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Video footage begins with dry streambed, and within the first 10 seconds a very dark, roiling, flow comes downstream toward the viewer. The rest of the video is footage of the flow going past, and into a culvert under a bridge. The video was recorded at the U.S.

The Arctic Ocean is one of the most unique bodies of water on the planet. It houses large charismatic predators like polar bears, whales, and seals; critical species like shell fish and phytoplankton; and an array of organisms found nowhere else on Earth. The Arctic Ocean is also the most inaccessible and least explored ocean.

Devastating floods across much of the U.S. were severe and unrelenting during the spring and summer of 2011. When floods happen, USGS crews are among the first-responders.

Permanent Site: C1 West Transect; Depth: Meters (Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.4 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14525225,-123.57361291; Site Description: Substrate is clean sand with scatterings of gravel.

Permanent Site: H1 East Transect; Depth: 5.5 Meters (Feet 18.0); Distance from river mouth: 2.4 Kilometers (1.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.1479177,-123.53472865; Site Description: This is a shallow site and one of the farthest removed from the effects of the sediment plume outside of the control sites.

Permanent Site: C1 East Transect; Depth: 9.6 Meters (Feet 31.4); Distance from river mouth: 0.7 Kilometers (0.4 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14525225,-123.57294101; Site Description: Substrate is clean sand with minimal gravel. Algae is absent on first third of transect.

Permanent Site: E2 West Transect; Depth: 14.8 Meters (48.7 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 0.9 Kilometers (0.5 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15653002, -123.56197605; Site Description: This is one of our deeper sites. Substrate is mainly gravel/cobble with scattered boulders (0:25, 0:34, 0:43seconds).

Permanent Site: F1 East Transect; Depth: 6.2 Meters (20.4 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.3 Kilometers (0.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15292999, -123.55011402; Site Description: Video is blurry and of poor quality. This is a shallow site with gravel substrate.

Permanent Site: F1 West Transect; Depth: 6.7 Meters (22 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.3 Kilometers (0.8 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15292999, -123.55078602; Site Description: This is a shallow site with gravel substrate.

Permanent Site: F2 East Transect; Depth: 11.7 Meters (38.3 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.5 Kilometers (0.9 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15672004,-123.54969397; Site Description: Substrate is mainly gravel mixed with a little cobble and an occasional boulder.

Permanent Site: A1 East Transect; Depth: 8.2 Meters (27.0 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.8 Kilometers (1.1 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.5855312; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with an occasional boulder.

Permanent Site: A1 West Transect; Depth: 8.2 Meters (27.0 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.9 Kilometers (1.2 Miles) West; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.13870775, -123.586203; Site Description: Transect is in eastern part of Freshwater Bay. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with patches of boulders.

Permanent Site: F2 West Transect; Depth: 11.9 Meters (38.9 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 1.5 Kilometers (0.9 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15672004,-123.55036603; Site Description: Substrate is mainly gravel mixed with a little cobble and an occasional boulder.

Permanent Site: H2 East Transect; Depth: 7.9 Meters (25.8 Feet); Distance from river mouth: 2.6 Kilometers (1.6 Miles) east; Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.15008216,-123.53210661; Site Description: This site is medium to shallow depth. Substrate is mainly gravel with some sand, cobble and an occasional boulder (1:38 seconds).

Permanent Site: A2 East Transect; Depth: 12.5 Meters (Feet 41.1); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.58766124; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud. Annual seaweeds are present but not abundant.

Permanent Site: A2 West Transect; Depth: 13.0 Meters (Feet 42.7); Distance from river mouth: Kilometers 1.8 (1.1 Miles); Pre/Post Dam Removal: 1 month pre-dam removal; Lat/Long: 48.14130295, -123.5883331; Site Description: One of our deeper sites at over 40 feet. Sediment is primarily sand/sandy mud with scattered boulders. Annual species of seaweeds are present.

This Quicktime movie shows a timelapse sequence taken from a thermal camera on the south rim of Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, beginning just before noon on August 3. Just after 2pm, the lava lake and surrounding floor abruptly drop. As the lava lake drops, solidified portions of the crater floor slide into the fluid lava.

This Quicktime movie shows a timelapse sequence taken from the webcam on Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō's north rim. The movie starts just after noon on August 3, with the typical westward flow of lava within the perched lava lake. Just after 2pm, breakouts start on the flank of the perched lava lake and the lake begins to drop.

discoveries from 4 decades of studies

by Jim Cloern, Senior Research Biologist

America has questions about climate change, and the USGS has real answers. In this episode of Climate Connections, USGS scientists answer questions gathered from North and South Carolina.