Skip to main content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Joshua C Koch, Ph.D.

Surface water / groundwater interactions; hyporheic zone hydrology and biogeochemistry; carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling; flow above / through frozen ground; preferential flow and soil pipe formation and transport.

Professional Experience

  • 2011 - Present   Research Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Anchorage, AK

  • 2006 - 2011       Student Hydrologist, Branch of Regional Research, USGS, Boulder, CO

  • 2005 - 2006      Research Assistant, Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research, University of Colorado, Boulder

  • 2003 - 2005      Research Assistant, Semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

  • 2002 - 2003      Hydrologist Intern, Branch of Regional Research, USGS, Lakewood, CO

  • 2001 - 2002      Hydrologist Intern, MA-RI Water District, USGS, Northborough, MA

Education and Certifications

  • PhD    2010    University of Colorado, Boulder, CO    Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering

  • MS      2005   University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ        Department of Hydrology

  • BA      2001    Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT  Earth and Environmental Sciences

Affiliations and Memberships*

  • American Geophysical Union, Hydrology and Cryosphere Sections

  • American Water Resources Association - Alaska Chapter

  • Association of Polar Early Career Scientists

Science and Products

Filter Total Items: 17
Filter Total Items: 31
No Result Found
Filter Total Items: 68
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain.  The shape of these ponds influences how their water levels and nutrient concentrations change over the year.  These variables in turn influence pond ecosystems and use by waterbirds.

By
Alaska Science Center
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain.  The shape of these ponds influences how their water levels and nutrient concentrations change over the year.  These variables in turn influence pond ecosystems and use by waterbirds.

By
Alaska Science Center
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment.

By
Alaska Science Center
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment.

By
Alaska Science Center
Scientists use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed
Using ground penetrating radar
Using ground penetrating radar
Scientists use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

Using ground penetrating radar

Using ground penetrating radar

Colin and Colby use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

By
Alaska Science Center
Scientists use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

Using ground penetrating radar

Using ground penetrating radar

Colin and Colby use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

By
Alaska Science Center
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

By
Alaska Science Center
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

By
Alaska Science Center
Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond
Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond
Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond
Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond.

By
Alaska Science Center
Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond.

By
Alaska Science Center
Filter Total Items: 59

Patterns and controls of mercury accumulation in sediments from three thermokarst lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska Patterns and controls of mercury accumulation in sediments from three thermokarst lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska

The biogeochemical cycle of mercury will be influenced by climate change, particularly at higher latitudes. Investigations of historical mercury accumulation in lake sediments inform future predictions as to how climate change might affect mercury biogeochemistry; however, in regions with a paucity of data, such as the thermokarst-rich Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska (ACP), the trajectory...
Authors
Samantha M. Burke, Christian E. Zimmerman, Brian A. Branfireun, Joshua C. Koch, Heidi K. Swanson
By
Alaska Science Center

Tracer-based evidence of heterogeneity in subsurface flow and storage within a boreal hillslope Tracer-based evidence of heterogeneity in subsurface flow and storage within a boreal hillslope

Runoff from boreal hillslopes is often affected by distinct soil boundaries, including the frozen boundary and the organic – mineral boundary (OMB), where highly porous and hydraulically-conductive organic material overlies fine-grained mineral soils. Viewed from the surface, ground cover appears as a patchwork on sub-meter scales, with thick, moss mats interspersed with lichen-covered...
Authors
Joshua C. Koch, Ryan C. Toohey, D.M. Reeves
By
Alaska Science Center

Potential effects of permafrost thaw on arctic river ecosystems Potential effects of permafrost thaw on arctic river ecosystems

No abstract available.
Authors
Jonathan A. O’Donnell, Christian E. Zimmerman, Michael P. Carey, Joshua C. Koch
By
Alaska Science Center

Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical fluxes as indicators of changing flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical fluxes as indicators of changing flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost

The Yukon River Basin, underlain by discontinuous permafrost, has experienced a warming climate over the last century that has altered air temperature, precipitation, and permafrost. We investigated a water chemistry database from 1982 to 2014 for the Yukon River and its major tributary, the Tanana River. Significant increases of Ca, Mg, and Na annual flux were found in both rivers...
Authors
Ryan C. Toohey, Nicole M. Herman-Mercer, Paul F. Schuster, Edda A. Mutter, Joshua C. Koch
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Climate Adaptation Science Centers

Lateral and subsurface flows impact arctic coastal plain lake water budgets Lateral and subsurface flows impact arctic coastal plain lake water budgets

Arctic thaw lakes are an important source of water for aquatic ecosystems, wildlife, and humans. Many recent studies have observed changes in Arctic surface waters related to climate warming and permafrost thaw; however, explaining the trends and predicting future responses to warming is difficult without a stronger fundamental understanding of Arctic lake water budgets. By measuring and
Authors
Joshua C. Koch
By
Alaska Science Center

Landscape effects of wildfire on permafrost distribution in interior Alaska derived from remote sensing Landscape effects of wildfire on permafrost distribution in interior Alaska derived from remote sensing

Climate change coupled with an intensifying wildfire regime is becoming an important driver of permafrost loss and ecosystem change in the northern boreal forest. There is a growing need to understand the effects of fire on the spatial distribution of permafrost and its associated ecological consequences. We focus on the effects of fire a decade after disturbance in a rocky upland...
Authors
Dana R. N. Brown, M. Torre Jorgenson, Knut Kielland, David L. Verbyla, Anupma Prakash, Joshua C. Koch
By
Alaska Science Center

Surface water connectivity drives richness and composition of Arctic lake fish assemblages Surface water connectivity drives richness and composition of Arctic lake fish assemblages

Surface water connectivity can influence the richness and composition of fish assemblages, particularly in harsh environments where colonisation factors and access to seasonal refugia are required for species persistence. Studies regarding influence of connectivity on Arctic fish distributions are limited and are rarely applied to whole assemblage patterns. To increase our understanding...
Authors
Sarah M. Laske, Trevor B. Haynes, Amanda E. Rosenberger, Joshua C. Koch, Mark S. Wipfli, Matthew Whitman, Christian E. Zimmerman
By
Cooperative Research Units

Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization

Ground ice is abundant in the upper permafrost throughout the Arctic and fundamentally affects terrain responses to climate warming. Ice wedges, which form near the surface and are the dominant type of massive ice in the Arctic, are particularly vulnerable to warming. Yet processes controlling ice wedge degradation and stabilization are poorly understood. Here we quantified ice wedge...
Authors
Mark Torre Jorgenson, Mikhail Kanevskiy, Yuri Shur, Natalia Moskalenko, Dana Brown, Kimberly P. Wickland, Robert G. Striegl, Joshua C. Koch

Potential for real‐time understanding of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in stream ecosystems: Future integration of telemetered data with process models for glacial meltwater streams Potential for real‐time understanding of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in stream ecosystems: Future integration of telemetered data with process models for glacial meltwater streams

While continuous monitoring of streamflow and temperature has been common for some time, there is great potential to expand continuous monitoring to include water quality parameters such as nutrients, turbidity, oxygen, and dissolved organic material. In many systems, distinguishing between watershed and stream ecosystem controls can be challenging. The usefulness of such monitoring can...
Authors
Diane M. McKnight, Karen D. Cozzetto, James D. S. Cullis, Michael N. Gooseff, Christopher Jaros, Joshua C. Koch, W. Berry Lyons, Roseanna M. Neupauer, Adam N. Wlostowski
By
Alaska Science Center

Forecasting wildlife response to rapid warming in the Alaskan Arctic Forecasting wildlife response to rapid warming in the Alaskan Arctic

Arctic wildlife species face a dynamic and increasingly novel environment because of climate warming and the associated increase in human activity. Both marine and terrestrial environments are undergoing rapid environmental shifts, including loss of sea ice, permafrost degradation, and altered biogeochemical fluxes. Forecasting wildlife responses to climate change can facilitate...
Authors
Caroline R. Van Hemert, Paul L. Flint, Mark S. Udevitz, Joshua C. Koch, Todd C. Atwood, Karen L. Oakley, John M. Pearce
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center

Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica

Given alterations in global hydrologic regime, we examine the role of hydrology in regulating stream microbial mat abundance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Here, perennial mats persist as a desiccated crust until revived by summer streamflow, which varies inter-annually, and has increased since the 1990s. We predicted high flows to scour mats, and intra-seasonal drying to slow...
Authors
Tyler J. Kohler, Lee F. Stanish, Steven W. Crisp, Joshua C. Koch, Daniel Liptzin, Jenny L. Baeseman, Diane M. McKnight
By
Alaska Science Center

Morphology-dependent water budgets and nutrient fluxes in arctic thaw ponds Morphology-dependent water budgets and nutrient fluxes in arctic thaw ponds

Thaw ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska are productive ecosystems, providing habitat and food resources for many fish and bird species. Permafrost in this region creates unique pond morphologies: deep troughs, shallow low-centred polygons (LCPs) and larger coalescent ponds. By monitoring seasonal trends in pond volume and chemistry, we evaluated whether pond morphology and size...
Authors
Joshua C. Koch, Kirsty Gurney, Mark S. Wipfli
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center

Science and Products

Filter Total Items: 17
Filter Total Items: 31
No Result Found
Filter Total Items: 68
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain.  The shape of these ponds influences how their water levels and nutrient concentrations change over the year.  These variables in turn influence pond ecosystems and use by waterbirds.

By
Alaska Science Center
Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain

Thawing ice wedges create ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain.  The shape of these ponds influences how their water levels and nutrient concentrations change over the year.  These variables in turn influence pond ecosystems and use by waterbirds.

By
Alaska Science Center
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment.

By
Alaska Science Center
Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek Catchment

Table Top Mountain and the West Twin Creek catchment.

By
Alaska Science Center
Scientists use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed
Using ground penetrating radar
Using ground penetrating radar
Scientists use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

Using ground penetrating radar

Using ground penetrating radar

Colin and Colby use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

By
Alaska Science Center
Scientists use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

Using ground penetrating radar

Using ground penetrating radar

Colin and Colby use ground penetrating radar to measure the depth to ground ice in the watershed

By
Alaska Science Center
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

By
Alaska Science Center
A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

A stream winding through polygonal ground on the Arctic Coastal Plain

By
Alaska Science Center
Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond
Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond
Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond
Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond.

By
Alaska Science Center
Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Collect water chemistry and invertebrates at a degrading trough pond

Researchers collect water chemistry and invertebrates from a degrading trough pond.

By
Alaska Science Center
Filter Total Items: 59

Patterns and controls of mercury accumulation in sediments from three thermokarst lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska Patterns and controls of mercury accumulation in sediments from three thermokarst lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska

The biogeochemical cycle of mercury will be influenced by climate change, particularly at higher latitudes. Investigations of historical mercury accumulation in lake sediments inform future predictions as to how climate change might affect mercury biogeochemistry; however, in regions with a paucity of data, such as the thermokarst-rich Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska (ACP), the trajectory...
Authors
Samantha M. Burke, Christian E. Zimmerman, Brian A. Branfireun, Joshua C. Koch, Heidi K. Swanson
By
Alaska Science Center

Tracer-based evidence of heterogeneity in subsurface flow and storage within a boreal hillslope Tracer-based evidence of heterogeneity in subsurface flow and storage within a boreal hillslope

Runoff from boreal hillslopes is often affected by distinct soil boundaries, including the frozen boundary and the organic – mineral boundary (OMB), where highly porous and hydraulically-conductive organic material overlies fine-grained mineral soils. Viewed from the surface, ground cover appears as a patchwork on sub-meter scales, with thick, moss mats interspersed with lichen-covered...
Authors
Joshua C. Koch, Ryan C. Toohey, D.M. Reeves
By
Alaska Science Center

Potential effects of permafrost thaw on arctic river ecosystems Potential effects of permafrost thaw on arctic river ecosystems

No abstract available.
Authors
Jonathan A. O’Donnell, Christian E. Zimmerman, Michael P. Carey, Joshua C. Koch
By
Alaska Science Center

Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical fluxes as indicators of changing flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost Multidecadal increases in the Yukon River Basin of chemical fluxes as indicators of changing flowpaths, groundwater, and permafrost

The Yukon River Basin, underlain by discontinuous permafrost, has experienced a warming climate over the last century that has altered air temperature, precipitation, and permafrost. We investigated a water chemistry database from 1982 to 2014 for the Yukon River and its major tributary, the Tanana River. Significant increases of Ca, Mg, and Na annual flux were found in both rivers...
Authors
Ryan C. Toohey, Nicole M. Herman-Mercer, Paul F. Schuster, Edda A. Mutter, Joshua C. Koch
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Climate Adaptation Science Centers

Lateral and subsurface flows impact arctic coastal plain lake water budgets Lateral and subsurface flows impact arctic coastal plain lake water budgets

Arctic thaw lakes are an important source of water for aquatic ecosystems, wildlife, and humans. Many recent studies have observed changes in Arctic surface waters related to climate warming and permafrost thaw; however, explaining the trends and predicting future responses to warming is difficult without a stronger fundamental understanding of Arctic lake water budgets. By measuring and
Authors
Joshua C. Koch
By
Alaska Science Center

Landscape effects of wildfire on permafrost distribution in interior Alaska derived from remote sensing Landscape effects of wildfire on permafrost distribution in interior Alaska derived from remote sensing

Climate change coupled with an intensifying wildfire regime is becoming an important driver of permafrost loss and ecosystem change in the northern boreal forest. There is a growing need to understand the effects of fire on the spatial distribution of permafrost and its associated ecological consequences. We focus on the effects of fire a decade after disturbance in a rocky upland...
Authors
Dana R. N. Brown, M. Torre Jorgenson, Knut Kielland, David L. Verbyla, Anupma Prakash, Joshua C. Koch
By
Alaska Science Center

Surface water connectivity drives richness and composition of Arctic lake fish assemblages Surface water connectivity drives richness and composition of Arctic lake fish assemblages

Surface water connectivity can influence the richness and composition of fish assemblages, particularly in harsh environments where colonisation factors and access to seasonal refugia are required for species persistence. Studies regarding influence of connectivity on Arctic fish distributions are limited and are rarely applied to whole assemblage patterns. To increase our understanding...
Authors
Sarah M. Laske, Trevor B. Haynes, Amanda E. Rosenberger, Joshua C. Koch, Mark S. Wipfli, Matthew Whitman, Christian E. Zimmerman
By
Cooperative Research Units

Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization Role of ground ice dynamics and ecological feedbacks in recent ice wedge degradation and stabilization

Ground ice is abundant in the upper permafrost throughout the Arctic and fundamentally affects terrain responses to climate warming. Ice wedges, which form near the surface and are the dominant type of massive ice in the Arctic, are particularly vulnerable to warming. Yet processes controlling ice wedge degradation and stabilization are poorly understood. Here we quantified ice wedge...
Authors
Mark Torre Jorgenson, Mikhail Kanevskiy, Yuri Shur, Natalia Moskalenko, Dana Brown, Kimberly P. Wickland, Robert G. Striegl, Joshua C. Koch

Potential for real‐time understanding of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in stream ecosystems: Future integration of telemetered data with process models for glacial meltwater streams Potential for real‐time understanding of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in stream ecosystems: Future integration of telemetered data with process models for glacial meltwater streams

While continuous monitoring of streamflow and temperature has been common for some time, there is great potential to expand continuous monitoring to include water quality parameters such as nutrients, turbidity, oxygen, and dissolved organic material. In many systems, distinguishing between watershed and stream ecosystem controls can be challenging. The usefulness of such monitoring can...
Authors
Diane M. McKnight, Karen D. Cozzetto, James D. S. Cullis, Michael N. Gooseff, Christopher Jaros, Joshua C. Koch, W. Berry Lyons, Roseanna M. Neupauer, Adam N. Wlostowski
By
Alaska Science Center

Forecasting wildlife response to rapid warming in the Alaskan Arctic Forecasting wildlife response to rapid warming in the Alaskan Arctic

Arctic wildlife species face a dynamic and increasingly novel environment because of climate warming and the associated increase in human activity. Both marine and terrestrial environments are undergoing rapid environmental shifts, including loss of sea ice, permafrost degradation, and altered biogeochemical fluxes. Forecasting wildlife responses to climate change can facilitate...
Authors
Caroline R. Van Hemert, Paul L. Flint, Mark S. Udevitz, Joshua C. Koch, Todd C. Atwood, Karen L. Oakley, John M. Pearce
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center

Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica Life in the main channel: long-term hydrologic control of microbial mat abundance in McMurdo Dry Valley streams, Antarctica

Given alterations in global hydrologic regime, we examine the role of hydrology in regulating stream microbial mat abundance in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Here, perennial mats persist as a desiccated crust until revived by summer streamflow, which varies inter-annually, and has increased since the 1990s. We predicted high flows to scour mats, and intra-seasonal drying to slow...
Authors
Tyler J. Kohler, Lee F. Stanish, Steven W. Crisp, Joshua C. Koch, Daniel Liptzin, Jenny L. Baeseman, Diane M. McKnight
By
Alaska Science Center

Morphology-dependent water budgets and nutrient fluxes in arctic thaw ponds Morphology-dependent water budgets and nutrient fluxes in arctic thaw ponds

Thaw ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska are productive ecosystems, providing habitat and food resources for many fish and bird species. Permafrost in this region creates unique pond morphologies: deep troughs, shallow low-centred polygons (LCPs) and larger coalescent ponds. By monitoring seasonal trends in pond volume and chemistry, we evaluated whether pond morphology and size...
Authors
Joshua C. Koch, Kirsty Gurney, Mark S. Wipfli
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Alaska Science Center

*Disclaimer: Listing outside positions with professional scientific organizations on this Staff Profile are for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of those professional scientific organizations or their activities by the USGS, Department of the Interior, or U.S. Government

Was this page helpful?