A clear view of the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The light grey lava flows near the bottom of the photo were active today.
Tim R. Orr
Physical volcanology and eruption dynamics of basaltic volcanoes, principally Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, and the Bering Sea Basalt Province, Alaska. Eruptive histories and hazards of Hawaiian and Alaska volcanoes.
My position as a Research Geologist at the Alaska Volcano Observatory focuses on fundamental research on eruption and flow field processes to understand hazards better and improve forecasts, first in Hawaiʻi and now in Alaska. My work entails observing and measuring eruptive activity as part of operational monitoring and through directed field studies to analyze the data collected to gain fundamental insights into eruptive phenomena in Hawaiʻi, Alaska, and worldwide.
In addition, a fundamental part of my position is the monitoring of, and response to, volcanic unrest and eruptions. I serve as a 24/7 on-call duty scientist and duty remote sensor at AVO periodically throughout the year, and more often as needed during eruption crises, with primary responsibility for assessing volcanic activity daily and issuing hazard alerts. Because of my previous experience at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, I am also called upon to help with eruption response efforts in Hawaiʻi, when needed.
Professional Experience
Research Geologist, USGS Alaska Volcano Observatory, June 2017–Present
Research Geologist, USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, May 2016–June 2017
Operational Geologist, USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, June 2005–May 2016
Physical Science Technician, University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, November 2002–June 2005
Education and Certifications
University of Hawaii at Manoa, PH.D. (2015) – Geology and Geophysics
Northern Arizona University, M.S. (1997) – Geology
University of Montana, B.A. (1995) – Geology
University of Montana, B.A. (1993) – Geography
Affiliations and Memberships*
American Geophysical Union
Geological Society of America
International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior
Science and Products
Stochastic lava flow forecasting code used during the 2014-2015 Pāhoa lava flow crisis, Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawai‘i
Thermal camera images of lava lake and crater filling activity at Puʻuʻōʻō, East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2011-2019
Ground crack, VLF measurement, and sample vesicularity data for the June 2007 Father's Day eruption, Kīlauea Volcano
Photogrammetry-derived digital elevation models and source images for an inactive perched lava lake formed at Pu‘u‘ō‘ō (Kīlauea) in 2014
Elevation of the lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, from 2009 to 2018
Sample details and near-real-time ED-XRF, grain size, and grain shape data collected during the November – December 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi
Digital elevation models and orthoimagery from the 2018 eruption of Veniaminof, Alaska
GIS shapefiles for the June 27th lava flow at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, June 2014-June 2016
GIS shapefiles for lava flows at Kilauea volcano, 1790–1982 (ver. 1.1, October 2024)
GIS shapefiles for Kilauea's episode 61g lava flow, Pu`u `O`o eruption: May 2016 to May 2017
A clear view of the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The light grey lava flows near the bottom of the photo were active today.
The flow front of the eastern (top) 'a'a channel.
The flow front of the eastern (top) 'a'a channel.
Multiple pahoehoe flows about 250 m (820 ft) from a breakout point on the Quarry flow lava tube above the pali.
Multiple pahoehoe flows about 250 m (820 ft) from a breakout point on the Quarry flow lava tube above the pali.
Multiple small channels of lava flow downslope from a breakout point on the pali. There were several other breakouts producing similar flows upslope.
Multiple small channels of lava flow downslope from a breakout point on the pali. There were several other breakouts producing similar flows upslope.
Minor activity continues on the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The crater floor is often obscured by fume, but Kona winds allowed for a nice view today. The recent flows are light grey in color, concentrated in the east (top of photo) and west (behind the fume) ends of the crater.
Minor activity continues on the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The crater floor is often obscured by fume, but Kona winds allowed for a nice view today. The recent flows are light grey in color, concentrated in the east (top of photo) and west (behind the fume) ends of the crater.
A close-up of the breakout point on Pu'u 'O 'o.
A close-up of the breakout point on Pu'u 'O 'o.
A gas-rich lava flow on the northwest margin of the new shield.
A gas-rich lava flow on the northwest margin of the new shield.
A new breakout began overnight on Nov 28-29 along the upper section of the TEB tube. The breakout continues to produce lava flows, creating a new rootless shield among the string of previously formed shields.
A new breakout began overnight on Nov 28-29 along the upper section of the TEB tube. The breakout continues to produce lava flows, creating a new rootless shield among the string of previously formed shields.
A close-up of the breakout point on the newly formed shield. The flow is moving from right to left from the breakout point until it branches in several directions near the center of the photograph.
A close-up of the breakout point on the newly formed shield. The flow is moving from right to left from the breakout point until it branches in several directions near the center of the photograph.
Due to the current activity above the pali, lava flows on the coastal plain, as well as the Puhi-o-Kalaikini ocean entry, are inactive.
Due to the current activity above the pali, lava flows on the coastal plain, as well as the Puhi-o-Kalaikini ocean entry, are inactive.
This overlay of a photograph, and a thermal image of the same area, highlights several active breakouts on the coastal plain. Comparing today's image to the composite taken on Oct 28, the breakouts are new, but most of the other features are unchanged.
This overlay of a photograph, and a thermal image of the same area, highlights several active breakouts on the coastal plain. Comparing today's image to the composite taken on Oct 28, the breakouts are new, but most of the other features are unchanged.
A similar wide shot of the flow field, incorporating more of the coastline west of the ocean entry. Hilina Pali is the cliff face in the background. Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
A similar wide shot of the flow field, incorporating more of the coastline west of the ocean entry. Hilina Pali is the cliff face in the background. Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
Geologist changing the data card in a time-lapse camera on the western rim of Pu'u 'O 'o. The lack of trade winds allowed for a clear view into the crater.
Geologist changing the data card in a time-lapse camera on the western rim of Pu'u 'O 'o. The lack of trade winds allowed for a clear view into the crater.
Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
Looking into the Halema'uma'u Overlook vent during a lava high stand. In the lower half of the vent, several glowing cracks in the crusted lava surface can be seen through the diffuse fume. The remaining portion of the Halema'uma'u Overlook fence is at the bottom of the photograph.
Looking into the Halema'uma'u Overlook vent during a lava high stand. In the lower half of the vent, several glowing cracks in the crusted lava surface can be seen through the diffuse fume. The remaining portion of the Halema'uma'u Overlook fence is at the bottom of the photograph.
An aerial view of Pu'u 'O 'o, looking toward the southwest. Although the inside of the crater is shrouded in fume, a distinct plume can still be seen coming from the east wall. This vent has once again become the dominant heat source in Pu'u 'O 'o since the cessation of flows in the crater several weeks ago.
An aerial view of Pu'u 'O 'o, looking toward the southwest. Although the inside of the crater is shrouded in fume, a distinct plume can still be seen coming from the east wall. This vent has once again become the dominant heat source in Pu'u 'O 'o since the cessation of flows in the crater several weeks ago.
Close-up of the channelized breakout, showing the lava stream near the breakout point and the surrounding pahoehoe.
Close-up of the channelized breakout, showing the lava stream near the breakout point and the surrounding pahoehoe.
A vigorous but relatively small channelized breakout near the base of the pali began this morning around 4 am. The flow near the breakout point is pahoehoe (shiny appearance), whereas the middle and lower portions of the flow are 'a'a (dull black color).
A vigorous but relatively small channelized breakout near the base of the pali began this morning around 4 am. The flow near the breakout point is pahoehoe (shiny appearance), whereas the middle and lower portions of the flow are 'a'a (dull black color).
This composite image of the coastal plain near Kalapana combines a thermal image and a conventional photograph. The majority of lava is traveling through the lava tube system to the ocean and is not easily detectable in the image. Sometimes, however, the lava tubes do show a clear thermal signature.
This composite image of the coastal plain near Kalapana combines a thermal image and a conventional photograph. The majority of lava is traveling through the lava tube system to the ocean and is not easily detectable in the image. Sometimes, however, the lava tubes do show a clear thermal signature.
The most recent breakout on the coastal plain, which began on October 15, is still active in several places along its southern margin. The lighter grey lava flows in the middle of the photograph are the extent of the latest activity. The flow is 550 m (1800 ft) long and runs parallel with the trace of Highway 130 (the road on the right side of the photograph).
The most recent breakout on the coastal plain, which began on October 15, is still active in several places along its southern margin. The lighter grey lava flows in the middle of the photograph are the extent of the latest activity. The flow is 550 m (1800 ft) long and runs parallel with the trace of Highway 130 (the road on the right side of the photograph).
Near-vertical view into the eruptive vent inset within the southeast edge of Halema'uma'u Crater. The crusting, slowly circulating lava surface was about 115 m (375 ft) below the floor of Halema'uma'u.
Near-vertical view into the eruptive vent inset within the southeast edge of Halema'uma'u Crater. The crusting, slowly circulating lava surface was about 115 m (375 ft) below the floor of Halema'uma'u.
Tracking surface changes caused by volcanic activity
Using ground crack and very low frequency measurements to map the location of the June 2007 Father’s Day dike, Kīlauea Volcano
2020 Volcanic activity in Alaska—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
2021 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
Pre-existing ground cracks as lava flow pathways at Kīlauea in 2014
Historically active volcanoes of Alaska reference deck
Eruption of stagnant lava from an inactive perched lava lake
2019 Volcanic activity in Alaska—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
2018 Volcanic activity in Alaska—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
Development, structure, and behavior of a perched lava channel at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, during 2007
Crater growth and lava-lake dynamics revealed through multitemporal terrestrial lidar scanning at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi
Patterns of bubble bursting and weak explosive activity in an active lava lake—Halema‘uma‘u, Kīlauea, 2015
Science and Products
Stochastic lava flow forecasting code used during the 2014-2015 Pāhoa lava flow crisis, Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawai‘i
Thermal camera images of lava lake and crater filling activity at Puʻuʻōʻō, East Rift Zone of Kīlauea Volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi, 2011-2019
Ground crack, VLF measurement, and sample vesicularity data for the June 2007 Father's Day eruption, Kīlauea Volcano
Photogrammetry-derived digital elevation models and source images for an inactive perched lava lake formed at Pu‘u‘ō‘ō (Kīlauea) in 2014
Elevation of the lava lake in Halemaʻumaʻu crater, Kīlauea Volcano, from 2009 to 2018
Sample details and near-real-time ED-XRF, grain size, and grain shape data collected during the November – December 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa volcano, Island of Hawaiʻi
Digital elevation models and orthoimagery from the 2018 eruption of Veniaminof, Alaska
GIS shapefiles for the June 27th lava flow at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, June 2014-June 2016
GIS shapefiles for lava flows at Kilauea volcano, 1790–1982 (ver. 1.1, October 2024)
GIS shapefiles for Kilauea's episode 61g lava flow, Pu`u `O`o eruption: May 2016 to May 2017
A clear view of the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The light grey lava flows near the bottom of the photo were active today.
A clear view of the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The light grey lava flows near the bottom of the photo were active today.
The flow front of the eastern (top) 'a'a channel.
The flow front of the eastern (top) 'a'a channel.
Multiple pahoehoe flows about 250 m (820 ft) from a breakout point on the Quarry flow lava tube above the pali.
Multiple pahoehoe flows about 250 m (820 ft) from a breakout point on the Quarry flow lava tube above the pali.
Multiple small channels of lava flow downslope from a breakout point on the pali. There were several other breakouts producing similar flows upslope.
Multiple small channels of lava flow downslope from a breakout point on the pali. There were several other breakouts producing similar flows upslope.
Minor activity continues on the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The crater floor is often obscured by fume, but Kona winds allowed for a nice view today. The recent flows are light grey in color, concentrated in the east (top of photo) and west (behind the fume) ends of the crater.
Minor activity continues on the floor of Pu'u 'O 'o crater. The crater floor is often obscured by fume, but Kona winds allowed for a nice view today. The recent flows are light grey in color, concentrated in the east (top of photo) and west (behind the fume) ends of the crater.
A close-up of the breakout point on Pu'u 'O 'o.
A close-up of the breakout point on Pu'u 'O 'o.
A gas-rich lava flow on the northwest margin of the new shield.
A gas-rich lava flow on the northwest margin of the new shield.
A new breakout began overnight on Nov 28-29 along the upper section of the TEB tube. The breakout continues to produce lava flows, creating a new rootless shield among the string of previously formed shields.
A new breakout began overnight on Nov 28-29 along the upper section of the TEB tube. The breakout continues to produce lava flows, creating a new rootless shield among the string of previously formed shields.
A close-up of the breakout point on the newly formed shield. The flow is moving from right to left from the breakout point until it branches in several directions near the center of the photograph.
A close-up of the breakout point on the newly formed shield. The flow is moving from right to left from the breakout point until it branches in several directions near the center of the photograph.
Due to the current activity above the pali, lava flows on the coastal plain, as well as the Puhi-o-Kalaikini ocean entry, are inactive.
Due to the current activity above the pali, lava flows on the coastal plain, as well as the Puhi-o-Kalaikini ocean entry, are inactive.
This overlay of a photograph, and a thermal image of the same area, highlights several active breakouts on the coastal plain. Comparing today's image to the composite taken on Oct 28, the breakouts are new, but most of the other features are unchanged.
This overlay of a photograph, and a thermal image of the same area, highlights several active breakouts on the coastal plain. Comparing today's image to the composite taken on Oct 28, the breakouts are new, but most of the other features are unchanged.
A similar wide shot of the flow field, incorporating more of the coastline west of the ocean entry. Hilina Pali is the cliff face in the background. Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
A similar wide shot of the flow field, incorporating more of the coastline west of the ocean entry. Hilina Pali is the cliff face in the background. Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
Geologist changing the data card in a time-lapse camera on the western rim of Pu'u 'O 'o. The lack of trade winds allowed for a clear view into the crater.
Geologist changing the data card in a time-lapse camera on the western rim of Pu'u 'O 'o. The lack of trade winds allowed for a clear view into the crater.
Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
Small lava channels enter the ocean along a section of the Puhi-o-Kalaikini lava delta.
Looking into the Halema'uma'u Overlook vent during a lava high stand. In the lower half of the vent, several glowing cracks in the crusted lava surface can be seen through the diffuse fume. The remaining portion of the Halema'uma'u Overlook fence is at the bottom of the photograph.
Looking into the Halema'uma'u Overlook vent during a lava high stand. In the lower half of the vent, several glowing cracks in the crusted lava surface can be seen through the diffuse fume. The remaining portion of the Halema'uma'u Overlook fence is at the bottom of the photograph.
An aerial view of Pu'u 'O 'o, looking toward the southwest. Although the inside of the crater is shrouded in fume, a distinct plume can still be seen coming from the east wall. This vent has once again become the dominant heat source in Pu'u 'O 'o since the cessation of flows in the crater several weeks ago.
An aerial view of Pu'u 'O 'o, looking toward the southwest. Although the inside of the crater is shrouded in fume, a distinct plume can still be seen coming from the east wall. This vent has once again become the dominant heat source in Pu'u 'O 'o since the cessation of flows in the crater several weeks ago.
Close-up of the channelized breakout, showing the lava stream near the breakout point and the surrounding pahoehoe.
Close-up of the channelized breakout, showing the lava stream near the breakout point and the surrounding pahoehoe.
A vigorous but relatively small channelized breakout near the base of the pali began this morning around 4 am. The flow near the breakout point is pahoehoe (shiny appearance), whereas the middle and lower portions of the flow are 'a'a (dull black color).
A vigorous but relatively small channelized breakout near the base of the pali began this morning around 4 am. The flow near the breakout point is pahoehoe (shiny appearance), whereas the middle and lower portions of the flow are 'a'a (dull black color).
This composite image of the coastal plain near Kalapana combines a thermal image and a conventional photograph. The majority of lava is traveling through the lava tube system to the ocean and is not easily detectable in the image. Sometimes, however, the lava tubes do show a clear thermal signature.
This composite image of the coastal plain near Kalapana combines a thermal image and a conventional photograph. The majority of lava is traveling through the lava tube system to the ocean and is not easily detectable in the image. Sometimes, however, the lava tubes do show a clear thermal signature.
The most recent breakout on the coastal plain, which began on October 15, is still active in several places along its southern margin. The lighter grey lava flows in the middle of the photograph are the extent of the latest activity. The flow is 550 m (1800 ft) long and runs parallel with the trace of Highway 130 (the road on the right side of the photograph).
The most recent breakout on the coastal plain, which began on October 15, is still active in several places along its southern margin. The lighter grey lava flows in the middle of the photograph are the extent of the latest activity. The flow is 550 m (1800 ft) long and runs parallel with the trace of Highway 130 (the road on the right side of the photograph).
Near-vertical view into the eruptive vent inset within the southeast edge of Halema'uma'u Crater. The crusting, slowly circulating lava surface was about 115 m (375 ft) below the floor of Halema'uma'u.
Near-vertical view into the eruptive vent inset within the southeast edge of Halema'uma'u Crater. The crusting, slowly circulating lava surface was about 115 m (375 ft) below the floor of Halema'uma'u.
Tracking surface changes caused by volcanic activity
Using ground crack and very low frequency measurements to map the location of the June 2007 Father’s Day dike, Kīlauea Volcano
2020 Volcanic activity in Alaska—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
2021 Volcanic activity in Alaska and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
Pre-existing ground cracks as lava flow pathways at Kīlauea in 2014
Historically active volcanoes of Alaska reference deck
Eruption of stagnant lava from an inactive perched lava lake
2019 Volcanic activity in Alaska—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
2018 Volcanic activity in Alaska—Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory
Development, structure, and behavior of a perched lava channel at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, during 2007
Crater growth and lava-lake dynamics revealed through multitemporal terrestrial lidar scanning at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi
Patterns of bubble bursting and weak explosive activity in an active lava lake—Halema‘uma‘u, Kīlauea, 2015
*Disclaimer: Listing outside positions with professional scientific organizations on this Staff Profile are for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of those professional scientific organizations or their activities by the USGS, Department of the Interior, or U.S. Government