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Stephanie Sattler (Former Employee)

Science and Products

Map interface of the Modified Unified Method (MUM) Pre-Planning Tool web application, in ArcGIS Online

Developing a Pre-Event Planning Tool for Modified Unified Method Fishing Events (Web Application)

UMESC supports Federal and state management agencies in their battle against invasive carp in the United States by conducting research, monitoring fish, and developing decision support tools. The Chinese Unified Method is a fish harvest method that uses herding techniques and a variety of nets to drive fish and concentrate them for capture. UMESC supported the development of the “Modified Unified...
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Great Lakes Restoration Initiative
Developing a Pre-Event Planning Tool for Modified Unified Method Fishing Events (Web Application)

Developing a Pre-Event Planning Tool for Modified Unified Method Fishing Events (Web Application)

UMESC supports Federal and state management agencies in their battle against invasive carp in the United States by conducting research, monitoring fish, and developing decision support tools. The Chinese Unified Method is a fish harvest method that uses herding techniques and a variety of nets to drive fish and concentrate them for capture. UMESC supported the development of the “Modified Unified...
Learn More
Digital terrain model, or bare earth model, of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore park along with the boundary of the p

Consequences of forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

In this study, we are working with Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (PIRO, or Park) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Figure 1) to produce multiple geospatial layers of Park forest connectivity to reveal the effects of beech bark disease (BBD). There has been a 92% mortality rate of American beech ( Fagus grandifolia) since BBD was first discovered in the Park in 2001. Park biologists are...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
Consequences of forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Consequences of forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

In this study, we are working with Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (PIRO, or Park) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Figure 1) to produce multiple geospatial layers of Park forest connectivity to reveal the effects of beech bark disease (BBD). There has been a 92% mortality rate of American beech ( Fagus grandifolia) since BBD was first discovered in the Park in 2001. Park biologists are...
Learn More

Forest canopy gap dynamics: quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests Forest canopy gap dynamics: quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests

Forest canopy gap metrics for select floodplain forest canopy gaps in the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS).
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Vegetation Map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument (Vector and Tabular Data) Vegetation Map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument (Vector and Tabular Data)

This project created a detailed vegetation map of the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument for National Park Service managers. This is the final data covering all final products of the project related to tabular data collected during the project and vector data created from project imagery.
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Hydroacoustic mapping of physical habitat for imperiled freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River (ver. 2.0, February 2025) Hydroacoustic mapping of physical habitat for imperiled freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River (ver. 2.0, February 2025)

Recent advances in hydroacoustic technology are proving to be valuable tools for mapping habitat features for sedentary biota such as freshwater mussels, and has the potential to identify and quantify habitat features. The Spectaclecase (Margaritifera monodonta) and Salamander (Simpsonaias ambigua) are imperiled mussels that are typically associated with rock structures (e.g., wing dams...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Illinois River Substrate Characterization and Supporting Bathymetric Derivatives Illinois River Substrate Characterization and Supporting Bathymetric Derivatives

Using high-resolution sonar technologies with geographic information systems (GIS) and object based image analysis, benthic characteristics of the Illinois River have been interpreted to support Asian carp research, monitoring, and control. The study plan consisted of data collection and analysis of the Brandon, Dresden, Starved Rock, Marseilles, Peoria, La Grange, and Alton reaches of...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN): Sonar Data Mapping to Assess Native Mussel Habitat St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN): Sonar Data Mapping to Assess Native Mussel Habitat

The National Park Service (NPS) partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to collect hydroacoustic data of the Saint Croix River for the development of high-resolution bathymetry and sidescan imagery. The combined datasets will provide key components to characterizing benthic habitat. These information needs were highly desired by the NPS to more accurately assess environmental...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) Multibeam Bathymetry, Hillshades, and Sidescan Image Mosaics; River Velocity and Bed Composition Mapping for Hidden Falls Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) Multibeam Bathymetry, Hillshades, and Sidescan Image Mosaics; River Velocity and Bed Composition Mapping for Hidden Falls

The National Park Service's (NPS) Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) and the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN) have established high value habitat corridors for threatened and endangered native mussels, including the Winged Mapleleaf and Higgins’ Eye Pearlymussel. Underwater sonar, a hydroacoustic remote sensing technology, is a valuable tool for mapping...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Lock and Dam 19 Mega-Imaging Sonar Mosaic, 2020 Lock and Dam 19 Mega-Imaging Sonar Mosaic, 2020

A high-resolution sidescan image of the Mississippi River, Lock and Dam 19 approach (downstream) was collected with a Humminbird Solix. Side-imaging sonar creates an image of underwater riverbed features by measuring the intensity of acoustic reflections. This mega side-imaging sonar data was collected and mosaicked to capture more detailed information on the condition of the lock...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Beach topography and near-shore bathymetry of Lake Superior at Minnesota Point and the Duluth Entry, Duluth, MN, 2020 (ver. 2.0, September 2024) Beach topography and near-shore bathymetry of Lake Superior at Minnesota Point and the Duluth Entry, Duluth, MN, 2020 (ver. 2.0, September 2024)

This dataset represents elevation data of the beach topography and near-shore bathymetry of Lake Superior at two locations along Minnesota Point, Duluth, Minnesota. LiDAR data were collected using a Velodyne VLP-16 unit representing the beach topography, and multibeam sonar data were collected using a Norbit integrated Wide Band Multibeam System compact (iWBMSc) sonar for bathymetry. The...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Vegetation map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument Vegetation map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument

The Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument, located in the forests of central Maine, is a newly (2016) established unit for the National Park Service. To better understand the condition of lands within the monument and inform management planning, Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument resource managers wanted better information of the vegetation present within the monument. To...
Authors
Andrew Strassman, Kevin Hop, Stephanie Sattler, Justin Schlawin, Don Cameron
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Changes in forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Changes in forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Within the forests of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, biologists are trying to understand the effects beech bark disease has on wildlife species, especially species that need forest connectivity to thrive. This project used aerial imagery collected in 2005, shortly after beech bark disease infestation, and satellite imagery from 2018. The 2018 imagery represents present day conditions...
Authors
Stephanie Sattler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Great Smoky Mountains National Park vegetation mapping project National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Great Smoky Mountains National Park vegetation mapping project

The National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory (VMI) Program is an effort to classify, describe, and map existing vegetation communities in national park units throughout the United States. The NPS VMI Program is managed by the NPS Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Inventory and Monitoring Program and provides baseline vegetation information to natural resource...
Authors
Kevin Hop, Andrew Strassman, Stephanie Sattler, Rickie White, Milo Pyne, Tom Govus, Jennifer Dieck
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Forest canopy gap dynamics: Quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests Forest canopy gap dynamics: Quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests

In most forest systems, the dynamics of forest canopy gap development play an important role in the transition from relatively short-lived early successional tree species to longer-lived, late successional tree species. In resilient forest systems, tree seedlings establish within newly created canopy gaps and grow to close the gap within one or two decades of disturbance. However...
Authors
Lyle Guyon, Andrew Strassman, Alexandra Oines, Andrew Meier, Meredith Thomsen, Stepahnie R Sattler, Nathan De Jager, Erin Hoy, Benjamin Vandermyde, Robert Cosgriff
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Vegetation Mapping Project National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Vegetation Mapping Project

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the...
Authors
Kevin Hop, Andrew Strassman, Stephanie Sattler, Milo Pyne, Judy Teague, Rickie White, Janis Ruhser, Enrika Hlavacek, Jennifer Dieck
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Appalachian National Scenic Trail vegetation mapping project National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Appalachian National Scenic Trail vegetation mapping project

The National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory (VMI) Program classifies, describes, and maps existing vegetation of national park units for the NPS Natural Resource Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Program. The NPS VMI Program is managed by the NPS I&M Division and provides baseline vegetation information to the NPS Natural Resource I&M Program. The U.S. Geological Survey...
Authors
Kevin Hop, Andrew Strassman, Mark Hall, Shannon Menard, Ery Largay, Stephanie Sattler, Erin Hoy, Janis Ruhser, Enrika Hlavacek, Jennifer Dieck
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

The Upper Mississippi River System—Topobathy The Upper Mississippi River System—Topobathy

The Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS), the navigable part of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, is a diverse ecosystem that contains river channels, tributaries, shallow-water wetlands, backwater lakes, and flood-plain forests. Approximately 10,000 years of geologic and hydrographic history exist within the UMRS. Because it maintains crucial wildlife and fish habitats, the...
Authors
Jayme Stone, Jenny Hanson, Stephanie Sattler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Stone, J.M., Hanson, J.L., and Sattler, S.R., 2017, The Upper Mississippi River System—Topobathy: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3097, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20163097.

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

Science and Products

Map interface of the Modified Unified Method (MUM) Pre-Planning Tool web application, in ArcGIS Online

Developing a Pre-Event Planning Tool for Modified Unified Method Fishing Events (Web Application)

UMESC supports Federal and state management agencies in their battle against invasive carp in the United States by conducting research, monitoring fish, and developing decision support tools. The Chinese Unified Method is a fish harvest method that uses herding techniques and a variety of nets to drive fish and concentrate them for capture. UMESC supported the development of the “Modified Unified...
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, Great Lakes Restoration Initiative
Developing a Pre-Event Planning Tool for Modified Unified Method Fishing Events (Web Application)

Developing a Pre-Event Planning Tool for Modified Unified Method Fishing Events (Web Application)

UMESC supports Federal and state management agencies in their battle against invasive carp in the United States by conducting research, monitoring fish, and developing decision support tools. The Chinese Unified Method is a fish harvest method that uses herding techniques and a variety of nets to drive fish and concentrate them for capture. UMESC supported the development of the “Modified Unified...
Learn More
Digital terrain model, or bare earth model, of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore park along with the boundary of the p

Consequences of forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

In this study, we are working with Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (PIRO, or Park) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Figure 1) to produce multiple geospatial layers of Park forest connectivity to reveal the effects of beech bark disease (BBD). There has been a 92% mortality rate of American beech ( Fagus grandifolia) since BBD was first discovered in the Park in 2001. Park biologists are...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
Consequences of forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Consequences of forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

In this study, we are working with Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (PIRO, or Park) in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Figure 1) to produce multiple geospatial layers of Park forest connectivity to reveal the effects of beech bark disease (BBD). There has been a 92% mortality rate of American beech ( Fagus grandifolia) since BBD was first discovered in the Park in 2001. Park biologists are...
Learn More

Forest canopy gap dynamics: quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests Forest canopy gap dynamics: quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests

Forest canopy gap metrics for select floodplain forest canopy gaps in the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS).
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Vegetation Map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument (Vector and Tabular Data) Vegetation Map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument (Vector and Tabular Data)

This project created a detailed vegetation map of the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument for National Park Service managers. This is the final data covering all final products of the project related to tabular data collected during the project and vector data created from project imagery.
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Hydroacoustic mapping of physical habitat for imperiled freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River (ver. 2.0, February 2025) Hydroacoustic mapping of physical habitat for imperiled freshwater mussels in the St. Croix River (ver. 2.0, February 2025)

Recent advances in hydroacoustic technology are proving to be valuable tools for mapping habitat features for sedentary biota such as freshwater mussels, and has the potential to identify and quantify habitat features. The Spectaclecase (Margaritifera monodonta) and Salamander (Simpsonaias ambigua) are imperiled mussels that are typically associated with rock structures (e.g., wing dams...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Illinois River Substrate Characterization and Supporting Bathymetric Derivatives Illinois River Substrate Characterization and Supporting Bathymetric Derivatives

Using high-resolution sonar technologies with geographic information systems (GIS) and object based image analysis, benthic characteristics of the Illinois River have been interpreted to support Asian carp research, monitoring, and control. The study plan consisted of data collection and analysis of the Brandon, Dresden, Starved Rock, Marseilles, Peoria, La Grange, and Alton reaches of...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN): Sonar Data Mapping to Assess Native Mussel Habitat St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN): Sonar Data Mapping to Assess Native Mussel Habitat

The National Park Service (NPS) partnered with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to collect hydroacoustic data of the Saint Croix River for the development of high-resolution bathymetry and sidescan imagery. The combined datasets will provide key components to characterizing benthic habitat. These information needs were highly desired by the NPS to more accurately assess environmental...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) Multibeam Bathymetry, Hillshades, and Sidescan Image Mosaics; River Velocity and Bed Composition Mapping for Hidden Falls Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) Multibeam Bathymetry, Hillshades, and Sidescan Image Mosaics; River Velocity and Bed Composition Mapping for Hidden Falls

The National Park Service's (NPS) Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) and the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN) have established high value habitat corridors for threatened and endangered native mussels, including the Winged Mapleleaf and Higgins’ Eye Pearlymussel. Underwater sonar, a hydroacoustic remote sensing technology, is a valuable tool for mapping...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Lock and Dam 19 Mega-Imaging Sonar Mosaic, 2020 Lock and Dam 19 Mega-Imaging Sonar Mosaic, 2020

A high-resolution sidescan image of the Mississippi River, Lock and Dam 19 approach (downstream) was collected with a Humminbird Solix. Side-imaging sonar creates an image of underwater riverbed features by measuring the intensity of acoustic reflections. This mega side-imaging sonar data was collected and mosaicked to capture more detailed information on the condition of the lock...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Beach topography and near-shore bathymetry of Lake Superior at Minnesota Point and the Duluth Entry, Duluth, MN, 2020 (ver. 2.0, September 2024) Beach topography and near-shore bathymetry of Lake Superior at Minnesota Point and the Duluth Entry, Duluth, MN, 2020 (ver. 2.0, September 2024)

This dataset represents elevation data of the beach topography and near-shore bathymetry of Lake Superior at two locations along Minnesota Point, Duluth, Minnesota. LiDAR data were collected using a Velodyne VLP-16 unit representing the beach topography, and multibeam sonar data were collected using a Norbit integrated Wide Band Multibeam System compact (iWBMSc) sonar for bathymetry. The...
By
Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Vegetation map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument Vegetation map for the Seboeis Unit of Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument

The Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument, located in the forests of central Maine, is a newly (2016) established unit for the National Park Service. To better understand the condition of lands within the monument and inform management planning, Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument resource managers wanted better information of the vegetation present within the monument. To...
Authors
Andrew Strassman, Kevin Hop, Stephanie Sattler, Justin Schlawin, Don Cameron
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Changes in forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan Changes in forest connectivity from beech bark disease in Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan

Within the forests of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, biologists are trying to understand the effects beech bark disease has on wildlife species, especially species that need forest connectivity to thrive. This project used aerial imagery collected in 2005, shortly after beech bark disease infestation, and satellite imagery from 2018. The 2018 imagery represents present day conditions...
Authors
Stephanie Sattler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Great Smoky Mountains National Park vegetation mapping project National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Great Smoky Mountains National Park vegetation mapping project

The National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory (VMI) Program is an effort to classify, describe, and map existing vegetation communities in national park units throughout the United States. The NPS VMI Program is managed by the NPS Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Inventory and Monitoring Program and provides baseline vegetation information to natural resource...
Authors
Kevin Hop, Andrew Strassman, Stephanie Sattler, Rickie White, Milo Pyne, Tom Govus, Jennifer Dieck
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Forest canopy gap dynamics: Quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests Forest canopy gap dynamics: Quantifying forest gaps and understanding gap – level forest regeneration in Upper Mississippi River floodplain forests

In most forest systems, the dynamics of forest canopy gap development play an important role in the transition from relatively short-lived early successional tree species to longer-lived, late successional tree species. In resilient forest systems, tree seedlings establish within newly created canopy gaps and grow to close the gap within one or two decades of disturbance. However...
Authors
Lyle Guyon, Andrew Strassman, Alexandra Oines, Andrew Meier, Meredith Thomsen, Stepahnie R Sattler, Nathan De Jager, Erin Hoy, Benjamin Vandermyde, Robert Cosgriff
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Vegetation Mapping Project National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve Vegetation Mapping Project

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the...
Authors
Kevin Hop, Andrew Strassman, Stephanie Sattler, Milo Pyne, Judy Teague, Rickie White, Janis Ruhser, Enrika Hlavacek, Jennifer Dieck
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Appalachian National Scenic Trail vegetation mapping project National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Inventory Program: Appalachian National Scenic Trail vegetation mapping project

The National Park Service (NPS) Vegetation Mapping Inventory (VMI) Program classifies, describes, and maps existing vegetation of national park units for the NPS Natural Resource Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Program. The NPS VMI Program is managed by the NPS I&M Division and provides baseline vegetation information to the NPS Natural Resource I&M Program. The U.S. Geological Survey...
Authors
Kevin Hop, Andrew Strassman, Mark Hall, Shannon Menard, Ery Largay, Stephanie Sattler, Erin Hoy, Janis Ruhser, Enrika Hlavacek, Jennifer Dieck
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

The Upper Mississippi River System—Topobathy The Upper Mississippi River System—Topobathy

The Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS), the navigable part of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, is a diverse ecosystem that contains river channels, tributaries, shallow-water wetlands, backwater lakes, and flood-plain forests. Approximately 10,000 years of geologic and hydrographic history exist within the UMRS. Because it maintains crucial wildlife and fish habitats, the...
Authors
Jayme Stone, Jenny Hanson, Stephanie Sattler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Stone, J.M., Hanson, J.L., and Sattler, S.R., 2017, The Upper Mississippi River System—Topobathy: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2016–3097, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20163097.

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

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