An evaluation of next-generation biological control methods for the invasive brown treesnake in the Mariana Islands

The brown treesnake (BTS) invasion in Guam continues to cause extensive ecological and economic damage, yet existing control tools cannot achieve islandwide suppression or eradication, highlighting the need for new strategies. This review evaluates the feasibility of classical and genetic biocontrol approaches for BTS and identifies priority knowledge gaps. Classical biocontrol, which relies on pathogens or parasites from a pest’s native range, has had limited success in vertebrates, though certain viruses may hold potential. For BTS, prior work has identified candidate agents, including hemogregarines and paramyxoviruses, but major uncertainties remain in transmission, specificity, long term efficacy, and ecological risk. Theoretical models suggest that moderately virulent pathogens may offer the strongest potential for sustained suppression, with Ophidian paramyxoviruses emerging as a leading prospect, though substantial empirical research is still required.

Genetic biocontrol offers additional possibilities, including gene drives that could bias inheritance, reduce fertility, or skew sex ratios. Self sustaining homing and shredding drives could theoretically produce long term reductions, while “enhanced” self limiting systems may provide geographically restricted alternatives. Approaches involving genetically modified prey and toxic males that shorten female lifespan through mating may have future relevance but require major development and validation. Risks across genetic strategies include unintended spread, ecological side effects, technical constraints such as producing engineered snakes, potential resistance, and regulatory complexity.

Because feasibility depends on societal acceptance, the review emphasizes the need for early engagement with Guam’s local and Indigenous communities, whose perspectives will shape future development and implementation. Key research priorities include improved modeling, native range genomic characterization of BTS, expanded pathogen surveys, advances in BTS genetic tools and captive rearing methods, and further exploration of both classical pathogen candidates and genetically engineered prey systems. Collectively, the review concludes that classical and genetic biocontrol hold promise for long term, cost effective BTS suppression, but substantial scientific, ethical, ecological, and social groundwork remains before deployment.