Behavioral and Reproductive Effects of the Lampricides TFM and TFM:1% Niclosamide on Native Freshwater Mussels - Data Release

This study continues our investigations into the effects of lampricides on mussels by extending research into potential effects on behavioral and reproductive endpoints on the plain pocketbook mussel(Lampsilis cardium). We hypothesized that TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4'-nitrophenol) and TFM with Niclosamide (NIC, 2', 5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide, hereafter TFM:NIC) would reduce the viability of free glochidia in a dose-dependent manner, that older glochidia would be more sensitive than younger glochidia, and that exposure of gravid females to TFM and TFM:NIC would cause a suite of behavioral and reproductive effects. These data could be important in documenting the presence (or absence) of potential behavioral and reproductive effects of lampricides on mussels and could inform management decisions. For example, these data could be used by the state of Michigan and the USFWS to evaluate the potential for sea lamprey treatments in the Grand River watershed (Grand Rapids, Michigan) - which contains several federally and state listed mussels - in response to a dam removal. The data can also be used to inform risk assessments for lampricides and listed species.