Libby Wildermuth
I work largely with the USGS Southwest Gravity Program, collecting and analyzing gravity data to answer hydrological questions.
My current projects include monitoring aquifer-storage change via established gravity methods, incorporating gravity observations as a groundwater model calibration target using coupled hydrogeophysical inversion, and assessing the utility of gravity data in detecting porosity changes across a fault.
Science and Products
Aquifer-storage monitoring at Tucson Water’s Heritage Project
Tucson Water’s Santa Cruz River Heritage Project releases up to 3,150 acre-feet a year of reclaimed water into the Santa Cruz River channel near downtown Tucson, AZ, much of which is expected to recharge to the subsurface through the channel bottom. Tracking the movement of recharged water is necessary to limit the dispersal of that water within specific target boundaries, and to enable resource...
Monitoring aquifer-storage change at Tucson Water's Southeast Houghton Area Recharge Project
The Arizona Water Science Center is monitoring aquifer-storage changes at an artificial recharge facility operated by Tucson Water in southeast Tucson. Aquifer-storage change is monitored by measuring changes in gravity over time at the same network of benchmarks. As water is added or removed from the aquifer, there is a change in mass and a corresponding measurable change in gravity.
Aquifer-Storage Change and Land-Surface Elevation Change Monitoring in the Tucson Active Management Area
The Arizona Water Science Center is monitoring aquifer-storage changes and land subsidence within the Tucson Active Management Area (AMA). Land-surface elevation change is monitored at a network of benchmarks throughout the Tucson AMA by measuring changes in land surface elevation over time (approximately annually) with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). Aquifer-storage change is...
Repeat microgravity data from Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, 2019-2022
Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluating gravity change during repeated measurements at one or more base stations. Absolute-gravity surveys were carried out using a Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. A-10 absolute-gravity meter. Vertical gradients
Data from "Gravity surveys for estimating possible width of enhanced porosity zones across structures on the Coconino Plateau, Coconino County, North-Central Arizona"
This dataset includes gravity observations collected on the Coconino Plateau, Arizona, from 2015 to 2019 and reductions that were used to arrive at the gravity residual reported in the associated publication (Wildermuth, 2022). Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. Absolute gravity values were taken from the closest NGS stations and relative-gravity d
MODFLOW-NWT groundwater model demonstrating groundwater model calibration with repeat microgravity measurements
A numerical model was developed using MODFLOW-NWT and FloPy to simulate groundwater flow and demonstrate a practical method for incorporating repeat microgravity observations (i.e., small changes in the acceleration due to Earth's gravity) as a new type of calibration target for groundwater-flow models. The single-layer, 250-m cell size model was kept relatively simple to focus on the value of rep
Repeat microgravity data from Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, 2019-2021
Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluating gravity change during repeated measurements at one or more base stations. Absolute-gravity surveys were carried out using a Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. A-10 absolute-gravity meter. Vertical gradients
Repeat microgravity data from South Houghton Area Recharge Project, Tucson, Arizona, 2020-2022 (ver. 2.0, August 2024)
Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluating gravity change during repeated measurements at one or more base stations. Absolute-gravity surveys were carried out using a Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. A-10 absolute-gravity meter. Vertical gradients
Gravity data from the Truxton area, northwestern Arizona
This dataset represents the network-adjusted results of relative- and absolute-gravity surveys. Data are provided in tabular (csv) and vector (shapefile) formats with one row per station.Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Coporation Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluat
Repeat microgravity data from the Big Chino Subbasin, 2001-2017, Yavapai County, Arizona
This dataset contains absolute-gravity measurements made using an A-10 absolute gravity meter (Micro-g Lacoste, Inc.) between 2009 and 2017 in the Big Chino Subbasin, Yavapai County, Arizona. Measurements were made about 3 times per year at a total of 33 different stations. Data are presented in tabular form, including relevant parameters used for processing. Data were output by g software (Micro-
Monitoring aquifer-storage change from artificial recharge with repeat microgravity along Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, 2019–22
The City of Tucson water utility, Tucson Water, began releasing treated effluent into the Santa Cruz River channel near downtown Tucson in 2019. This recharge project—the Heritage Project—is intended to create a reach of consistent flow in the channel and recharge water to the aquifer. Tracking the dispersal of recharged water is important for management decisions because groundwater movement depe
Authors
Libby M. Wildermuth, Jacob L. Conrad
Determining seasonal recharge, storage changes, and specific yield using repeat microgravity and water-level measurements in the Mesilla Basin alluvial aquifer, New Mexico, 2016–2018
Increasing water demand and multi-year drought conditions within the Mesilla/Conejos-Médanos Basin near the New Mexico-Texas- Chihuahua border have resulted in diminished surface-water supplies and increased groundwater withdrawals. To better understand recharge to the shallow aquifer, the spatial and temporal groundwater storage changes, and the variability of specific yield (Sy) in the aquifer,
Authors
Andrew J. Robertson, Jeffrey Kennedy, Libby M. Kahler, Meghan T. Bell, Erek H. Fuchs, Alex Rinehart, Irene Fernald
Gravity surveys for estimating possible width of enhanced porosity zones across structures on the Coconino Plateau, Coconino County, north-central Arizona
The U.S. Geological Survey completed gravity transects in 2015, 2018, and 2019 over four features: the Bright Angel Fault, Bright Angel Monocline, Tusayan Graben, and Redlands Ranch Fault Zone in the Coconino Plateau, Coconino County, Arizona, to determine if the existence and width of high porosity (low density) zones could be inferred from the resulting gravity contrasts, which could be used to
Authors
Libby M. Wildermuth
Improving groundwater model calibration with repeat microgravity measurements
Groundwater-flow models depend on hydraulic head and flux observations for evaluation and calibration. A different type of observation—change in storage measured using repeat microgravity—can also be used for parameter estimation by simulating the expected change in gravity from a groundwater model and including the observation misfit in the objective function. The method is demonstrated using new
Authors
Jeffrey Kennedy, Libby M. Kahler, Jacob E. Knight, Joshua D. Larson
Aquifer storage change and storage properties, 2010–2017, in the Big Chino Subbasin, Yavapai County, Arizona
The Big Chino Subbasin is a groundwater basin that includes the Verde River headwaters in Yavapai County in north-central Arizona. Groundwater in the southern part of the subbasin is found primarily in the Big Chino and Williamson Valleys. The former is a potential municipal water source for growing communities in Yavapai County, particularly groundwater from the Big Chino Water Ranch, about 15 mi
Authors
Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Libby M. Kahler, Amy L. Read
Groundwater-storage change and land-surface elevation change in Tucson Basin and Avra Valley, south-central Arizona--2003-2016
The U.S. Geological Survey monitors groundwater-storage change and land-surface elevation change caused by groundwater withdrawal in Tucson Basin and Avra Valley—the two most populated alluvial basins within the Tucson Active Management Area. The Tucson Active Management Area is one of five active management areas in Arizona established by the 1980 Groundwater Management Act and governed by the Ar
Authors
Robert L. Carruth, Libby M. Kahler, Brian D. Conway
Gravity Data Spreadsheets
These gravity data spreadsheets are Microsoft Excel documents containing functions that convert observed meter readings to gravity using the meter calibration table (for LaCoste & Romberg relative-gravity meters), applies a tide correction, calculates and plots drift using the Roman (1946) method, and calculates average gravity differences between each station pair.
Science and Products
Aquifer-storage monitoring at Tucson Water’s Heritage Project
Tucson Water’s Santa Cruz River Heritage Project releases up to 3,150 acre-feet a year of reclaimed water into the Santa Cruz River channel near downtown Tucson, AZ, much of which is expected to recharge to the subsurface through the channel bottom. Tracking the movement of recharged water is necessary to limit the dispersal of that water within specific target boundaries, and to enable resource...
Monitoring aquifer-storage change at Tucson Water's Southeast Houghton Area Recharge Project
The Arizona Water Science Center is monitoring aquifer-storage changes at an artificial recharge facility operated by Tucson Water in southeast Tucson. Aquifer-storage change is monitored by measuring changes in gravity over time at the same network of benchmarks. As water is added or removed from the aquifer, there is a change in mass and a corresponding measurable change in gravity.
Aquifer-Storage Change and Land-Surface Elevation Change Monitoring in the Tucson Active Management Area
The Arizona Water Science Center is monitoring aquifer-storage changes and land subsidence within the Tucson Active Management Area (AMA). Land-surface elevation change is monitored at a network of benchmarks throughout the Tucson AMA by measuring changes in land surface elevation over time (approximately annually) with Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). Aquifer-storage change is...
Repeat microgravity data from Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, 2019-2022
Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluating gravity change during repeated measurements at one or more base stations. Absolute-gravity surveys were carried out using a Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. A-10 absolute-gravity meter. Vertical gradients
Data from "Gravity surveys for estimating possible width of enhanced porosity zones across structures on the Coconino Plateau, Coconino County, North-Central Arizona"
This dataset includes gravity observations collected on the Coconino Plateau, Arizona, from 2015 to 2019 and reductions that were used to arrive at the gravity residual reported in the associated publication (Wildermuth, 2022). Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. Absolute gravity values were taken from the closest NGS stations and relative-gravity d
MODFLOW-NWT groundwater model demonstrating groundwater model calibration with repeat microgravity measurements
A numerical model was developed using MODFLOW-NWT and FloPy to simulate groundwater flow and demonstrate a practical method for incorporating repeat microgravity observations (i.e., small changes in the acceleration due to Earth's gravity) as a new type of calibration target for groundwater-flow models. The single-layer, 250-m cell size model was kept relatively simple to focus on the value of rep
Repeat microgravity data from Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, 2019-2021
Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluating gravity change during repeated measurements at one or more base stations. Absolute-gravity surveys were carried out using a Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. A-10 absolute-gravity meter. Vertical gradients
Repeat microgravity data from South Houghton Area Recharge Project, Tucson, Arizona, 2020-2022 (ver. 2.0, August 2024)
Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluating gravity change during repeated measurements at one or more base stations. Absolute-gravity surveys were carried out using a Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. A-10 absolute-gravity meter. Vertical gradients
Gravity data from the Truxton area, northwestern Arizona
This dataset represents the network-adjusted results of relative- and absolute-gravity surveys. Data are provided in tabular (csv) and vector (shapefile) formats with one row per station.Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a ZLS Coporation Burris relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluat
Repeat microgravity data from the Big Chino Subbasin, 2001-2017, Yavapai County, Arizona
This dataset contains absolute-gravity measurements made using an A-10 absolute gravity meter (Micro-g Lacoste, Inc.) between 2009 and 2017 in the Big Chino Subbasin, Yavapai County, Arizona. Measurements were made about 3 times per year at a total of 33 different stations. Data are presented in tabular form, including relevant parameters used for processing. Data were output by g software (Micro-
Monitoring aquifer-storage change from artificial recharge with repeat microgravity along Santa Cruz River, Tucson, Arizona, 2019–22
The City of Tucson water utility, Tucson Water, began releasing treated effluent into the Santa Cruz River channel near downtown Tucson in 2019. This recharge project—the Heritage Project—is intended to create a reach of consistent flow in the channel and recharge water to the aquifer. Tracking the dispersal of recharged water is important for management decisions because groundwater movement depe
Authors
Libby M. Wildermuth, Jacob L. Conrad
Determining seasonal recharge, storage changes, and specific yield using repeat microgravity and water-level measurements in the Mesilla Basin alluvial aquifer, New Mexico, 2016–2018
Increasing water demand and multi-year drought conditions within the Mesilla/Conejos-Médanos Basin near the New Mexico-Texas- Chihuahua border have resulted in diminished surface-water supplies and increased groundwater withdrawals. To better understand recharge to the shallow aquifer, the spatial and temporal groundwater storage changes, and the variability of specific yield (Sy) in the aquifer,
Authors
Andrew J. Robertson, Jeffrey Kennedy, Libby M. Kahler, Meghan T. Bell, Erek H. Fuchs, Alex Rinehart, Irene Fernald
Gravity surveys for estimating possible width of enhanced porosity zones across structures on the Coconino Plateau, Coconino County, north-central Arizona
The U.S. Geological Survey completed gravity transects in 2015, 2018, and 2019 over four features: the Bright Angel Fault, Bright Angel Monocline, Tusayan Graben, and Redlands Ranch Fault Zone in the Coconino Plateau, Coconino County, Arizona, to determine if the existence and width of high porosity (low density) zones could be inferred from the resulting gravity contrasts, which could be used to
Authors
Libby M. Wildermuth
Improving groundwater model calibration with repeat microgravity measurements
Groundwater-flow models depend on hydraulic head and flux observations for evaluation and calibration. A different type of observation—change in storage measured using repeat microgravity—can also be used for parameter estimation by simulating the expected change in gravity from a groundwater model and including the observation misfit in the objective function. The method is demonstrated using new
Authors
Jeffrey Kennedy, Libby M. Kahler, Jacob E. Knight, Joshua D. Larson
Aquifer storage change and storage properties, 2010–2017, in the Big Chino Subbasin, Yavapai County, Arizona
The Big Chino Subbasin is a groundwater basin that includes the Verde River headwaters in Yavapai County in north-central Arizona. Groundwater in the southern part of the subbasin is found primarily in the Big Chino and Williamson Valleys. The former is a potential municipal water source for growing communities in Yavapai County, particularly groundwater from the Big Chino Water Ranch, about 15 mi
Authors
Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Libby M. Kahler, Amy L. Read
Groundwater-storage change and land-surface elevation change in Tucson Basin and Avra Valley, south-central Arizona--2003-2016
The U.S. Geological Survey monitors groundwater-storage change and land-surface elevation change caused by groundwater withdrawal in Tucson Basin and Avra Valley—the two most populated alluvial basins within the Tucson Active Management Area. The Tucson Active Management Area is one of five active management areas in Arizona established by the 1980 Groundwater Management Act and governed by the Ar
Authors
Robert L. Carruth, Libby M. Kahler, Brian D. Conway
Gravity Data Spreadsheets
These gravity data spreadsheets are Microsoft Excel documents containing functions that convert observed meter readings to gravity using the meter calibration table (for LaCoste & Romberg relative-gravity meters), applies a tide correction, calculates and plots drift using the Roman (1946) method, and calculates average gravity differences between each station pair.