Unzipping supercontinent Pangea: Geologic, potential field data, and buried structures, and a case for sequential Atlantic opening

Amalgamation of Pangea culminated with zippered N-to-S closing of the Theic ocean during the Alleghanian orogeny. Transpressional-rotational collision produced widespread dextral faulting throughout the eastern Appalachian hinterland, and thrust faulting in the western hinterland and foreland. The partially buried southern Appalachian Eastern Piedmont fault system is a product of late Paleozoic transpressional dextral faulting. Eastern Piedmont fault system faults are cut by two 200–190 Ma Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) diabase dike sets (∼NW and NS), which postdate initial rifting, producing the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic basins. Sinistral reactivation of suitably oriented Paleozoic faults (e.g., Towaliga) that offset Jurassic dikes implies faulting is coeval with CAMP dike emplacement, or occurred very soon after 200–190 Ma dike emplacement. A large NE-striking sinistral fault (Estill fault) offsets magnetic and gravity highs in the Brunswick (Charleston) terrane in South Carolina and Georgia. This fault is at least 185 km long, with ca. 75–80 km maximum of sinistral separation. The Estill fault geometry agrees with the stress field associated with Central Atlantic Magmatic Province dike emplacement. We conclude that movement along the Estill and other sinistral faults represents Early Jurassic displacement that is well documented in eastern North America prior to Atlantic opening. The early Mesozoic post-failed rifting (basin formation) preceded dike emplacement and pre-spreading sinistral faulting. We recognize four stages in the Late Triassic–Jurassic tectonics and kinematics of eastern North America based on field, crosscutting relationships, and available geophysical data: (1) initial W-to-E failed transtensional rifting with formation of the S-to-N-younging Triassic-Jurassic basins; (2) CAMP diabase dikes intruded 200–190 Ma; (3) sinistral movement of large blocks of crust in the North Atlantic region including southeastern North America; and (4) spreading and opening of the Atlantic Ocean 195–170 Ma. These stages mark the reversal of Alleghanian rotational dextral transpressional (zippered) collision forming Pangea supercontinent and ‘unzipping’ the supercontinent prior to Atlantic opening.