George Xian
Dr. George Xian is a research physical scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center. He researches the national land cover data development, land cover change, and land cover change impacts on climate and ecosystems using remote sensing information.
George has specialized in using multi-type remote sensing data to characterize land change and change assessment across the United States. He has also used Landsat thermal information to study urban thermal landscape change by collaborating with other researchers from U.S. Global Change Research Program and universities. He also has participated in the development of U.S. Fifth National Climate Assessment.
Science and Products
Reference and Validation
The Annual NLCD Reference & Validation (R&V) is designed to support the development of consistent land cover and land cover change products and data. The R&V process involves collecting reference data to validate Anderson level II land cover classes and change products across the entire United States. The R&V gathers, organizes, and refines independent reference datasets for the US to generate...
Assessing the Vulnerability of Dryland Ecosystems to Drought in the Western U.S.
In the western U.S., rising temperatures and pronounced drought conditions pose significant challenges to public land managers. Widespread declines of multiple plant species have already been observed, providing insight into what the future could look like for vegetation in the region as conditions are projected to become warmer and drier. To understand how vulnerable western ecosystems are to dro
Land surface thermal feature change monitoring in urban and non-urban interface from 1985 to present (ver. 5.0, December 2023)
Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) extent, intensity, and hotspots data of land surface temperature (LST) are provided across 50 regions throughout the Continental U.S. The annual land surface temperature (LST) were derived from Landsat U.S. Analysis Ready Data (ARD). The time series land surface Temperature (LST) and land cover change products were used to produce SUHI intensity and hotspots produc
Long-term field observation of shrubland ecosystem in Wyoming, USA from 2008-2018
The importance of monitoring shrublands to detect and understand changes through time is increasingly recognized as critical to management. This dataset focuses on ecological change observation over ten years of field observation at 134 plots within two sites that are located in Southwestern of Wyoming, USA from 2008-2018. At sites 1 and 3, 134 long-term field observation plots were measured annua
Filter Total Items: 75
A "Region-Specific Model Adaptation (RSMA)" based training data method in large-scale land cover mapping
An accurate and historical land cover monitoring dataset for Alaska could provide fundamental information for a range of studies, such as conservation habitats, biogeochemical cycles, and climate systems, in this distinctive region. This research addresses challenges associated with the extraction of training data for timely and accurate land cover classifications in Alaska over longer time period
Authors
Congcong Li, George Z. Xian, Suming Jin
Characterizing urban heat islands across 50 major cities in the United States
Urban development and associated land-cover and land-use change alters the environment. The continued increase of developed land changes the Earth’s ecosystems and affects the resources provided to society. During the last 40 years, urban population in the United States has increased by more than 6.3 percent, and more than 80 percent of the U.S. population resides in urban areas. One of the change
Authors
George Z. Xian
Mapping the Surface Urban Heat Island effect using the Landsat Surface Temperature Product
Urban development and associated land cover and land use change alter the thermal, hydrological, and physical properties of the land surface. Urban areas usually exhibit relatively warmer air and surface temperatures than surrounding non-urban lands, a phenomenon recognized as Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI). As urban areas continue to develop and the climate continues to warm, it has become incr
Authors
Chase Mueller, Reza Hussain, George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Saeed Arab
Monitoring long-term changes of urban surface temperature using time-series land cover and remote sensing data across 50 major cities in the United States
The increase of developed land changes the Earth’s ecosystems and, in doing so, impacts the natural environment and further affects the services it provides to humans. Urban growth and associated land cover transitions alter the thermal and physical properties of the land surface, resulting in surface temperature change in urban areas. In this study, we integrated both land cover and surface tempe
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Chase William Mueller, Reza A Hussain, Kristi Sayler, Daniel Howard
Improving temporal frequency of Landsat surface temperature products using the gap-filling algorithm
Remotely sensed surface temperature (ST) has been widely used to monitor and assess landscape thermal conditions, hydrologic modeling, and surface energy balance. Landsat thermal sensors have continuously measured the Earth surface thermal radiance since August 1982. The thermal radiance measurements are atmospherically compensated and converted to Landsat STs and delivered as part of the U.S. Geo
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Saeed Arab, Chase Mueller, Reza Hussain, Kristi Sayler, Danny Howard
Development of the LCMAP annual land cover product across Hawai'i
Following the completion of land cover and change (LCC) products for the conterminous United States (CONUS), the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS’s) Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection initiative has broadened the capability of characterizing continuous historical land change across the full Landsat records for Hawaiʻi at 30-meter resolution. One of the challenges of implementing the
Authors
Congcong Li, George Z. Xian, Danika F. Wellington, Kelcy Smith, Josephine Horton, Qiang Zhou
Tree regrowth duration map from LCMAP collection 1.0 land cover products in the conterminous United States, 1985–2017
Forest covers about one-third of the land area of the conterminous United States (CONUS) and plays an important role in offsetting carbon emissions and supporting local economies. Growing interest in forests as relatively cost-effective nature-based climate solutions, particularly restoration and reforestation activities, has increased the demand for information on forest regrowth and recovery fol
Authors
Qiang Zhou, George Z. Xian, Josephine Horton, Danika F. Wellington, Grant Domke, Roger F. Auch, Congcong Li, Zhe Zhu
Conterminous United States land-cover change (1985-2016): New insights from annual time series
Sample-based estimates augmented by complete coverage land-cover maps were used to estimate area and describe patterns of annual land-cover change across the conterminous United States (CONUS) between 1985 and 2016. Most of the CONUS land cover remained stable in terms of net class change over this time, but a substantial gross change dynamic was captured by the annual and cumulative time interval
Authors
Roger F. Auch, Danika Fay Wellington, Janis L. Taylor, Stephen V. Stehman, Heather J. Tollerud, Jesslyn F. Brown, Thomas Loveland, Bruce Pengra, Josephine Horton, Zhe Zhu, Alemayehu Midekisa, Kristi Sayler, George Z. Xian, Christopher Barnes, Ryan R. Reker
Monitoring and characterizing multi-decadal variations of urban thermal condition using time-series thermal remote sensing and dynamic land cover data
Urban development and associated land cover and land use change alter the thermal, hydrological, and physical properties of the land surface. Assessments of surface urban heat island (UHI) usually focused on using remote sensing and land cover data to quantify UHI intensity and spatial distribution within a certain period. However, the mechanisms and complex interactions in landscape dynamics and
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Qiang Zhou, Roger F. Auch, Kevin Gallo, Zhuoting Wu, Michael Kolian
A novel regression method for harmonic analysis of time series
Harmonic analysis of time series is an important technique in remote sensing to reveal seasonal land surface dynamics. However, frequency selection in the harmonic analysis is often difficult because high-frequency components are useful for delineating seasonal dynamics but sensitive to noise and gaps in time series. On the other hand, it is challenging to obtain temporally continuous satellite da
Authors
Qiang Zhou, Zhe Zhu, George Z. Xian, Congcong Li
Implementation of the CCDC algorithm to produce the LCMAP Collection 1.0 annual land surface change product
The increasing availability of high-quality remote sensing data and advanced technologies have spurred land cover mapping to characterize land change from local to global scales. However, most land change datasets either span multiple decades at a local scale or cover limited time over a larger geographic extent. Here, we present a new land cover and land surface change dataset created by the Land
Authors
George Z. Xian, Kelcy Smith, Danika F. Wellington, Josephine Horton, Qiang Zhou, Congcong Li, Roger F. Auch, Jesslyn F. Brown, Zhe Zhu, Ryan R. Reker
Monitoring multi-decadal variations of urban heat island intensity
Urban development and associated land cover transitions alter the thermal and physical properties of the land surface, resulting the temperature in urban area higher than in rural area or urban heat island (UHI). Remote sensing and land cover data is usually used to assess UHI intensity and temporal change trends. In this study, we implemented a prototype approach to characterize the UHI intensity
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Kevin Gallo
Science and Products
Reference and Validation
The Annual NLCD Reference & Validation (R&V) is designed to support the development of consistent land cover and land cover change products and data. The R&V process involves collecting reference data to validate Anderson level II land cover classes and change products across the entire United States. The R&V gathers, organizes, and refines independent reference datasets for the US to generate...
Assessing the Vulnerability of Dryland Ecosystems to Drought in the Western U.S.
In the western U.S., rising temperatures and pronounced drought conditions pose significant challenges to public land managers. Widespread declines of multiple plant species have already been observed, providing insight into what the future could look like for vegetation in the region as conditions are projected to become warmer and drier. To understand how vulnerable western ecosystems are to dro
Land surface thermal feature change monitoring in urban and non-urban interface from 1985 to present (ver. 5.0, December 2023)
Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) extent, intensity, and hotspots data of land surface temperature (LST) are provided across 50 regions throughout the Continental U.S. The annual land surface temperature (LST) were derived from Landsat U.S. Analysis Ready Data (ARD). The time series land surface Temperature (LST) and land cover change products were used to produce SUHI intensity and hotspots produc
Long-term field observation of shrubland ecosystem in Wyoming, USA from 2008-2018
The importance of monitoring shrublands to detect and understand changes through time is increasingly recognized as critical to management. This dataset focuses on ecological change observation over ten years of field observation at 134 plots within two sites that are located in Southwestern of Wyoming, USA from 2008-2018. At sites 1 and 3, 134 long-term field observation plots were measured annua
Filter Total Items: 75
A "Region-Specific Model Adaptation (RSMA)" based training data method in large-scale land cover mapping
An accurate and historical land cover monitoring dataset for Alaska could provide fundamental information for a range of studies, such as conservation habitats, biogeochemical cycles, and climate systems, in this distinctive region. This research addresses challenges associated with the extraction of training data for timely and accurate land cover classifications in Alaska over longer time period
Authors
Congcong Li, George Z. Xian, Suming Jin
Characterizing urban heat islands across 50 major cities in the United States
Urban development and associated land-cover and land-use change alters the environment. The continued increase of developed land changes the Earth’s ecosystems and affects the resources provided to society. During the last 40 years, urban population in the United States has increased by more than 6.3 percent, and more than 80 percent of the U.S. population resides in urban areas. One of the change
Authors
George Z. Xian
Mapping the Surface Urban Heat Island effect using the Landsat Surface Temperature Product
Urban development and associated land cover and land use change alter the thermal, hydrological, and physical properties of the land surface. Urban areas usually exhibit relatively warmer air and surface temperatures than surrounding non-urban lands, a phenomenon recognized as Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI). As urban areas continue to develop and the climate continues to warm, it has become incr
Authors
Chase Mueller, Reza Hussain, George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Saeed Arab
Monitoring long-term changes of urban surface temperature using time-series land cover and remote sensing data across 50 major cities in the United States
The increase of developed land changes the Earth’s ecosystems and, in doing so, impacts the natural environment and further affects the services it provides to humans. Urban growth and associated land cover transitions alter the thermal and physical properties of the land surface, resulting in surface temperature change in urban areas. In this study, we integrated both land cover and surface tempe
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Chase William Mueller, Reza A Hussain, Kristi Sayler, Daniel Howard
Improving temporal frequency of Landsat surface temperature products using the gap-filling algorithm
Remotely sensed surface temperature (ST) has been widely used to monitor and assess landscape thermal conditions, hydrologic modeling, and surface energy balance. Landsat thermal sensors have continuously measured the Earth surface thermal radiance since August 1982. The thermal radiance measurements are atmospherically compensated and converted to Landsat STs and delivered as part of the U.S. Geo
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Saeed Arab, Chase Mueller, Reza Hussain, Kristi Sayler, Danny Howard
Development of the LCMAP annual land cover product across Hawai'i
Following the completion of land cover and change (LCC) products for the conterminous United States (CONUS), the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS’s) Land Change Monitoring, Assessment, and Projection initiative has broadened the capability of characterizing continuous historical land change across the full Landsat records for Hawaiʻi at 30-meter resolution. One of the challenges of implementing the
Authors
Congcong Li, George Z. Xian, Danika F. Wellington, Kelcy Smith, Josephine Horton, Qiang Zhou
Tree regrowth duration map from LCMAP collection 1.0 land cover products in the conterminous United States, 1985–2017
Forest covers about one-third of the land area of the conterminous United States (CONUS) and plays an important role in offsetting carbon emissions and supporting local economies. Growing interest in forests as relatively cost-effective nature-based climate solutions, particularly restoration and reforestation activities, has increased the demand for information on forest regrowth and recovery fol
Authors
Qiang Zhou, George Z. Xian, Josephine Horton, Danika F. Wellington, Grant Domke, Roger F. Auch, Congcong Li, Zhe Zhu
Conterminous United States land-cover change (1985-2016): New insights from annual time series
Sample-based estimates augmented by complete coverage land-cover maps were used to estimate area and describe patterns of annual land-cover change across the conterminous United States (CONUS) between 1985 and 2016. Most of the CONUS land cover remained stable in terms of net class change over this time, but a substantial gross change dynamic was captured by the annual and cumulative time interval
Authors
Roger F. Auch, Danika Fay Wellington, Janis L. Taylor, Stephen V. Stehman, Heather J. Tollerud, Jesslyn F. Brown, Thomas Loveland, Bruce Pengra, Josephine Horton, Zhe Zhu, Alemayehu Midekisa, Kristi Sayler, George Z. Xian, Christopher Barnes, Ryan R. Reker
Monitoring and characterizing multi-decadal variations of urban thermal condition using time-series thermal remote sensing and dynamic land cover data
Urban development and associated land cover and land use change alter the thermal, hydrological, and physical properties of the land surface. Assessments of surface urban heat island (UHI) usually focused on using remote sensing and land cover data to quantify UHI intensity and spatial distribution within a certain period. However, the mechanisms and complex interactions in landscape dynamics and
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Qiang Zhou, Roger F. Auch, Kevin Gallo, Zhuoting Wu, Michael Kolian
A novel regression method for harmonic analysis of time series
Harmonic analysis of time series is an important technique in remote sensing to reveal seasonal land surface dynamics. However, frequency selection in the harmonic analysis is often difficult because high-frequency components are useful for delineating seasonal dynamics but sensitive to noise and gaps in time series. On the other hand, it is challenging to obtain temporally continuous satellite da
Authors
Qiang Zhou, Zhe Zhu, George Z. Xian, Congcong Li
Implementation of the CCDC algorithm to produce the LCMAP Collection 1.0 annual land surface change product
The increasing availability of high-quality remote sensing data and advanced technologies have spurred land cover mapping to characterize land change from local to global scales. However, most land change datasets either span multiple decades at a local scale or cover limited time over a larger geographic extent. Here, we present a new land cover and land surface change dataset created by the Land
Authors
George Z. Xian, Kelcy Smith, Danika F. Wellington, Josephine Horton, Qiang Zhou, Congcong Li, Roger F. Auch, Jesslyn F. Brown, Zhe Zhu, Ryan R. Reker
Monitoring multi-decadal variations of urban heat island intensity
Urban development and associated land cover transitions alter the thermal and physical properties of the land surface, resulting the temperature in urban area higher than in rural area or urban heat island (UHI). Remote sensing and land cover data is usually used to assess UHI intensity and temporal change trends. In this study, we implemented a prototype approach to characterize the UHI intensity
Authors
George Z. Xian, Hua Shi, Kevin Gallo