John W Fulton
John is a Research Hydrologist and DOI Remote Pilot for the Colorado Water Science Center.
John serves as a subject matter expert for all things non-contact. He collaborates with federal and state partners including state DOTs, EPA, FHWA, JPL, NASA, NOAA, USACE, and USFWS.
John’s research interests include (1) near-field remote sensing from fixed- and drone-based platforms, (2) Doppler and pulsed radars and cameras to measure river discharge, (3) ground-penetrating radars to measure channel bathymetry and snow depth, and (4) flood alert networks related to extreme precipitation events in post-wildfire basins.
Professional Experience
2000 – U.S. Geological Survey
1991 – 2000 ENSR Consulting and Engineering
1986 – 1991 Delta Environmental Consultants
1985 – 1986 Twin City Testing
Education and Certifications
M.S., Civil and Environmental Engineering (Hydraulics), University of Pittsburgh, 1999
M.S., Geology, University of Nebraska, 1987
B.S., Geology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 1983
Federally Qualified Meteorologist
AIARE Avalanche Rescue
AIARE Level 1
Honors and Awards
DOI Meritorious Service Award, Jul 2023
Science and Products
SWOT - Surface Water and Ocean Topography
Satellite altimetry associated with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission offers a solution for measuring (1) river stage and slope, (2) water surface area including mean channel width and (3) derivatives such as river discharge. The measurements can be used to track changes in these variables and provide an accounting of the Earth's fresh-water bodies from space at the reach scale...
Drone- and ground-based measurements of velocity, depth, and discharge collected during 2017-18 at the Arkansas and South Platte Rivers in Colorado and the Salcha and Tanana Rivers in Alaska, USA Drone- and ground-based measurements of velocity, depth, and discharge collected during 2017-18 at the Arkansas and South Platte Rivers in Colorado and the Salcha and Tanana Rivers in Alaska, USA
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is actively investigating the use of innovative remote-sensing techniques to estimate surface velocity and discharge of rivers in ungaged basins and river reaches that lack the infrastructure to install conventional streamgaging equipment. By coupling discharge algorithms and sensors capable of measuring surface velocity, streamgage networks can be...
Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Salcha River, AK, July -October 2018 Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Salcha River, AK, July -October 2018
The U.S. Geological Survey deployed seven submersible pressure transducers on the bottom of the Salcha River in July 2018. An additional transducer was left out of the water to correct for barometric pressure fluctuations. At the time of deployment, the bank position near each transducer and the water-surface elevation were measured with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)...
Bathymetric survey of the Green River near Jensen, Utah, March 26-29, 2018 Bathymetric survey of the Green River near Jensen, Utah, March 26-29, 2018
A topographic and bathymetric survey was collected along a reach of the Green River downstream of Dinosaur National Monument. The surveyed reach extends approximately 16 kilometers upstream and 6 kilometers downstream of the U.S. Route 40 bridge near Jensen, Utah. The topographic and bathymetric data include survey point data for 382 cross sections over 22 kilometers and are provided as...
Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Green River near Jensen, Utah, February-September, 2018 Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Green River near Jensen, Utah, February-September, 2018
Twenty one submersible pressure transducers were deployed along the Green River near Jensen Utah in late February 2018. At some locations two transducers were deployed at different elevations to capture the expected range of water level fluctuations, an "upper" and "lower" transducer. Two additional transducers were left out of the water to correct for barometric pressure fluctuations...
USGS HYDRoacoustic dataset in support of the Surface Water Oceanographic Topography satellite mission (HYDRoSWOT) USGS HYDRoacoustic dataset in support of the Surface Water Oceanographic Topography satellite mission (HYDRoSWOT)
HYDRoSWOT HYDRoacoustic dataset in support of Surface Water Oceanographic Topography is a data set that aggregates channel and flow data collected from the USGS streamgaging network and includes 200,000+ records of USGS acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) discharge measurements. The data set includes a variety of fields including: mean depth, mean velocity, discharge, stage, water...
Filter Total Items: 27
Uncertainty in remote sensing of streams using noncontact radars Uncertainty in remote sensing of streams using noncontact radars
Accounting for freshwater resources and monitoring floods are vital functions for societies throughout the world. Remote-sensing methods offer great prospects to expand stream monitoring in developing countries and to smaller, headwater streams that are largely ungauged worldwide. This study evaluates the potential to estimate discharge using eight radar units that have been installed...
Authors
Mushfiqur Rahman Khan, Jonathan J Gourley, Jorge Duarte, Humberto Vergara, Daniel Wasielewski, Pierre-Alain Ayral, John W, Fulton
QCam: sUAS-based doppler radar for measuring river discharge QCam: sUAS-based doppler radar for measuring river discharge
The U.S. Geological Survey is actively investigating remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge (discharge) from satellite-, high altitude-, small, unmanned aircraft systems- (sUAS or drone), and permanent (fixed) deployments. This initiative is important in ungaged basins and river reaches that lack the infrastructure to deploy conventional streamgaging equipment. By...
Authors
John W. Fulton, Isaac E. Anderson, C.-L. Chiu, Wolfram Sommer, Josip Adams, Tommaso Moramarco, David M. Bjerklie, Janice M. Fulford, Jeff L. Sloan, Heather Best, Jeffrey S. Conaway, Michelle J. Kang, Michael S. Kohn, Matthew J. Nicotra, Jeremy J. Pulli
Predicting the floods that follow the flames Predicting the floods that follow the flames
No abstract available.
Authors
Jonathan J Gourley, Humberto Vergara, Ami Arthur, Robert A Clark, Dennis M. Staley, John W, Fulton, Laura A. Hempel, David C. Goodrich, Katherine Rowden, Peter R. Robichaud
Near-field remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge using radars and the probability concept at 10 USGS streamgages Near-field remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge using radars and the probability concept at 10 USGS streamgages
Near-field remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge (discharge) were measured using coherent, continuous wave Doppler and pulsed radars. Traditional streamgaging requires sensors be deployed in the water column; however, near-field remote sensing has the potential to transform streamgaging operations through non-contact methods in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other...
Authors
John W, Fulton, Christopher A. Mason, Jack R. Eggleston, Matthew J. Nicotra, C.-L. Chiu, Mark F. Henneberg, Heather Best, Jay Cederberg, Stephen R. Holnbeck, R. Russell Lotspeich, Christopher Laveau, Tommaso Moramarco, Mark E. Jones, Jonathan J Gourley, Danny Wasielewski
Fundamental hydraulics of cross sections in natural rivers: Preliminary analysis of a large data set of acoustic doppler flow measurements Fundamental hydraulics of cross sections in natural rivers: Preliminary analysis of a large data set of acoustic doppler flow measurements
We have assembled a comprehensive and publicly accessible U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow measurement data set, called HYDRoSWOT, from a USGS National Water Information System archive of acoustic Doppler current profiler river discharge measurements collected from a wide range of rivers throughout the United States. The data set provides a wealth of information on the range of...
Authors
David M. Bjerklie, John W, Fulton, S. Lawrence Dingman, Michael G. Canova, J. Toby Minear, Tommaso Moramarco
Remote sensing of river flow in Alaska—New technology to improve safety and expand coverage of USGS streamgaging Remote sensing of river flow in Alaska—New technology to improve safety and expand coverage of USGS streamgaging
The U.S. Geological Survey monitors water level (water surface elevation relative to an arbitrary datum) and measures streamflow in Alaska rivers to compute and compile river flow records for use by water resource planners, engineers, and land managers to design infrastructure, manage floodplains, and protect life, property, and aquatic resources. Alaska has over 800,000 miles of rivers...
Authors
Jeff Conaway, John R. Eggleston, Carl J. Legleiter, John Jones, Paul J. Kinzel, John W. Fulton
Non-USGS Publications**
Fulton J.W., Spalding R.F., 1986, Groundwater RDX and TNT residues in Hall County, Nebraska, Open File Report, Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 35.
Fulton, J.W., 1987, The distribution of explosive residues and nitrate-nitrogen in the groundwater west of Grand Island, Nebraska, M.S. Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 66.
Spalding, R. F., and Fulton, J. W., 1988, Groundwater munition residues and nitrate near Grand Island, Nebraska, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 2, no. 2, p.139–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6.
ENSR Corporation (Contributing Author), 1994, Soil vapor extraction and bioventing, EM 1110-1-4001. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-4001.pdf.
ENSR Corporation (Contributing Author), 1997, In Situ Air Sparging, EM 1110-1-4005. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, https://pdhonline.com/courses/c468/in%20situ%20air%20sparging%20manual.pdf
https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-4001.pdf.
https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-4001.pdf.
Fulton, J.W., 1999, Comparison of conventional and probability-based modeling of open-channel flow in the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania, USA, M.S. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
Chiu, C.-L., Tung, N.C., Hsu, S.M., and Fulton, J.W., 2001, Comparison and assessment of methods of measuring discharge in rivers and streams, Research Report No. CEEWR-4, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Corato G., Moramarco T., Tucciarelli T., Fulton J.W., 2015, Continuous discharge monitoring using non-contact methods for velocity measurements: Uncertainty analysis. In: Lollino G., Arattano M., Rinaldi M., Giustolisi O., Marechal JC., Grant G. (eds) Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 3. Springer, Cham., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09054-2_123.
Durand, M., Gleason, C.J., Garambois, P.A., Bjerklie, D., Smith, L.C., Roux, H., Rodriguez, E, Bates, P.D., Pavelsky, T.M., Monnier, J., Chen, X., Di Baldassarre, G., Fiset, J.-M., Flipo, N., Frasson, R. P. d. M., Fulton, J.W., Goutal, N., Hossain, F., Humphries, E., Minera, J. T., Mukolwe, M. M., Neal, J. C., Ricci, S., Sanders, B. F., Schumann, G., Schubert, J. E., and Vilmin, L., 2016, An intercomparison of remote sensing river discharge estimation algorithms from measurements of river height, width, and slope, Water Resour. Res.,52, 4527–4549, doi:10.1002/2015WR01843.
Bjerklie, D.M., Birkett, C.M., Jones, J.W., Carabajal, C., Rover, J.A., Fulton, J.W., and Garambois, P.-A., 2018, Satellite remote sensing estimation of river discharge: Application to the Yukon River Alaska, Journal of Hydrology, 561, p. 1000-1018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.005.
Lane, J.W., Jr., Fulton, J.W., Onufer, A., Dawson, C.B., 2019, Development of a drone-deployed ground-penetrating radar system for non-contact bathymetry of freshwater systems, AGU-SEG Airborne Geophysics Workshop, Davie, FL, June 11-13, https://agu.confex.com/agu/19workshop1/webprogram/Paper478877.html
Moramarco, T., Barbetta, S., Bjerklie, D.M., Fulton, J. W., and Tarpanelli, A., 2019, River bathymetry estimate and discharge assessment from remote sensing. Water Resources Research, 55, p. 6692-6711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024220.l.2018.04.005.
Lane, Jr., J.W., Dawson, C.B., White, E.A., and Fulton, J.W., 2020, Non-contact measurement of river bathymetry using sUAS Radar: Recent developments and examples from the Northeastern United States, SEG Global Meeting Abstracts : 119-122, https://doi.org/10.1190/iceg2019-031.1
Bjerklie, D. M., Fulton, J. W., Dingman, S. L., Canova, M. G., Minear, J. T., and Moramarco, T., 2020, Fundamental hydraulics of cross sections in natural rivers: Preliminary analysis of a large data set of acoustic Doppler flow measurements, Water Resources Research, 56, e2019WR025986, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025986.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
SWOT - Surface Water and Ocean Topography
Satellite altimetry associated with the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission offers a solution for measuring (1) river stage and slope, (2) water surface area including mean channel width and (3) derivatives such as river discharge. The measurements can be used to track changes in these variables and provide an accounting of the Earth's fresh-water bodies from space at the reach scale...
Drone- and ground-based measurements of velocity, depth, and discharge collected during 2017-18 at the Arkansas and South Platte Rivers in Colorado and the Salcha and Tanana Rivers in Alaska, USA Drone- and ground-based measurements of velocity, depth, and discharge collected during 2017-18 at the Arkansas and South Platte Rivers in Colorado and the Salcha and Tanana Rivers in Alaska, USA
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is actively investigating the use of innovative remote-sensing techniques to estimate surface velocity and discharge of rivers in ungaged basins and river reaches that lack the infrastructure to install conventional streamgaging equipment. By coupling discharge algorithms and sensors capable of measuring surface velocity, streamgage networks can be...
Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Salcha River, AK, July -October 2018 Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Salcha River, AK, July -October 2018
The U.S. Geological Survey deployed seven submersible pressure transducers on the bottom of the Salcha River in July 2018. An additional transducer was left out of the water to correct for barometric pressure fluctuations. At the time of deployment, the bank position near each transducer and the water-surface elevation were measured with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)...
Bathymetric survey of the Green River near Jensen, Utah, March 26-29, 2018 Bathymetric survey of the Green River near Jensen, Utah, March 26-29, 2018
A topographic and bathymetric survey was collected along a reach of the Green River downstream of Dinosaur National Monument. The surveyed reach extends approximately 16 kilometers upstream and 6 kilometers downstream of the U.S. Route 40 bridge near Jensen, Utah. The topographic and bathymetric data include survey point data for 382 cross sections over 22 kilometers and are provided as...
Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Green River near Jensen, Utah, February-September, 2018 Water-surface elevations derived from submersible pressure transducers deployed along the Green River near Jensen, Utah, February-September, 2018
Twenty one submersible pressure transducers were deployed along the Green River near Jensen Utah in late February 2018. At some locations two transducers were deployed at different elevations to capture the expected range of water level fluctuations, an "upper" and "lower" transducer. Two additional transducers were left out of the water to correct for barometric pressure fluctuations...
USGS HYDRoacoustic dataset in support of the Surface Water Oceanographic Topography satellite mission (HYDRoSWOT) USGS HYDRoacoustic dataset in support of the Surface Water Oceanographic Topography satellite mission (HYDRoSWOT)
HYDRoSWOT HYDRoacoustic dataset in support of Surface Water Oceanographic Topography is a data set that aggregates channel and flow data collected from the USGS streamgaging network and includes 200,000+ records of USGS acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) discharge measurements. The data set includes a variety of fields including: mean depth, mean velocity, discharge, stage, water...
Filter Total Items: 27
Uncertainty in remote sensing of streams using noncontact radars Uncertainty in remote sensing of streams using noncontact radars
Accounting for freshwater resources and monitoring floods are vital functions for societies throughout the world. Remote-sensing methods offer great prospects to expand stream monitoring in developing countries and to smaller, headwater streams that are largely ungauged worldwide. This study evaluates the potential to estimate discharge using eight radar units that have been installed...
Authors
Mushfiqur Rahman Khan, Jonathan J Gourley, Jorge Duarte, Humberto Vergara, Daniel Wasielewski, Pierre-Alain Ayral, John W, Fulton
QCam: sUAS-based doppler radar for measuring river discharge QCam: sUAS-based doppler radar for measuring river discharge
The U.S. Geological Survey is actively investigating remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge (discharge) from satellite-, high altitude-, small, unmanned aircraft systems- (sUAS or drone), and permanent (fixed) deployments. This initiative is important in ungaged basins and river reaches that lack the infrastructure to deploy conventional streamgaging equipment. By...
Authors
John W. Fulton, Isaac E. Anderson, C.-L. Chiu, Wolfram Sommer, Josip Adams, Tommaso Moramarco, David M. Bjerklie, Janice M. Fulford, Jeff L. Sloan, Heather Best, Jeffrey S. Conaway, Michelle J. Kang, Michael S. Kohn, Matthew J. Nicotra, Jeremy J. Pulli
Predicting the floods that follow the flames Predicting the floods that follow the flames
No abstract available.
Authors
Jonathan J Gourley, Humberto Vergara, Ami Arthur, Robert A Clark, Dennis M. Staley, John W, Fulton, Laura A. Hempel, David C. Goodrich, Katherine Rowden, Peter R. Robichaud
Near-field remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge using radars and the probability concept at 10 USGS streamgages Near-field remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge using radars and the probability concept at 10 USGS streamgages
Near-field remote sensing of surface velocity and river discharge (discharge) were measured using coherent, continuous wave Doppler and pulsed radars. Traditional streamgaging requires sensors be deployed in the water column; however, near-field remote sensing has the potential to transform streamgaging operations through non-contact methods in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other...
Authors
John W, Fulton, Christopher A. Mason, Jack R. Eggleston, Matthew J. Nicotra, C.-L. Chiu, Mark F. Henneberg, Heather Best, Jay Cederberg, Stephen R. Holnbeck, R. Russell Lotspeich, Christopher Laveau, Tommaso Moramarco, Mark E. Jones, Jonathan J Gourley, Danny Wasielewski
Fundamental hydraulics of cross sections in natural rivers: Preliminary analysis of a large data set of acoustic doppler flow measurements Fundamental hydraulics of cross sections in natural rivers: Preliminary analysis of a large data set of acoustic doppler flow measurements
We have assembled a comprehensive and publicly accessible U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow measurement data set, called HYDRoSWOT, from a USGS National Water Information System archive of acoustic Doppler current profiler river discharge measurements collected from a wide range of rivers throughout the United States. The data set provides a wealth of information on the range of...
Authors
David M. Bjerklie, John W, Fulton, S. Lawrence Dingman, Michael G. Canova, J. Toby Minear, Tommaso Moramarco
Remote sensing of river flow in Alaska—New technology to improve safety and expand coverage of USGS streamgaging Remote sensing of river flow in Alaska—New technology to improve safety and expand coverage of USGS streamgaging
The U.S. Geological Survey monitors water level (water surface elevation relative to an arbitrary datum) and measures streamflow in Alaska rivers to compute and compile river flow records for use by water resource planners, engineers, and land managers to design infrastructure, manage floodplains, and protect life, property, and aquatic resources. Alaska has over 800,000 miles of rivers...
Authors
Jeff Conaway, John R. Eggleston, Carl J. Legleiter, John Jones, Paul J. Kinzel, John W. Fulton
Non-USGS Publications**
Fulton J.W., Spalding R.F., 1986, Groundwater RDX and TNT residues in Hall County, Nebraska, Open File Report, Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 35.
Fulton, J.W., 1987, The distribution of explosive residues and nitrate-nitrogen in the groundwater west of Grand Island, Nebraska, M.S. Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, p. 66.
Spalding, R. F., and Fulton, J. W., 1988, Groundwater munition residues and nitrate near Grand Island, Nebraska, U.S.A.: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 2, no. 2, p.139–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(88)90004-6.
ENSR Corporation (Contributing Author), 1994, Soil vapor extraction and bioventing, EM 1110-1-4001. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-4001.pdf.
ENSR Corporation (Contributing Author), 1997, In Situ Air Sparging, EM 1110-1-4005. Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, https://pdhonline.com/courses/c468/in%20situ%20air%20sparging%20manual.pdf
https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-4001.pdf.
https://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/EngineerManuals/EM_1110-1-4001.pdf.
Fulton, J.W., 1999, Comparison of conventional and probability-based modeling of open-channel flow in the Allegheny River, Pennsylvania, USA, M.S. Thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
Chiu, C.-L., Tung, N.C., Hsu, S.M., and Fulton, J.W., 2001, Comparison and assessment of methods of measuring discharge in rivers and streams, Research Report No. CEEWR-4, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Corato G., Moramarco T., Tucciarelli T., Fulton J.W., 2015, Continuous discharge monitoring using non-contact methods for velocity measurements: Uncertainty analysis. In: Lollino G., Arattano M., Rinaldi M., Giustolisi O., Marechal JC., Grant G. (eds) Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 3. Springer, Cham., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09054-2_123.
Durand, M., Gleason, C.J., Garambois, P.A., Bjerklie, D., Smith, L.C., Roux, H., Rodriguez, E, Bates, P.D., Pavelsky, T.M., Monnier, J., Chen, X., Di Baldassarre, G., Fiset, J.-M., Flipo, N., Frasson, R. P. d. M., Fulton, J.W., Goutal, N., Hossain, F., Humphries, E., Minera, J. T., Mukolwe, M. M., Neal, J. C., Ricci, S., Sanders, B. F., Schumann, G., Schubert, J. E., and Vilmin, L., 2016, An intercomparison of remote sensing river discharge estimation algorithms from measurements of river height, width, and slope, Water Resour. Res.,52, 4527–4549, doi:10.1002/2015WR01843.
Bjerklie, D.M., Birkett, C.M., Jones, J.W., Carabajal, C., Rover, J.A., Fulton, J.W., and Garambois, P.-A., 2018, Satellite remote sensing estimation of river discharge: Application to the Yukon River Alaska, Journal of Hydrology, 561, p. 1000-1018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.005.
Lane, J.W., Jr., Fulton, J.W., Onufer, A., Dawson, C.B., 2019, Development of a drone-deployed ground-penetrating radar system for non-contact bathymetry of freshwater systems, AGU-SEG Airborne Geophysics Workshop, Davie, FL, June 11-13, https://agu.confex.com/agu/19workshop1/webprogram/Paper478877.html
Moramarco, T., Barbetta, S., Bjerklie, D.M., Fulton, J. W., and Tarpanelli, A., 2019, River bathymetry estimate and discharge assessment from remote sensing. Water Resources Research, 55, p. 6692-6711, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024220.l.2018.04.005.
Lane, Jr., J.W., Dawson, C.B., White, E.A., and Fulton, J.W., 2020, Non-contact measurement of river bathymetry using sUAS Radar: Recent developments and examples from the Northeastern United States, SEG Global Meeting Abstracts : 119-122, https://doi.org/10.1190/iceg2019-031.1
Bjerklie, D. M., Fulton, J. W., Dingman, S. L., Canova, M. G., Minear, J. T., and Moramarco, T., 2020, Fundamental hydraulics of cross sections in natural rivers: Preliminary analysis of a large data set of acoustic Doppler flow measurements, Water Resources Research, 56, e2019WR025986, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025986.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.