Explore resources here describing estimates of freshwater flow entering Chesapeake Bay.
The health of the Chesapeake Bay is greatly affected by freshwater flow from rivers draining its watershed. The amount of freshwater flow (also called streamflow) will:
• Change salinity levels in the Bay, which affect oysters, crabs, and finfish.
• Influence the amounts of nutrients, sediment, and contaminants delivered to tidal waters, which affects fisheries and submerged aquatic vegetation.
The USGS provides estimates of the monthly and annual amounts of freshwater flow into the Bay so scientists and managers can better understand effects on ecosystem conditions.
Monthly Mean Streamflow Over The Past 2 Years
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Most recent estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay for November 2022 was 55,200 cubic feet per second. This value, (Figure 1, Line 1), which is provisional and subject to revision, is considered to be within the normal range of November streamflow. Normal streamflow entering the Bay in November is between 31,700 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, Line 3) and 77,600 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, Line 4), the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, of all November streamflow values over an 86-year period of record.
Annual Mean Streamflow into the Chesapeake Bay
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
The estimated annual-mean streamflow entering the Chesapeake Bay over the period of record has been calculated for each of the complete water years in the period of record, beginning in 1937 as shown in Figure 2. For the most recent complete water year (2022), this value was 73,000 cubic feet per second. The long-term annual-mean streamflow is 79,000 cubic feet per second, and "normal" annual-mean streamflow is between 67,250 cubic feet per second and 88,750 cubic feet per second — the 25th and 75th percentiles of all annual-mean values, respectively. Of the most recent ten complete water years, seven were normal, two were above normal, and one was below normal.
Streamflow By Major Watershed
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
The Amount of Freshwater from Different Watersheds: The majority of freshwater flow enters the Bay from three major watersheds: Susquehanna, Potomac, and James (Figure 3). These three watersheds, and the remaining areas, are represented by five streamflow cross sections across the Bay (A through E; Figure 3). The amount of freshwater flow from these areas is estimated each month (figure 4).
In November 2022, the largest proportion of streamflow entered at Section A, accounting for about 53 percent of total streamflow entering the Bay. This information, along with proportional flow in recent months, is shown in Figure 4.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.
Estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay, shown proportionally by cross sections A through E. Water passing section A is largely from the Susquehanna River watershed; water entering between sections B and C is largely from the Potomac River watershed; and water entering between sections D and E is largely from the James River watershed.
Below are resources describing Chesapeake Bay streamflow estimation methods, the history of programming the Chesapeake Bay Streamflow interactive website, and other science projects and research associated with Chesapeake Bay estimated streamflow, such as work characterizing Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends.
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake BayThe following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed.Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...
Chesapeake Bay Real-Time Streamflow Map
• A USGS WaterWatch map of real-time streamflow compared to historical streamflow for the day of the year (Mid Atlantic).
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake BayThe following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed.Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: WEBSITE HISTORY
by Brad Garner, Hydrologist USGSThis website originated as a dynamic web application (hereafter, simply webapp). That is, content such as data and graphs, were generated "on-the-fly" as requests were made by web-browser clients. This was made possible by automating the methods of Bue (1968), and by using dynamic web-content software technology.Beginning in 2019 the original dynamic web application...
Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends
Explore resources here describing water-quality load and trend results for nontidal rivers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The health of the Chesapeake Bay is largely driven by changes in streamflow and the amount of pollution it contains. Runoff in the Chesapeake Bay watershed carries pollutants, such as nutrients and sediments, to rivers and streams that drain to the Bay. Scientists use...
- Overview
Explore resources here describing estimates of freshwater flow entering Chesapeake Bay.
The health of the Chesapeake Bay is greatly affected by freshwater flow from rivers draining its watershed. The amount of freshwater flow (also called streamflow) will:
• Change salinity levels in the Bay, which affect oysters, crabs, and finfish.
• Influence the amounts of nutrients, sediment, and contaminants delivered to tidal waters, which affects fisheries and submerged aquatic vegetation.
The USGS provides estimates of the monthly and annual amounts of freshwater flow into the Bay so scientists and managers can better understand effects on ecosystem conditions.
Monthly Mean Streamflow Over The Past 2 Years
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.Figure 1. Estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay over the past two years, line 1; period-of-record minimum flow, line 2; period-of-record 25th-percentile flow, line 3; period-of-record 75th-percentile flow, line 4; period-of-record maximum flow, line 5. Monthly flow is considered to be within a normal range if between the 25th and 75th percentiles.Click HERE to view Chesapeake Bay Estimated Monthly and Annual Streamflow Interactive Graphs and Data.
Most recent estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay for November 2022 was 55,200 cubic feet per second. This value, (Figure 1, Line 1), which is provisional and subject to revision, is considered to be within the normal range of November streamflow. Normal streamflow entering the Bay in November is between 31,700 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, Line 3) and 77,600 cubic feet per second (Figure 1, Line 4), the 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, of all November streamflow values over an 86-year period of record.Annual Mean Streamflow into the Chesapeake Bay
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.Figure 2. Estimated annual-mean streamflow entering the Chesapeake Bay. Normal streamflow values, falling between the 25th and 75th percentiles of period-of-record annual-mean streamflow values are shown as green bars. Blue bars represent above normal annual streamflow values. Red bars represent below normal annual streamflow values. Streamflows are summarized by water year, which documents the natural hydrologic cycle beginning October 1 and ending September 30.
The estimated annual-mean streamflow entering the Chesapeake Bay over the period of record has been calculated for each of the complete water years in the period of record, beginning in 1937 as shown in Figure 2. For the most recent complete water year (2022), this value was 73,000 cubic feet per second. The long-term annual-mean streamflow is 79,000 cubic feet per second, and "normal" annual-mean streamflow is between 67,250 cubic feet per second and 88,750 cubic feet per second — the 25th and 75th percentiles of all annual-mean values, respectively. Of the most recent ten complete water years, seven were normal, two were above normal, and one was below normal.Streamflow By Major Watershed
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.Figure 3. A map of major Chesapeake Bay Watersheds and streamflow stations and sections used for flow calculations.
The Amount of Freshwater from Different Watersheds: The majority of freshwater flow enters the Bay from three major watersheds: Susquehanna, Potomac, and James (Figure 3). These three watersheds, and the remaining areas, are represented by five streamflow cross sections across the Bay (A through E; Figure 3). The amount of freshwater flow from these areas is estimated each month (figure 4).
In November 2022, the largest proportion of streamflow entered at Section A, accounting for about 53 percent of total streamflow entering the Bay. This information, along with proportional flow in recent months, is shown in Figure 4.
Sources/Usage: Public Domain.Figure 4. Graph of recent monthly mean streamflows for Chesapeake Bay sections A through E.
Estimated monthly mean streamflow entering Chesapeake Bay, shown proportionally by cross sections A through E. Water passing section A is largely from the Susquehanna River watershed; water entering between sections B and C is largely from the Potomac River watershed; and water entering between sections D and E is largely from the James River watershed.
- Science
Below are resources describing Chesapeake Bay streamflow estimation methods, the history of programming the Chesapeake Bay Streamflow interactive website, and other science projects and research associated with Chesapeake Bay estimated streamflow, such as work characterizing Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends.
Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake BayThe following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed.Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...Chesapeake Bay Real-Time Streamflow Map
• A USGS WaterWatch map of real-time streamflow compared to historical streamflow for the day of the year (Mid Atlantic).Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: METHODS
Methods for Estimating Streamflow to Chesapeake BayThe following is a description of how data presented on the website "Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow" are computed.Essentially, the methodology was published more than 51 years ago, and has been adapted for use in modern automated computing systems. Approaches for summarizing data and describing it using statistics follow standard practices...Chesapeake Bay Estimated Streamflow: WEBSITE HISTORY
by Brad Garner, Hydrologist USGSThis website originated as a dynamic web application (hereafter, simply webapp). That is, content such as data and graphs, were generated "on-the-fly" as requests were made by web-browser clients. This was made possible by automating the methods of Bue (1968), and by using dynamic web-content software technology.Beginning in 2019 the original dynamic web application...Chesapeake Bay Water-Quality Loads and Trends
Explore resources here describing water-quality load and trend results for nontidal rivers of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The health of the Chesapeake Bay is largely driven by changes in streamflow and the amount of pollution it contains. Runoff in the Chesapeake Bay watershed carries pollutants, such as nutrients and sediments, to rivers and streams that drain to the Bay. Scientists use... - Partners