unrest and eruptions are associated with surface deformation and landscape change that can be detected, characterized, and tracked via remote sensing measurements. Subsurface processes, including magma accumulation, withdrawal, and transport, can cause displacements at the surface that are best tracked at subaerial volcanoes with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)...

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Amphibian ecology and distribution are strongly correlated with climate. Regional patterns of amphibian biodiversity are intimately linked to temperature, evapotranspiration rate, and clines in humidity. While amphibians are and will continue to be adversely affected by recent and projected changes in climate, research suggests that adaptation may happen more slowly than the expected...