Kris Metzger, Ph.D.
Kris Metzger is the Acting Regional Administrator for the South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center (SC CASC), one of the nine regional centers that form the National and Regional Climate Adaptation Science Center network.
Kris Metzger is the Acting Regional Administrator of the USGS South Central Climate Adaptation Science Center. Trained as a conservation and landscape ecologist, she has experience in and belief of the power and impact of collaborative conservation. For a decade, Kris worked in the Serengeti Ecosystem focused on understanding interaction between the human and natural systems and the role these interactions have on conservation and biodiversity. More recently, in her position at the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, Kris works with biologists and mangers to collaboratively tackle tough conservation challenges facing our National Wildlife Refuge System. Growing up in Oregon and spending her childhood exploring the Northwest guides her passion to conserve and protect these natural areas. Kris received her Bachelor's of Science from the University of Oregon, and her Master's and PhD from Colorado State University.
Education and Certifications
Ph.D. in Ecology, Colorado State University
M.S. in Forest Sciences, Colorado State University
B.S. in Biology, University of Oregon
Science and Products
Non-USGS Publications**
Moon, J.A, S.E. Lehnen, K.L. Metzger, M.A. Squires, M.G. Brasher, B.C. Wilson, W.C. Conway, D.A. Haukos, B.E. Davis, F.C. Rohwer, E.M. Wehland, and B.M. Ballard. 2021. Projected impact of sea-level rise and urbanization on mottled duck (Anas fulvigula) habitat along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas through 2100. Ecological Indicators. 132: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108276
Moon, J.A., L.C. Feher, T.C. Lane, W.C. Vervaeke, M.J. Osland, D.M. Head, B.C. Chivoiu, D.R. Stewart D.J. Johnson, J.B. Grace, K.L. Metzger, N.M. Rankin. In Revision – Wetlands (WELA-D-21-00168). Surface elevation change dynamics in coastal marshes along the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: Building knowledge to better anticipate effects of rising sea-level and intensifying hurricanes.
Pearse, A,. K.L. Metzger, D. Brandt, J. Shaffer, M. Bidwell, W. Harrell. 2021. Migrating whooping cranes avoid wind-energy infrastructure when selecting stopover habitat. Ecological Applications. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2324.
Metzger, K.L., S.E. Lehnen, S.E. Sesnie, M.J. Butler, A. Pearse, K. McDowell, and G.M. Harris. 2020. Identifying sustainable whooping crane habitat. Journal for Nature Conservation. 57: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125892.
Pearse, A., K.L. Metzger, D. Brandt, M. Bidwell, M. Harner, D. Baasch, and W. Harrell. 2020. Heterogeneity in migration strategies of Whooping Cranes. The Condor: Ornithological Applications.122(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duz056.
Baasch, D. M., P.D. Farrell, A.T. Pearse, D.A. Brandt, A.J. Caven, M.J. Harner, G.D. Wright, and K.L. Metzger. 2019. Diurnal habitat selection of migrating Whooping Crane in the Great Plains. Avian Conservation and Ecology 14(1):6. https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-01317-140106.
Nkwabi, A. K., K.L. Metzger, R. Beyers, F. Magige, S.A.R. Mduma, J.G.C. Hopcraft and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2019. Bird community responses to changes in vegetation caused by increasing large mammal populations in the Serengeti woodlands. Wildlife Research. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR18001.
Lange, C., B. Ballard, D. Collins, and K.L. Metzger. 2018. Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Wintering Redhead Ducks along the Lower Texas Coast. Global Ecology and Conservation 16:1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00481 2351-9894.
Butler M.J., K.L. Metzger, and G.M. Harris. 2017. Are whooping cranes destined for extinction? Climate change imperils recruitment and population growth. Ecol. Evol. 7: 2821–2834. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2892.
Byrom A. E., A.K. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, S.A.R. Mduma, G.J. Forrester, W.A. Ruscoe, D.N. Reed, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2015. Anthropogenic stressors influence small mammal communities in tropical east African savanna at multiple spatial scales. Wildlife Research. 42: 2. DOI: 10.1071/WR14223.
Pearse, A.T., D.A. Brandt, W.C. Harrell, K.L. Metzger, D.M. Baasch, and T.J. Hefley. 2015. Whooping crane stopover site use intensity within the Great Plains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1166, 12 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151166.
Butler M.J., K.L. Metzger, and G.M. Harris. 2014. Whooping crane demographic responses to winter drought focus conservation strategies. Biol. Conserv. 179, 72–85.
Taylor, L.N., L.P. Ketzler, D. Rousseau, B.N. Strobel, K.L. Metzger, and M.J. Butler. 2015. Observations of whooping cranes during winter aerial surveys: 1950–2011. Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Austwell, Texas, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.7944/W3RP4B.
Byrom, A.E., M.E. Craft, S.M. Durant, A.J. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, K. Hampson, S.A. Mduma, G.J. Forrester, W.A. Ruscoe, D.N. Reed, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto, and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2014. Episodic outbreaks of small mammals influence predator community dynamics in an east African savanna ecosystem. Oikos, 123: 1014-1024. doi:10.1111/oik.00962.
Sinclair, A. R.E., K.L. Metzger, J.M. Fryxell, C. Packer, A.E. Byrom, M.E. Craft, K. Hampson, T. Lembo, S.M. Durant, G.J. Forrester, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto, J. Dempewolf, R. Hilborn, S. Cleaveland, A. Nkwabi, A. Mosser and S.A. Mduma. 2013. Asynchronous food‐web pathways could buffer the response of Serengeti predators to El Niño Southern Oscillation. Ecology, 94: 1123-1130. doi:10.1890/12-0428.1.
Nkwabi, A.K., A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, and S.A. Mduma. 2011. Disturbance, species loss and compensation: Wildfire and grazing effects on the avian community and its food supply in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. Austral Ecology, 36: 403-412. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02167.x.
Metzger, K.L., A.R.E. Sinclair, R. Hilborn, J.G.C. Hopcraft and S.A. Mduma. 2010. Evaluating the protection of wildlife in parks: the case of African buffalo in Serengeti. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19: 3431-3444.
Shaw, P., A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, A. Nkwabi, S.A.R. Mduma and N. Baker. 2009. Range expansion of the globally Vulnerable Karamoja apalis Apalis karamojae in the Serengeti ecosystem. African Journal of Ecology. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01174.x.
Holdo, R. , A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, B. Bolker, A. Dobson, M. Ritchie, and R. Holt. 2009. A Disease-Mediated Trophic Cascade in the Serengeti and its Implications for Ecosystem C. PLoS Bio 7 (9): e1000210 doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio1000210.
Sinclair, A.R.E, and K.L. Metzger. 2009. Advances in wildlife ecology and the influence of Graeme Caughley. Wildlife Research 36: 8-15.
Reed, D.N., T.M. Anderson, J. Dempewolf, K.L. Metzger, S. Serneels. 2009. The spatial distribution of vegetation types in the Serengeti Ecosystem: the influence of rainfall and topographic relief on vegetation patch characteristics. Journal of Biogeography 36: 770-782.
Metzger, K.L., E.A.H. Smithwick, D.B. Tinker, W.H. Romme, T.C. Balser and M.G. Turner. 2008. Influence of course wood and pine saplings on nitrogen mineralization and microbial communities in young post-fire Pinus contorta. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 59-67.
Mwangomo, E.A., L.A. Hardesty, A.R.E. Sinclair, S.A.R. Mduma, and K.L. Metzger. 2008. Habitat selection, diet and inter-specific associations of the rufous-tailed weaver and Fischer’s lovebird. African Journal of Ecology 46: 267-275.
Metzger, K.L., A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Campbell, R, Hilborn, J.G.C. Hopcraft, S.A.R. Mduma, R.M. Reich. 2007. Using historical data to establish baselines for conservation: The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) of the Serengeti as a case study. Biological Conservation 139: 358-374.
Turner, M.G., E.A.H. Smithwick, K.L. Metzger, D.B. Tinker and W.H. Romme. 2007. Inorganic nitrogen availability following severe stand-replacing fire in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 4782-4789.
Anderson, T.M., K.L. Metzger, S.J. McNaughton.2007. Multi-scale analysis of plant species richness in Serengeti grasslands. Journal of Biogeography 34 (2): 313–323.
Metzger, K.L., W.H. Romme and M.G. Turner. 2006. Foliar nitrogen in early post-fire vegetation in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (Wyoming, USA). Forest Ecology and Management 227 (1-2): 22-30.
Smithwick, E.A.H., M.G. Turner, K.L. Metzger, and T.C. Balser. 2005. Variation in NH4+ mineralization and microbial communities with stand age in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests, Yellowstone National Park (USA). Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry 37: 1546-1559.
Sankaran, M., N.P. Hanan, R.J. Scholes, J. Ratnam, D.J. Augustine, B.S. Cade, J. Gignoux, S.I. Higgins, X. Le Roux, F. Ludwig, J. Ardo, F. Banyikwa, A. Bronn, G. Bucini, K.K. Caylor, M.B. Coughenour, A. Diouf, W. Ekaya, C.J. Feral, E.C. February, P.G.H. Frost, P. Hiernaux, H. Hrabar, K.L. Metzger, H.H.T. Prins, S. Ringrose, W. Sea, J. Tews, J. Worden and N. Zambatis. 2005. Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 438: 846-849.
Metzger, K.L., M.B. Coughenour, R.M. Reich and R. Boone. 2005. Effects of seasonality of grazing on vegetation diversity and structure in a semi-arid ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments 61 (1): 147-160.
Reich, R.M., C.D. Bonham and K.L. Metzger. 1997. Modeling small-scale spatial variation of shortgrass prairie species. Ecological Modelling 101: 163-174.
Reich, R.M., K.L. Metzger and C.D. Bonham. 1997. Applications of permutation procedure for comparing multi-species point patterns of grassland plants. Grassland Science 43: 189-198.
Serengeti IV: Sustaining Biodiversity in a Coupled Human-Natural System. Edited by Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Kristine L. Metzger, Simon A.R. Mduma, and John M. Fryxell. 2015. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Sinclair, A.R.E., A. Dobson, S.A.R. Mduma, and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 2. Shaping the Serengeti Ecosystem.
Metzger, K.L., Sinclair, A.R.E., Macfarlane, S., Coughenour, M.B., and J. Ding. 2015. Chapter 3. Scales of Change in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem.
Eby, S., Dempewolf, J., Holdo, R.M., and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 4. Fire in the Serengeti Ecosystem: History, Drivers, and Consequences.
Anderson, T.M., J. Bukombe, and K.L. Metzger.2015. Chapter 5. Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Plant Structure and Diversity in Serengeti Savannas.
Fryxell, J.M., K.L. Metzger, C. Packer, A.R.E. Sinclair, and S.A.R. Mduma. 2015. Chapter 7. Climate-Induced Effects on the Serengeti Mammalian Food Web.
de Visser, S.N., B.P. Freymann, R.F. Foster, A.K. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, A.W. Harvey, and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2015. Chapter 10. Invertebrates of the Serengeti: Disturbance Effects on Arthropod Diversity and Abundance.
Sinclair, A.R.E., A.K., Nkwabi, and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 11. The Butterflies of Serengeti: Impact of Environmental Disturbance on Biodiversity.
Byrom, A.E., W.A. Ruscoe, A.J. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, G.J. Forrester, M.E. Craft, S.M. Durant, S. Makacha, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto, S.A.R. Mduma, D.N. Reed, K.Hampson, and A. R. E. Sinclair. 2015. Chapter 12. Small Mammal Diversity and Population Dynamics in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem.
Jankowski. J.E., Sinclair, A.R.E., and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 13. Bird Diversity of the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem: Spatial Patterns of Taxonomic and Functional Richness and Turnover.
Nkwabi, A.K., A.R.E Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, and S. A. R. Mduma. 2015. Chapter 14. The Effect of Natural Disturbances on the Avian Community of the Serengeti Woodlands.
Rentsch, D., Hilborn, R., E.J. Knapp, K.L. Metzger, and M. Loibooki. 2015. Chapter 22. Bushmeat Hunting in the Serengeti Ecosystem: An Assessment of Drivers and Impact on Migratory and Nonmigratory Wildlife.
Knapp, L.M., E.J., Knapp, K.L. Metzger, D. Rentsch, R. Beyers, K. Hampson, J. Schmitt, S. Cleaveland, and K. Galvin. 2015. Chapter 23. Human Health in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem.
Sinclair, A.R.E., J.D. Keyyu, S.A.R. Mduma, M. Mtahiko, E. Kisamo, J.G.C.Hopcraft, J. Fryxell, K.L. Metzger, and M. Borner. 2015. Chapter 26. The Role of Research in Conservation and the Future of Serengeti.
Sinclair, A.R.E., A. Dobson, K.L. Metzger, J. Fryxell, and S.A.R. Mduma. 2015. Chapter 27. The Future of Conservation: Lessons from the Serengeti.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
Non-USGS Publications**
Moon, J.A, S.E. Lehnen, K.L. Metzger, M.A. Squires, M.G. Brasher, B.C. Wilson, W.C. Conway, D.A. Haukos, B.E. Davis, F.C. Rohwer, E.M. Wehland, and B.M. Ballard. 2021. Projected impact of sea-level rise and urbanization on mottled duck (Anas fulvigula) habitat along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas through 2100. Ecological Indicators. 132: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108276
Moon, J.A., L.C. Feher, T.C. Lane, W.C. Vervaeke, M.J. Osland, D.M. Head, B.C. Chivoiu, D.R. Stewart D.J. Johnson, J.B. Grace, K.L. Metzger, N.M. Rankin. In Revision – Wetlands (WELA-D-21-00168). Surface elevation change dynamics in coastal marshes along the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico: Building knowledge to better anticipate effects of rising sea-level and intensifying hurricanes.
Pearse, A,. K.L. Metzger, D. Brandt, J. Shaffer, M. Bidwell, W. Harrell. 2021. Migrating whooping cranes avoid wind-energy infrastructure when selecting stopover habitat. Ecological Applications. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2324.
Metzger, K.L., S.E. Lehnen, S.E. Sesnie, M.J. Butler, A. Pearse, K. McDowell, and G.M. Harris. 2020. Identifying sustainable whooping crane habitat. Journal for Nature Conservation. 57: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125892.
Pearse, A., K.L. Metzger, D. Brandt, M. Bidwell, M. Harner, D. Baasch, and W. Harrell. 2020. Heterogeneity in migration strategies of Whooping Cranes. The Condor: Ornithological Applications.122(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/duz056.
Baasch, D. M., P.D. Farrell, A.T. Pearse, D.A. Brandt, A.J. Caven, M.J. Harner, G.D. Wright, and K.L. Metzger. 2019. Diurnal habitat selection of migrating Whooping Crane in the Great Plains. Avian Conservation and Ecology 14(1):6. https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-01317-140106.
Nkwabi, A. K., K.L. Metzger, R. Beyers, F. Magige, S.A.R. Mduma, J.G.C. Hopcraft and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2019. Bird community responses to changes in vegetation caused by increasing large mammal populations in the Serengeti woodlands. Wildlife Research. https://doi.org/10.1071/WR18001.
Lange, C., B. Ballard, D. Collins, and K.L. Metzger. 2018. Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Wintering Redhead Ducks along the Lower Texas Coast. Global Ecology and Conservation 16:1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00481 2351-9894.
Butler M.J., K.L. Metzger, and G.M. Harris. 2017. Are whooping cranes destined for extinction? Climate change imperils recruitment and population growth. Ecol. Evol. 7: 2821–2834. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2892.
Byrom A. E., A.K. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, S.A.R. Mduma, G.J. Forrester, W.A. Ruscoe, D.N. Reed, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2015. Anthropogenic stressors influence small mammal communities in tropical east African savanna at multiple spatial scales. Wildlife Research. 42: 2. DOI: 10.1071/WR14223.
Pearse, A.T., D.A. Brandt, W.C. Harrell, K.L. Metzger, D.M. Baasch, and T.J. Hefley. 2015. Whooping crane stopover site use intensity within the Great Plains: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1166, 12 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151166.
Butler M.J., K.L. Metzger, and G.M. Harris. 2014. Whooping crane demographic responses to winter drought focus conservation strategies. Biol. Conserv. 179, 72–85.
Taylor, L.N., L.P. Ketzler, D. Rousseau, B.N. Strobel, K.L. Metzger, and M.J. Butler. 2015. Observations of whooping cranes during winter aerial surveys: 1950–2011. Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Austwell, Texas, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.7944/W3RP4B.
Byrom, A.E., M.E. Craft, S.M. Durant, A.J. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, K. Hampson, S.A. Mduma, G.J. Forrester, W.A. Ruscoe, D.N. Reed, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto, and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2014. Episodic outbreaks of small mammals influence predator community dynamics in an east African savanna ecosystem. Oikos, 123: 1014-1024. doi:10.1111/oik.00962.
Sinclair, A. R.E., K.L. Metzger, J.M. Fryxell, C. Packer, A.E. Byrom, M.E. Craft, K. Hampson, T. Lembo, S.M. Durant, G.J. Forrester, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto, J. Dempewolf, R. Hilborn, S. Cleaveland, A. Nkwabi, A. Mosser and S.A. Mduma. 2013. Asynchronous food‐web pathways could buffer the response of Serengeti predators to El Niño Southern Oscillation. Ecology, 94: 1123-1130. doi:10.1890/12-0428.1.
Nkwabi, A.K., A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, and S.A. Mduma. 2011. Disturbance, species loss and compensation: Wildfire and grazing effects on the avian community and its food supply in the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania. Austral Ecology, 36: 403-412. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2010.02167.x.
Metzger, K.L., A.R.E. Sinclair, R. Hilborn, J.G.C. Hopcraft and S.A. Mduma. 2010. Evaluating the protection of wildlife in parks: the case of African buffalo in Serengeti. Biodiversity and Conservation, 19: 3431-3444.
Shaw, P., A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, A. Nkwabi, S.A.R. Mduma and N. Baker. 2009. Range expansion of the globally Vulnerable Karamoja apalis Apalis karamojae in the Serengeti ecosystem. African Journal of Ecology. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01174.x.
Holdo, R. , A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, B. Bolker, A. Dobson, M. Ritchie, and R. Holt. 2009. A Disease-Mediated Trophic Cascade in the Serengeti and its Implications for Ecosystem C. PLoS Bio 7 (9): e1000210 doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio1000210.
Sinclair, A.R.E, and K.L. Metzger. 2009. Advances in wildlife ecology and the influence of Graeme Caughley. Wildlife Research 36: 8-15.
Reed, D.N., T.M. Anderson, J. Dempewolf, K.L. Metzger, S. Serneels. 2009. The spatial distribution of vegetation types in the Serengeti Ecosystem: the influence of rainfall and topographic relief on vegetation patch characteristics. Journal of Biogeography 36: 770-782.
Metzger, K.L., E.A.H. Smithwick, D.B. Tinker, W.H. Romme, T.C. Balser and M.G. Turner. 2008. Influence of course wood and pine saplings on nitrogen mineralization and microbial communities in young post-fire Pinus contorta. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 59-67.
Mwangomo, E.A., L.A. Hardesty, A.R.E. Sinclair, S.A.R. Mduma, and K.L. Metzger. 2008. Habitat selection, diet and inter-specific associations of the rufous-tailed weaver and Fischer’s lovebird. African Journal of Ecology 46: 267-275.
Metzger, K.L., A.R.E. Sinclair, K.L. Campbell, R, Hilborn, J.G.C. Hopcraft, S.A.R. Mduma, R.M. Reich. 2007. Using historical data to establish baselines for conservation: The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) of the Serengeti as a case study. Biological Conservation 139: 358-374.
Turner, M.G., E.A.H. Smithwick, K.L. Metzger, D.B. Tinker and W.H. Romme. 2007. Inorganic nitrogen availability following severe stand-replacing fire in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 4782-4789.
Anderson, T.M., K.L. Metzger, S.J. McNaughton.2007. Multi-scale analysis of plant species richness in Serengeti grasslands. Journal of Biogeography 34 (2): 313–323.
Metzger, K.L., W.H. Romme and M.G. Turner. 2006. Foliar nitrogen in early post-fire vegetation in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (Wyoming, USA). Forest Ecology and Management 227 (1-2): 22-30.
Smithwick, E.A.H., M.G. Turner, K.L. Metzger, and T.C. Balser. 2005. Variation in NH4+ mineralization and microbial communities with stand age in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests, Yellowstone National Park (USA). Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry 37: 1546-1559.
Sankaran, M., N.P. Hanan, R.J. Scholes, J. Ratnam, D.J. Augustine, B.S. Cade, J. Gignoux, S.I. Higgins, X. Le Roux, F. Ludwig, J. Ardo, F. Banyikwa, A. Bronn, G. Bucini, K.K. Caylor, M.B. Coughenour, A. Diouf, W. Ekaya, C.J. Feral, E.C. February, P.G.H. Frost, P. Hiernaux, H. Hrabar, K.L. Metzger, H.H.T. Prins, S. Ringrose, W. Sea, J. Tews, J. Worden and N. Zambatis. 2005. Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. Nature 438: 846-849.
Metzger, K.L., M.B. Coughenour, R.M. Reich and R. Boone. 2005. Effects of seasonality of grazing on vegetation diversity and structure in a semi-arid ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments 61 (1): 147-160.
Reich, R.M., C.D. Bonham and K.L. Metzger. 1997. Modeling small-scale spatial variation of shortgrass prairie species. Ecological Modelling 101: 163-174.
Reich, R.M., K.L. Metzger and C.D. Bonham. 1997. Applications of permutation procedure for comparing multi-species point patterns of grassland plants. Grassland Science 43: 189-198.
Serengeti IV: Sustaining Biodiversity in a Coupled Human-Natural System. Edited by Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Kristine L. Metzger, Simon A.R. Mduma, and John M. Fryxell. 2015. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
Sinclair, A.R.E., A. Dobson, S.A.R. Mduma, and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 2. Shaping the Serengeti Ecosystem.
Metzger, K.L., Sinclair, A.R.E., Macfarlane, S., Coughenour, M.B., and J. Ding. 2015. Chapter 3. Scales of Change in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem.
Eby, S., Dempewolf, J., Holdo, R.M., and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 4. Fire in the Serengeti Ecosystem: History, Drivers, and Consequences.
Anderson, T.M., J. Bukombe, and K.L. Metzger.2015. Chapter 5. Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Plant Structure and Diversity in Serengeti Savannas.
Fryxell, J.M., K.L. Metzger, C. Packer, A.R.E. Sinclair, and S.A.R. Mduma. 2015. Chapter 7. Climate-Induced Effects on the Serengeti Mammalian Food Web.
de Visser, S.N., B.P. Freymann, R.F. Foster, A.K. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, A.W. Harvey, and A.R.E. Sinclair. 2015. Chapter 10. Invertebrates of the Serengeti: Disturbance Effects on Arthropod Diversity and Abundance.
Sinclair, A.R.E., A.K., Nkwabi, and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 11. The Butterflies of Serengeti: Impact of Environmental Disturbance on Biodiversity.
Byrom, A.E., W.A. Ruscoe, A.J. Nkwabi, K.L. Metzger, G.J. Forrester, M.E. Craft, S.M. Durant, S. Makacha, J. Bukombe, J. Mchetto, S.A.R. Mduma, D.N. Reed, K.Hampson, and A. R. E. Sinclair. 2015. Chapter 12. Small Mammal Diversity and Population Dynamics in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem.
Jankowski. J.E., Sinclair, A.R.E., and K.L. Metzger. 2015. Chapter 13. Bird Diversity of the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem: Spatial Patterns of Taxonomic and Functional Richness and Turnover.
Nkwabi, A.K., A.R.E Sinclair, K.L. Metzger, and S. A. R. Mduma. 2015. Chapter 14. The Effect of Natural Disturbances on the Avian Community of the Serengeti Woodlands.
Rentsch, D., Hilborn, R., E.J. Knapp, K.L. Metzger, and M. Loibooki. 2015. Chapter 22. Bushmeat Hunting in the Serengeti Ecosystem: An Assessment of Drivers and Impact on Migratory and Nonmigratory Wildlife.
Knapp, L.M., E.J., Knapp, K.L. Metzger, D. Rentsch, R. Beyers, K. Hampson, J. Schmitt, S. Cleaveland, and K. Galvin. 2015. Chapter 23. Human Health in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem.
Sinclair, A.R.E., J.D. Keyyu, S.A.R. Mduma, M. Mtahiko, E. Kisamo, J.G.C.Hopcraft, J. Fryxell, K.L. Metzger, and M. Borner. 2015. Chapter 26. The Role of Research in Conservation and the Future of Serengeti.
Sinclair, A.R.E., A. Dobson, K.L. Metzger, J. Fryxell, and S.A.R. Mduma. 2015. Chapter 27. The Future of Conservation: Lessons from the Serengeti.
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