Justin Smerud
Science and Products
Toxicity of carbon dioxide to freshwater fishes: Implications for aquatic invasive species management
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a new aquatic pesticide to control invasive Asian carps and other aquatic nuisance species in the United States. However, limited CO2 toxicity data could make it challenging for resource managers to characterize the potential risk to nontarget species during...
Cupp, Aaron R.; Smerud, Justin R.; Thomas, Linnea M; Waller, Diane L.; Smith, David L.; Erickson, Richard A.; Gaikowski, Mark P. Laboratory trials to evaluate carbon dioxide as a potential behavioral control method for invasive red swamp (Procambarus clarkii) and rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus)
Few effective strategies are available to control invasive crayfishes. Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts as a behavioral deterrent for invasive fishes and could be a useful crayfish control tool. The objective of this laboratory study was to quantify CO2 concentrations that caused red swamp crayfish (RSC; Procambarus clarkii) and rusty crayfish...
Fredricks, Kim T.; Tix, John A.; Smerud, Justin R.; Cupp, Aaron R. Assessment of carbon dioxide piscicide treatments
Few chemicals are approved to control or eradicate nuisance fish populations in the United States. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is currently being developed and studied as a new piscicide option for nonselective population control. This study evaluated dry ice (solid state CO2) as a simple CO2 delivery method during winter piscicide applications....
Cupp, Aaron R.; Smerud, Justin R.; Tix, John A.; Rivera, Jose M.; Kageyama, Stacie A.; Merkes, Christopher M.; Erickson, Richard A.; Amberg, Jon J.; Gaikowski, Mark P. Field evaluation of carbon dioxide as a fish deterrent at a water management structure along the Illinois River
Construction of a water management structure (WMS) in the levee surrounding The Nature Conservancy’s Emiquon Preserve (Havana, Illinois, USA) created a new hydrological connection and potential aquatic invasive species pathway between the Illinois River and a large conservation wetland complex. Site managers need a control tool that deters the...
Cupp, Aaron R.; Smerud, Justin R.; Tix, John A.; Schleis, Susan M.; Fredricks, Kim T.; Erickson, Richard A.; Amberg, Jon J.; Morrow, William S.; Koebel, Carolyn M.; Murphy, Elizabeth A.; Vishy, Chad; Blodgett, K. Douglas Using dissolved carbon dioxide to alter the behavior of invasive round goby
Fisheries managers need effective methods to limit the spread of invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus in North America. Elevating carbon dioxide (CO2) in water at pinch points of rivers (e.g., inside locks) is one approach showing potential to deter the passage of invasive fishes, such as bigheaded carps Hypophthalmichthys...
Cupp, Aaron R.; Tix, John A.; Smerud, Justin R.; Erickson, Richard A.; Fredricks, Kim T.; Amberg, Jon J.; Suski, Cory D.; Wakeman, Robert Evaluation of a method for quantifying eugenol concentrations in the fillet tissue from freshwater fish species
AQUI-S 20E® (active ingredient, eugenol; AQUI-S New Zealand Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand) is being pursued for approval as an immediate-release sedative in the United States. A validated method to quantify the primary residue (the marker residue) in fillet tissue from AQUI-S 20E–exposed fish was needed. A method was evaluated for...
Meinertz, Jeffery R.; Schreier, Theresa M.; Porcher, Scott T.; Smerud, Justin R. Determination of the exposure parameters that maximise the concentrations of the anaesthetic/sedative eugenol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin-on fillet tissue
Studies were conducted to determine the anaesthetic/sedative concentrations and durations that would maximize anaesthetic/sedative residue concentrations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) skin-on fillet tissue. Rainbow trout (167–404 g) were exposed to 50 mg l−1 AQUI-S® 20E (10% active ingredient, eugenol) in 17°C freshwater for durations up...
Meinertz, Jeffery R.; Porcher, Scott T.; Smerud, Justin R. Depletion of eugenol residues from the skin-on fillet tissue of rainbow trout exposed to 14C-labeled eugenol
The U.S. is lagging in access to an approved immediate-release sedative, i.e. a compound that can be safely and effectively used to sedate fish and has no withdrawal period. AQUI-S® 20E (10% active ingredient, eugenol) is under investigation as an immediate-release sedative for freshwater finfish. Because of its investigational status, data are...
Meinertz, Jeffery R.; Schreier, Theresa M.; Porcher, Scott T.; Smerud, Justin R.; Gaikowski, Mark P.