The Arctic Ocean and circum-Arctic land masses are warming more rapidly than other locations on Earth, a phenomenon called the Arctic Amplification Effect. A critical question is how this warming will affect temperature-sensitive gas hydrate deposits and methane dynamics at high latitudes. Research focuses on the contemporary distribution of gas hydrates in marine and permafrost settings; the impact of warming since the end of the last glaciation on the development and degradation of subsea permafrost and associated gas hydrate; methane emissions to the atmosphere; subglacial hydrates; and interaction between the climate system and high-latitude gas hydrates.
Newsletters featuring Arctic Methane Dynamics
- Subsea permafrost and associated methane hydrate on the U.S. Arctic Ocean margin. Sound Waves, April 2017
- Methane dynamics associated with long-term climate change on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea inner shelf. Fire in the Ice, Department of Energy Newsletter, January 2012
- Real-time mapping of seawater and atmospheric methane concentrations offshore of Alaska's North Slope, Sound Waves, May 2012
- Degradation of subsea permafrost and associated gas hydrate offshore Alaska in response to climate change. Sound Waves, October 2010
- Studying the link between Arctic methane seeps and degassing methane hydrates. Sound Waves, October 2009
Carolyn Ruppel's publications associated with Arctic Methane Dynamics
Timescales and processes of methane hydrate formation and breakdown, with application to geologic systems
Heat flow in the Western Arctic Ocean (Amerasian Basin)
Submarine permafrost map in the arctic modelled using 1D transient heat flux (SuPerMAP)
Limited contribution of ancient methane to surface waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea shelf
Enhanced CO2 uptake at a shallow Arctic Ocean seep field overwhelms the positive warming potential of emitted methane
The interaction of climate change and methane hydrates
Subsea ice-bearing permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Margin: 1. Minimum seaward extent defined from multichannel seismic reflection data
Subsea ice-bearing permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Margin: 2. Borehole constraints
Widespread gas hydrate instability on the upper U.S. Beaufort margin
Permafrost-associated gas hydrate: is it really approximately 1% of the global system?
Minimum distribution of subsea ice-bearing permafrost on the US Beaufort Sea continental shelf
Strong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions
Permafrost gas hydrates and climate change: Lake-based seep studies on the Alaskan north slope
- Overview
The Arctic Ocean and circum-Arctic land masses are warming more rapidly than other locations on Earth, a phenomenon called the Arctic Amplification Effect. A critical question is how this warming will affect temperature-sensitive gas hydrate deposits and methane dynamics at high latitudes. Research focuses on the contemporary distribution of gas hydrates in marine and permafrost settings; the impact of warming since the end of the last glaciation on the development and degradation of subsea permafrost and associated gas hydrate; methane emissions to the atmosphere; subglacial hydrates; and interaction between the climate system and high-latitude gas hydrates.
Interpreted resistivity logs for the area from Challenge Island to nearly the U.S.‐Canada border. Map showing compiled results. The red curve is the 2000 m s−1 velocity contour from the velocity analyses Newsletters featuring Arctic Methane Dynamics
- Subsea permafrost and associated methane hydrate on the U.S. Arctic Ocean margin. Sound Waves, April 2017
- Methane dynamics associated with long-term climate change on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea inner shelf. Fire in the Ice, Department of Energy Newsletter, January 2012
- Real-time mapping of seawater and atmospheric methane concentrations offshore of Alaska's North Slope, Sound Waves, May 2012
- Degradation of subsea permafrost and associated gas hydrate offshore Alaska in response to climate change. Sound Waves, October 2010
- Studying the link between Arctic methane seeps and degassing methane hydrates. Sound Waves, October 2009
- Publications
Carolyn Ruppel's publications associated with Arctic Methane Dynamics
Timescales and processes of methane hydrate formation and breakdown, with application to geologic systems
Gas hydrate is an ice-like form of water and low molecular weight gas stable at temperatures of roughly -10ºC to 25ºC and pressures of ~3 to 30 MPa in geologic systems. Natural gas hydrates sequester an estimated one-sixth of Earth’s methane and are found primarily in deepwater marine sediments on continental margins, but also in permafrost areas and under continental ice sheets. When gas hydrateHeat flow in the Western Arctic Ocean (Amerasian Basin)
From 1963 to 1973 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measured heat flow at 356 sites in the Amerasian Basin (Western Arctic Ocean) from a drifting ice island (T-3). The resulting measurements, which are unevenly distributed on Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge (AMR) and in Canada and Nautilus basins, greatly expand available heat flow data for the Arctic Ocean. Average T-3 heat flow is ~54.7 ± 11.3 mW m-2, andSubmarine permafrost map in the arctic modelled using 1D transient heat flux (SuPerMAP)
Offshore permafrost plays a role in the global climate system, but observations of permafrost thickness, state, and composition are limited to specific regions. The current global permafrost map shows potential offshore permafrost distribution based on bathymetry and global sea level rise. As a first‐order estimate, we employ a heat transfer model to calculate the subsurface temperature field. OurLimited contribution of ancient methane to surface waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea shelf
In response to warming climate, methane can be released to Arctic Ocean sediment and waters from thawing subsea permafrost and decomposing methane hydrates. However, it is unknown whether methane derived from this sediment storehouse of frozen ancient carbon reaches the atmosphere. We quantified the fraction of methane derived from ancient sources in shelf waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea, a regionEnhanced CO2 uptake at a shallow Arctic Ocean seep field overwhelms the positive warming potential of emitted methane
Continued warming of the Arctic Ocean in coming decades is projected to trigger the release of teragrams (1 Tg = 106 tons) of methane from thawing subsea permafrost on shallow continental shelves and dissociation of methane hydrate on upper continental slopes. On the shallow shelves (The interaction of climate change and methane hydrates
Gas hydrate, a frozen, naturally-occurring, and highly-concentrated form of methane, sequesters significant carbon in the global system and is stable only over a range of low-temperature and moderate-pressure conditions. Gas hydrate is widespread in the sediments of marine continental margins and permafrost areas, locations where ocean and atmospheric warming may perturb the hydrate stability fielSubsea ice-bearing permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Margin: 1. Minimum seaward extent defined from multichannel seismic reflection data
Subsea ice-bearing permafrost (IBPF) and associated gas hydrate in the Arctic have been subject to a warming climate and saline intrusion since the last transgression at the end of the Pleistocene. The consequent degradation of IBPF is potentially associated with significant degassing of dissociating gas hydrate deposits. Previous studies interpreted the distribution of subsea permafrost on the U.Subsea ice-bearing permafrost on the U.S. Beaufort Margin: 2. Borehole constraints
Borehole logging data from legacy wells directly constrain the contemporary distribution of subsea permafrost in the sedimentary section at discrete locations on the U.S. Beaufort Margin and complement recent regional analyses of exploration seismic data to delineate the permafrost's offshore extent. Most usable borehole data were acquired on a ∼500 km stretch of the margin and within 30 km of theWidespread gas hydrate instability on the upper U.S. Beaufort margin
The most climate-sensitive methane hydrate deposits occur on upper continental slopes at depths close to the minimum pressure and maximum temperature for gas hydrate stability. At these water depths, small perturbations in intermediate ocean water temperatures can lead to gas hydrate dissociation. The Arctic Ocean has experienced more dramatic warming than lower latitudes, but observational data hPermafrost-associated gas hydrate: is it really approximately 1% of the global system?
Permafrost-associated gas hydrates are often assumed to contain ∼1 % of the global gas-in-place in gas hydrates based on a study26 published over three decades ago. As knowledge of permafrost-associated gas hydrates has grown, it has become clear that many permafrost-associated gas hydrates are inextricably linked to an associated conventional petroleum system, and that their formation history (trMinimum distribution of subsea ice-bearing permafrost on the US Beaufort Sea continental shelf
Starting in Late Pleistocene time (~19 ka), sea level rise inundated coastal zones worldwide. On some parts of the present-day circum-Arctic continental shelf, this led to flooding and thawing of formerly subaerial permafrost and probable dissociation of associated gas hydrates. Relict permafrost has never been systematically mapped along the 700-km-long U.S. Beaufort Sea continental shelf and isStrong atmospheric chemistry feedback to climate warming from Arctic methane emissions
The magnitude and feedbacks of future methane release from the Arctic region are unknown. Despite limited documentation of potential future releases associated with thawing permafrost and degassing methane hydrates, the large potential for future methane releases calls for improved understanding of the interaction of a changing climate with processes in the Arctic and chemical feedbacks in the atmPermafrost gas hydrates and climate change: Lake-based seep studies on the Alaskan north slope
The potential interactions between climate change and methane hydrate destabilization are among the most societally-relevant aspects of gas hydrates research. Massive dissociation of deep marine methane hydrates following rapid Earth warming is the most plausible explanation for carbon isotopic data that imply widespread release of microbial methane during the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (~55 m