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The importance of phenology and thermal exposure to early life history success of nonnative Smallmouth Bass in the Yellowstone River

July 1, 2022

Knowledge of potential spread by introduced species is critical to effective management and conservation. The Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu is an example of a fish that has been introduced globally, often spreads after introduction, and has substantial predatory impacts on fish assemblages. Nonnative Smallmouth Bass in the free-flowing Yellowstone River, Montana, have expanded from warmer, downstream sections of river into colder, upstream sections containing socio-economically valuable trout fisheries. We sought insight into mechanisms controlling upstream spread by evaluating whether progressively colder upstream climates physiologically constrained successful recruitment by limiting age-0 growth and preventing overwinter survival (i.e., population establishment). We documented the phenology, growth, and overwinter survival of age-0 Smallmouth Bass across a temperature gradient leading to their upstream extent in the Yellowstone River. The upstream extent of population establishment did not appear limited by water temperature alone. Age-0 body size at the onset of winter did not differ significantly between colder, upstream reaches and warmer, downstream reaches. Instead, the earlier hatch timing exhibited by some age-0 individuals in upstream sections allowed them to experience longer growing seasons than many individuals in downstream sections. This counter-intuitive hatching phenology mediated much of the expected decreases in growth in colder, upstream climates. Furthermore, evidence of successful overwinter survival and simulations of age-0 starvation mortality indicated that age-0 individuals at the upstream extent of their distribution successfully recruited to the age-1 year-class during four consecutive years. However, age-0 individuals were rare or absent throughout the uppermost upstream distribution of adults, suggesting that something other than temperature limits or discourages reproduction farther upstream. Taken together, our results suggest that Smallmouth Bass have not yet reached the thermal limit of their upstream distribution in the Yellowstone River and that future spread may challenge fisheries managers tasked with management of coldwater trout fisheries in this river.

Publication Year 2022
Title The importance of phenology and thermal exposure to early life history success of nonnative Smallmouth Bass in the Yellowstone River
DOI 10.1002/tafs.10364
Authors Nicholas S. Voss, Robert K. Al-Chokhachy, Adam J. Sepulveda, Christine E. Verhille, Michael P. Ruggles, Alexander V. Zale
Publication Type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Series Title Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Index ID 70238966
Record Source USGS Publications Warehouse
USGS Organization Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit; Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center