Jefferson C Chang, Ph.D.
Jefferson is a Geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey—Volcano Hazard Programs, at the Volcano Science Center's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
Education
- Ph.D. in Geophysics: University of Oklahoma (2017)
- M.S. in Geology: University of Texas at El Paso (2008)
- B.S. in Geology: Northern Arizona University (2005)
- A.A. in Liberal Arts: University of Hawaii—Leeward Community College (2001)
Appointments
- Geophysicist: USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (2018-present)
- Geophysical Operations Manager: Oklahoma Geological Survey (2016-2018)
- State Seismologist (Interim): Oklahoma Geological Survey (2015-2016)
- Research Associate: Oklahoma Geological Survey (2014-2015)
- Field Technician: University of Oklahoma (2008-2012)
- GIS Analyst: UTEP Regional Geospatial Service Center (2007)
- Digital Cartographer: Northern Arizona University (2005)
- Seismic Technician/Analyst: Arizona Earthquake Information Center (2005)
Science and Products
Data Release for the Susceptibility of Oklahoma's Basement to Seismic Reactivation Published in NGEO 2019 Data Release for the Susceptibility of Oklahoma's Basement to Seismic Reactivation Published in NGEO 2019
Recent widespread seismicity in Oklahoma is attributed to the reactivation of pre existing, critically-stressed, and seismically unstable faults due to decades of wastewater injection. However, the structure and properties of the reactivated faults remain concealed by the sedimentary cover. Here, we explore the major ingredients needed to induce earthquakes in Oklahoma by characterizing...
Remote single-station seismic monitoring of the July–October 2022 earthquake swarm at Tau volcano, American Samoa Remote single-station seismic monitoring of the July–October 2022 earthquake swarm at Tau volcano, American Samoa
From July to October 2022, a non-eruptive volcanic earthquake swarm occurred within ~15 km of Taʻū Island, located in eastern American Samoa. Felt reports from local residents were the only available information about the swarm when it started, as American Samoa lacked a seismic monitoring network. We developed a consistent single-station catalog for the entire swarm, using seismic data...
Authors
Clara Yoon, Robert Skoumal, Andrew Michael, A.D. Jolly, Andria Ellis, Drew Downs, Peter Dotray, Natalia Deligne, Jefferson Chang, Ninfa Bennington, Aaron Wech, Matthew Haney, Alicia Hotovec-Ellis, Elinor Lutu-McMoore, Marcus Langkilde
Local, regional, and distal recordings of seismic unrest at Tau Island volcano, American Samoa Local, regional, and distal recordings of seismic unrest at Tau Island volcano, American Samoa
A seismic swarm near Taʻū Island, a volcanic island in eastern American Samoa, occurred from July to October 2022. The earliest unrest was noted as felt shaking reports in late July, and instrumentation varied in the beginning of the sequence as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory responded by installing temporary and then permanent seismometers to monitor the...
Authors
Aaron Wech, Matthew Haney, Jefferson Chang, A.D. Jolly, Clara Yoon, Robert Skoumal
Triggering the 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa Triggering the 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
Distinguishing periods of intermittent unrest from the run-up to eruption is a major challenge at volcanoes around the globe. Comparing multidisciplinary monitoring data with mineral chemistry that records the physical and spatio-temporal evolution of magmas fundamentally advances our ability to forecast eruptions. The recent eruption of Mauna Loa, Earth’s largest active volcano...
Authors
Kendra Lynn, Drew Downs, Frank A. Trusdell, Penny Wieser, Berenise Rangel, Baylee McDade, Alicia Hotovec-Ellis, Ninfa Bennington, Kyle Anderson, Dawn Ruth, Charlotte DeVitre, Andria Ellis, Patricia Nadeau, Laura E. Clor, Peter Kelly, Peter Dotray, Jefferson Chang
Olivine diffusion constrains months-scale magma transport within Kīlauea volcano’s summit reservoir system prior to the 2020 eruption Olivine diffusion constrains months-scale magma transport within Kīlauea volcano’s summit reservoir system prior to the 2020 eruption
The unprecedented 2018 summit collapse at Kīlauea and subsequent 2020–2021 eruption within the newly deepened Halema‘uma‘u Crater provide an unparalleled opportunity to understand how collapse events impact a volcano’s shallow reservoir system and magmatic processes. Glass and olivine from tephra ejected by lava fountains and several explosions on 20–21 December, within a few hours of...
Authors
Kendra Lynn, Patricia Nadeau, Dawn Ruth, Jefferson Chang, Peter Dotray, Ingrid Johanson
Neotectonic and paleoseismic analysis of the northwest extent of Holocene surface deformation along the Meers Fault, Oklahoma Neotectonic and paleoseismic analysis of the northwest extent of Holocene surface deformation along the Meers Fault, Oklahoma
TheMeers fault (Oklahoma) is one of fewseismogenic structures with evidence for Holocene surface rupture in the stable continental region of North America. The 37-kilometer-long southeast section of the full 54-kilometer-long Meers fault is interpreted to be Holocene active. The 17-kilometer-long northwest section is considered Quaternary active, but not Holocene active.We reevaluate...
Authors
Kristofer Hornsby, Ashley Streig, S. Bennett, Jefferson Chang, Shannon Mahan
The susceptibility of Oklahoma’s basement to seismic reactivation The susceptibility of Oklahoma’s basement to seismic reactivation
Recent widespread seismicity in Oklahoma is attributed to the reactivation of pre-existing, critically stressed and seismically unstable faults due to decades of wastewater injection. However, the structure and properties of the reactivated faults remain concealed by the sedimentary cover. Here, we explore the major ingredients needed to induce earthquakes in Oklahoma by characterizing...
Authors
Folarin Kolawole, C.S. Johnston, C.B. Morgan, Jefferson Chang, K Marfurt, David A. Lockner, Ze’ev Reches, B M Carpenter
The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano
In 2018, Kīlauea Volcano experienced its largest lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and caldera collapse in at least 200 years. After collapse of the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent on 30 April, magma propagated downrift. Eruptive fissures opened in the LERZ on 3 May, eventually extending ~6.8 km. A 4 May earthquake (M6.9) produced ~5 m of fault slip. Lava erupted at rates exceeding 100 m3/s...
Authors
Christina Neal, Steven Brantley, Loren Antolik, Janet Babb, Matthew Burgess, Michael Cappos, Jefferson Chang, Sarah Conway, Liliana Desmither, Peter Dotray, Tamar Elias, Pauline Fukunaga, Steven Fuke, Ingrid Johanson, Kevan Kamibayashi, James Kauahikaua, R. Lopaka Lee, S. Pekalib, Asta Miklius, Brian Shiro, Don Swanson, Patricia Nadeau, Michael Zoeller, P. Okubo, Carolyn Parcheta, Matthew Patrick, William Tollett, Frank A. Trusdell, Edward Younger, Emily Montgomery-Brown, Kyle Anderson, Michael Poland, Jessica Ball, Joseph A. Bard, Michelle Coombs, Hannah R. Dietterich, Christoph Kern, Weston Thelen, Peter Cervelli, Tim Orr, Bruce Houghton, Cheryl Gansecki, Richard Hazlett, Paul Lundgren, Angela K. Diefenbach, Allan Lerner, Greg Waite, Peter Kelly, Laura E. Clor, Cynthia Werner, Katherine Mulliken, Gary Fisher, David Damby
Evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults Evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults
We investigate the evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults composed of solid rock blocks. This evolution is analyzed through shear experiments along five rock types, and the experiments were conducted in a rotary apparatus at slip velocities of 0.002–0.97 m/s, slip distances from a few millimeters to tens of meters, and normal stress of 0.25–6.9 MPa. The wear and...
Authors
Yeval Boneh, Jefferson C. Chang, David Lockner, Zeev Reches
Rapid acceleration leads to rapid weakening in earthquake-like laboratory experiments Rapid acceleration leads to rapid weakening in earthquake-like laboratory experiments
After nucleation, a large earthquake propagates as an expanding rupture front along a fault. This front activates countless fault patches that slip by consuming energy stored in Earth’s crust. We simulated the slip of a fault patch by rapidly loading an experimental fault with energy stored in a spinning flywheel. The spontaneous evolution of strength, acceleration, and velocity...
Authors
Jefferson C. Chang, David Lockner, Z. Reches
Non-USGS Publications**
Walter, J.I., Ogwari, P., Thiel, A., Ferrer, F., Woelfel, I., Chang, J.C., Darold, A.P., and Holland, A.A., 2020, The Oklahoma Geological Survey Statewide Seismic Network: Seismological Research Letters, v. 91, p. 611-621, doi: 10.1785/0220190211.
Kolawole, F., Johnston, C.S., Morgan, C.B., Chang, J.C., Marfurt, K.J., Lockner, D.A., Reches, Z., and Carpenter, B.M., 2019, The Susceptibility of Oklahoma’s Basement to Seismic Reactivation: Nature Geoscience, v. 12, p. 839-844, doi: 10.1038/s41561-019-0440-5.
Chen, X., Haffener, J., Goebel, T., Meng, X., Peng, Z., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Temporal Correlation Between Seismic Moment and Injection Volume for an Induced Earthquake Sequence in Central Oklahoma: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 123, p. 3047-3064, doi: 10.1002/2017jb014694.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Sylvan Shale in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 05-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 2 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Viola Limestone in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 04-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 4 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Simpson Group in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 4 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Arbuckle Group in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 3 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation Map of the Top of the Crystalline Basement in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-2018, 1 plate with supplement, 3 p. text.
Pritchett, B.N., Chang, J.C., Chang, J.M., Suneson, N.H., and Walter, J.I., 2017, Preliminary Soil Amplification Map of Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey Geologic Map Series GM-41, scale 1:500,000.
Chen, X., Nakata, N., Pennington, C., Haffener, J., Chang, J.C., He, X., Zhan, Z., Ni, S., and Walter, J.I., 2017, The Pawnee Earthquake as a Result of Interplay Among Injection, Faults and Foreshocks: Scientific Reports, v. 7, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04992-z.
Walter, J.I., Chang, J.C., and Dotray, P.J., 2017, Foreshock Seismicity Suggests Gradual Stress Increase in the Months Prior to the 3 September 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee Earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, v. 88, p. 1032-1039, doi: 10.1785/0220170007.
Fielding, E.J., Sangha, S.S., Bekaert, D.P.S., Samsonov, S.V., and Chang, J.C., 2017, Surface Deformation of North-Central Oklahoma Before, During, and After the 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee Earthquake from SAR Interferometry Time Series: Seismological Research Letters, v. 88, p. 971-982, doi: 10.1785/0220170010.
Liao, Z., Chang, J.C., and Reches, Z., 2014, Fault Strength Evolution During High Velocity Friction Experiments with Slip-Pulse and Constant-Velocity Loading: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 406, p. 93-101, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.010.
Boneh, Y., Chang, J.C., Lockner, D.A., and Reches, Z., 2014, Evolution of Wear and Friction Along Experimental Faults: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 171, p. 3125-3141, doi: 10.1007/s00024-014-0801-3.
Chang, J.C., Lockner, D.A., and Reches, Z., 2012, Rapid Acceleration Leads to Rapid Weakening in Earthquake-Like Laboratory Experiments: Science, v. 338, p. 101-105, doi: 10.1126/science.1221195.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
Data Release for the Susceptibility of Oklahoma's Basement to Seismic Reactivation Published in NGEO 2019 Data Release for the Susceptibility of Oklahoma's Basement to Seismic Reactivation Published in NGEO 2019
Recent widespread seismicity in Oklahoma is attributed to the reactivation of pre existing, critically-stressed, and seismically unstable faults due to decades of wastewater injection. However, the structure and properties of the reactivated faults remain concealed by the sedimentary cover. Here, we explore the major ingredients needed to induce earthquakes in Oklahoma by characterizing...
Remote single-station seismic monitoring of the July–October 2022 earthquake swarm at Tau volcano, American Samoa Remote single-station seismic monitoring of the July–October 2022 earthquake swarm at Tau volcano, American Samoa
From July to October 2022, a non-eruptive volcanic earthquake swarm occurred within ~15 km of Taʻū Island, located in eastern American Samoa. Felt reports from local residents were the only available information about the swarm when it started, as American Samoa lacked a seismic monitoring network. We developed a consistent single-station catalog for the entire swarm, using seismic data...
Authors
Clara Yoon, Robert Skoumal, Andrew Michael, A.D. Jolly, Andria Ellis, Drew Downs, Peter Dotray, Natalia Deligne, Jefferson Chang, Ninfa Bennington, Aaron Wech, Matthew Haney, Alicia Hotovec-Ellis, Elinor Lutu-McMoore, Marcus Langkilde
Local, regional, and distal recordings of seismic unrest at Tau Island volcano, American Samoa Local, regional, and distal recordings of seismic unrest at Tau Island volcano, American Samoa
A seismic swarm near Taʻū Island, a volcanic island in eastern American Samoa, occurred from July to October 2022. The earliest unrest was noted as felt shaking reports in late July, and instrumentation varied in the beginning of the sequence as the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Hawaiian Volcano Observatory responded by installing temporary and then permanent seismometers to monitor the...
Authors
Aaron Wech, Matthew Haney, Jefferson Chang, A.D. Jolly, Clara Yoon, Robert Skoumal
Triggering the 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa Triggering the 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa
Distinguishing periods of intermittent unrest from the run-up to eruption is a major challenge at volcanoes around the globe. Comparing multidisciplinary monitoring data with mineral chemistry that records the physical and spatio-temporal evolution of magmas fundamentally advances our ability to forecast eruptions. The recent eruption of Mauna Loa, Earth’s largest active volcano...
Authors
Kendra Lynn, Drew Downs, Frank A. Trusdell, Penny Wieser, Berenise Rangel, Baylee McDade, Alicia Hotovec-Ellis, Ninfa Bennington, Kyle Anderson, Dawn Ruth, Charlotte DeVitre, Andria Ellis, Patricia Nadeau, Laura E. Clor, Peter Kelly, Peter Dotray, Jefferson Chang
Olivine diffusion constrains months-scale magma transport within Kīlauea volcano’s summit reservoir system prior to the 2020 eruption Olivine diffusion constrains months-scale magma transport within Kīlauea volcano’s summit reservoir system prior to the 2020 eruption
The unprecedented 2018 summit collapse at Kīlauea and subsequent 2020–2021 eruption within the newly deepened Halema‘uma‘u Crater provide an unparalleled opportunity to understand how collapse events impact a volcano’s shallow reservoir system and magmatic processes. Glass and olivine from tephra ejected by lava fountains and several explosions on 20–21 December, within a few hours of...
Authors
Kendra Lynn, Patricia Nadeau, Dawn Ruth, Jefferson Chang, Peter Dotray, Ingrid Johanson
Neotectonic and paleoseismic analysis of the northwest extent of Holocene surface deformation along the Meers Fault, Oklahoma Neotectonic and paleoseismic analysis of the northwest extent of Holocene surface deformation along the Meers Fault, Oklahoma
TheMeers fault (Oklahoma) is one of fewseismogenic structures with evidence for Holocene surface rupture in the stable continental region of North America. The 37-kilometer-long southeast section of the full 54-kilometer-long Meers fault is interpreted to be Holocene active. The 17-kilometer-long northwest section is considered Quaternary active, but not Holocene active.We reevaluate...
Authors
Kristofer Hornsby, Ashley Streig, S. Bennett, Jefferson Chang, Shannon Mahan
The susceptibility of Oklahoma’s basement to seismic reactivation The susceptibility of Oklahoma’s basement to seismic reactivation
Recent widespread seismicity in Oklahoma is attributed to the reactivation of pre-existing, critically stressed and seismically unstable faults due to decades of wastewater injection. However, the structure and properties of the reactivated faults remain concealed by the sedimentary cover. Here, we explore the major ingredients needed to induce earthquakes in Oklahoma by characterizing...
Authors
Folarin Kolawole, C.S. Johnston, C.B. Morgan, Jefferson Chang, K Marfurt, David A. Lockner, Ze’ev Reches, B M Carpenter
The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kilauea Volcano
In 2018, Kīlauea Volcano experienced its largest lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and caldera collapse in at least 200 years. After collapse of the Pu'u 'Ō'ō vent on 30 April, magma propagated downrift. Eruptive fissures opened in the LERZ on 3 May, eventually extending ~6.8 km. A 4 May earthquake (M6.9) produced ~5 m of fault slip. Lava erupted at rates exceeding 100 m3/s...
Authors
Christina Neal, Steven Brantley, Loren Antolik, Janet Babb, Matthew Burgess, Michael Cappos, Jefferson Chang, Sarah Conway, Liliana Desmither, Peter Dotray, Tamar Elias, Pauline Fukunaga, Steven Fuke, Ingrid Johanson, Kevan Kamibayashi, James Kauahikaua, R. Lopaka Lee, S. Pekalib, Asta Miklius, Brian Shiro, Don Swanson, Patricia Nadeau, Michael Zoeller, P. Okubo, Carolyn Parcheta, Matthew Patrick, William Tollett, Frank A. Trusdell, Edward Younger, Emily Montgomery-Brown, Kyle Anderson, Michael Poland, Jessica Ball, Joseph A. Bard, Michelle Coombs, Hannah R. Dietterich, Christoph Kern, Weston Thelen, Peter Cervelli, Tim Orr, Bruce Houghton, Cheryl Gansecki, Richard Hazlett, Paul Lundgren, Angela K. Diefenbach, Allan Lerner, Greg Waite, Peter Kelly, Laura E. Clor, Cynthia Werner, Katherine Mulliken, Gary Fisher, David Damby
Evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults Evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults
We investigate the evolution of wear and friction along experimental faults composed of solid rock blocks. This evolution is analyzed through shear experiments along five rock types, and the experiments were conducted in a rotary apparatus at slip velocities of 0.002–0.97 m/s, slip distances from a few millimeters to tens of meters, and normal stress of 0.25–6.9 MPa. The wear and...
Authors
Yeval Boneh, Jefferson C. Chang, David Lockner, Zeev Reches
Rapid acceleration leads to rapid weakening in earthquake-like laboratory experiments Rapid acceleration leads to rapid weakening in earthquake-like laboratory experiments
After nucleation, a large earthquake propagates as an expanding rupture front along a fault. This front activates countless fault patches that slip by consuming energy stored in Earth’s crust. We simulated the slip of a fault patch by rapidly loading an experimental fault with energy stored in a spinning flywheel. The spontaneous evolution of strength, acceleration, and velocity...
Authors
Jefferson C. Chang, David Lockner, Z. Reches
Non-USGS Publications**
Walter, J.I., Ogwari, P., Thiel, A., Ferrer, F., Woelfel, I., Chang, J.C., Darold, A.P., and Holland, A.A., 2020, The Oklahoma Geological Survey Statewide Seismic Network: Seismological Research Letters, v. 91, p. 611-621, doi: 10.1785/0220190211.
Kolawole, F., Johnston, C.S., Morgan, C.B., Chang, J.C., Marfurt, K.J., Lockner, D.A., Reches, Z., and Carpenter, B.M., 2019, The Susceptibility of Oklahoma’s Basement to Seismic Reactivation: Nature Geoscience, v. 12, p. 839-844, doi: 10.1038/s41561-019-0440-5.
Chen, X., Haffener, J., Goebel, T., Meng, X., Peng, Z., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Temporal Correlation Between Seismic Moment and Injection Volume for an Induced Earthquake Sequence in Central Oklahoma: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 123, p. 3047-3064, doi: 10.1002/2017jb014694.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Sylvan Shale in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 05-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 2 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Viola Limestone in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 04-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 4 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Simpson Group in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 4 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation and Thickness of the Ordovician Arbuckle Group in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-2018, 3 plates with supplement, 3 p. text.
Crain, K.D., and Chang, J.C., 2018, Elevation Map of the Top of the Crystalline Basement in Oklahoma and Surrounding States: Oklahoma Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-2018, 1 plate with supplement, 3 p. text.
Pritchett, B.N., Chang, J.C., Chang, J.M., Suneson, N.H., and Walter, J.I., 2017, Preliminary Soil Amplification Map of Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey Geologic Map Series GM-41, scale 1:500,000.
Chen, X., Nakata, N., Pennington, C., Haffener, J., Chang, J.C., He, X., Zhan, Z., Ni, S., and Walter, J.I., 2017, The Pawnee Earthquake as a Result of Interplay Among Injection, Faults and Foreshocks: Scientific Reports, v. 7, doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04992-z.
Walter, J.I., Chang, J.C., and Dotray, P.J., 2017, Foreshock Seismicity Suggests Gradual Stress Increase in the Months Prior to the 3 September 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee Earthquake: Seismological Research Letters, v. 88, p. 1032-1039, doi: 10.1785/0220170007.
Fielding, E.J., Sangha, S.S., Bekaert, D.P.S., Samsonov, S.V., and Chang, J.C., 2017, Surface Deformation of North-Central Oklahoma Before, During, and After the 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee Earthquake from SAR Interferometry Time Series: Seismological Research Letters, v. 88, p. 971-982, doi: 10.1785/0220170010.
Liao, Z., Chang, J.C., and Reches, Z., 2014, Fault Strength Evolution During High Velocity Friction Experiments with Slip-Pulse and Constant-Velocity Loading: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 406, p. 93-101, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.010.
Boneh, Y., Chang, J.C., Lockner, D.A., and Reches, Z., 2014, Evolution of Wear and Friction Along Experimental Faults: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 171, p. 3125-3141, doi: 10.1007/s00024-014-0801-3.
Chang, J.C., Lockner, D.A., and Reches, Z., 2012, Rapid Acceleration Leads to Rapid Weakening in Earthquake-Like Laboratory Experiments: Science, v. 338, p. 101-105, doi: 10.1126/science.1221195.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.