Mark Gaikowski (Former Employee)
Science and Products
Development of Chemical Tools to Control Invasive Carp and Dreissenid Mussels
Over 180 and 140 aquatic invasive species (AIS) have been introduced into the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River basins, respectively, with threats of new invasions always on the horizon. Sea lamprey, zebra mussels, and invasive carps are just a few examples of AIS whose abilities to alter aquatic habitats and disrupt food cycles threaten many outdoor recreation opportunities and ecosystems...
Quarterly sample results for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for locations in Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021-24 (ver. 2.0, March 2025)
This data release provides the concentration results for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) collected on French Island, in the town of Campbell, Wisconsin, sampled quarterly beginning in 2021. These samples were collected from groundwater wells (potable and non-potable taps) by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center (UMESC). Three U.S...
Assessment of carbon dioxide piscicide treatments: Data
Spreadsheets include data that was used to evaluate the efficacy of dry ice administered under-ice as a tool for reducing the overwinter survival of invasive carps. There are 10 CSV associated with this study
Filter Total Items: 73
Tapwater exposures, residential risk, and mitigation in a PFAS-impacted-groundwater community
Tapwater (TW) safety and sustainability are priorities in the United States. Per/polyfluoroalkyl substance(s) (PFAS) contamination is a growing public-health concern due to prolific use, widespread TW exposures, and mounting human-health concerns. Historically-rural, actively-urbanizing communities that rely on surficial-aquifer private wells incur elevated risks of unrecognized TW...
Authors
Paul M. Bradley, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly Smalling, Lee Donahue, Mark P. Gaikowski, Randy K. Hines, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Stephanie Gordon, Keith Loftin, R. Blaine McCleskey, Shannon M. Meppelink, Molly L. Schreiner
Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to reduce Gyrodactylus species infestation density on four fish species
ObjectiveThe ability to effectively treat parasitic infestations of fish is of high importance for fish culture facilities. However, tools or approved therapies for treating infestations on fish are limited. This paper summarizes results from four separate clinical field studies that evaluated the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 35% PEROX-AID) for reducing Gyrodactylus spp...
Authors
Maren T. Tuttle-Lau, Eric Leis, Aaron R. Cupp, Laura Lynne Peterman, Jillian Hebert, Richard A. Erickson, Susan M. Schleis, Mark P. Gaikowski
Assembly methods for an external acoustic transmitter attachment device for fish telemetry studies
The purpose of this report is to describe the assembly methods for an external acoustic transmitter attachment device that can be used during fish telemetry studies. External attachment is a simple procedure that can limit handling and reduce recovery times on fish. This report provides step-by-step directions to assemble devices; this assembly method can be used for telemetry studies...
Authors
Justin R. Smerud, Kim T. Fredricks, Mark P. Gaikowski, Aaron R. Cupp
Efficacy of florfenicol and oxytetracycline administered in feed to control cisco mortality associated with Aeromonas salmonicida infections
Two medications (one with florfenicol and one with oxytetracycline) that are approved in the United States to control mortality due to furunculosis associated with Aeromonas salmonicida were assessed to determine their efficacy in medicated feeds to treat A. salmonicida-infected Cisco (also known as Lake Herring) Coregonus artedi. Cisco were subjected to static infection baths containing...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Maren T. Tuttle-Lau, Eric Leis, Samantha L. Wolfe, Justin Smerud, John W. Oliver, Richard A. Erickson, Austin Hannah, Aaron Johnson, Rachel Grace Nelson, Isaac Standish, Joel Wils, Mark P. Gaikowski
Occurrence of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in groundwater and tapwater, town of Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22
In response to previous reports of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in French Island’s (located in the Mississippi River within the town of Campbell, Wisconsin) primary source of drinking water, 11 locations were sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in October 2021 to assess the potential presence of contaminant mixtures, including PFAS, in tapwater. Three...
Authors
Kristin M. Romanok, Shannon M. Meppelink, Paul M. Bradley, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Lee Donahue, Mark P. Gaikowski, Randy K. Hines, Kelly L. Smalling
Effects of formaldehyde (Parasite-S®) on biofilter nitrification from a cold- and a warm freshwater RAS
The effect of Parasite-S® (an aqueous formaldehyde solution) on the nitrification processes of biofilters was evaluated in two recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). Rearing tanks in the warmwater RAS contained yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with an initial weight of 166.8 kg and a mean density of 39.5 kg/m3. Rearing tanks in the coldwater RAS...
Authors
Kim T. Fredricks, Susan M. Schleis, Justin Smerud, Mark P. Gaikowski, Richard A. Erickson, Jillian Lee Hebert, Gregory J. Fischer, Kendall Holmes, Christopher F Hartleb
Introduction to a special section: Integrated pest management—extending a terrestrial paradigm to aquatic environments
No abstract available.
Authors
Mark P. Gaikowski, Patrick Kočovský
Telemetry evaluation of carbon dioxide as a behavioral deterrent for invasive carps
Carbon dioxide (CO2) mixed into water is being explored as a possible management strategy to deter the upstream movements of invasive carps through navigation locks and other migratory pinch-points. This study used two-dimensional acoustic telemetry to assess the effectiveness of dissolved CO2 as a chemosensory deterrent to two carp species in a large U-shaped pond. Free-swimming...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Ashley K Lopez, Justin Smerud, John A. Tix, Jose Rivera, Nicholas M. Swyers, Marybeth K. Brey, Christa M. Woodley, David L. Smith, Mark P. Gaikowski
Toxicity of carbon dioxide to freshwater fishes: Implications for aquatic invasive species management
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a new aquatic pesticide to control invasive Asian carps and other aquatic nuisance species in the United States. However, limited CO2 toxicity data could make it challenging for resource managers to characterize the potential risk to nontarget species during CO2 applications. The present study quantified...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Justin Smerud, Linnea M Thomas, Diane L. Waller, David L. Smith, Richard A. Erickson, Mark P. Gaikowski
Carbon dioxide-induced mortality of four species of North American fishes
Fisheries managers have a growing interest in the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tool for controlling invasive fishes. However, limited published data exist on susceptibility of many commonly encountered species to elevated CO2 concentrations. Our objective was to estimate the 24-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) and 95% lethal concentration (LC95) of CO2 for four fishes (Rainbow Trout...
Authors
Hilary B. Treanor, Andrew M. Ray, Jon Amberg, Mark P. Gaikowski, Jason E. Ilgen, Robert Gresswell, Leslie Gains-Germain, Molly A H Webb
Effects of formaldehyde on nitrification in biofilters of small‐scale recirculating systems
Florfenicol (Aquaflor®) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for treating diseased fish reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Treating diseased fish in RAS is challenging because of the potential to damage nitrifying bacteria in the biofilters. Impaired nitrification can lead to concentrations of ammonia and nitrite that compromise fish welfare...
Authors
Kim T. Fredricks, Aaron R. Cupp, Susan M. Schleis, Richard A. Erickson, Mark P. Gaikowski
Assessment of carbon dioxide piscicide treatments
Few chemicals are approved to control or eradicate nuisance fish populations in the United States. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is currently being developed and studied as a new piscicide option for nonselective population control. This study evaluated dry ice (solid state CO2) as a simple CO2 delivery method during winter piscicide applications. Nonnative Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Justin Smerud, John Tix, Jose Rivera, Stacie A. Kageyama, Christopher M. Merkes, Richard A. Erickson, Jon Amberg, Mark P. Gaikowski
Science and Products
Development of Chemical Tools to Control Invasive Carp and Dreissenid Mussels
Over 180 and 140 aquatic invasive species (AIS) have been introduced into the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi River basins, respectively, with threats of new invasions always on the horizon. Sea lamprey, zebra mussels, and invasive carps are just a few examples of AIS whose abilities to alter aquatic habitats and disrupt food cycles threaten many outdoor recreation opportunities and ecosystems...
Quarterly sample results for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for locations in Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021-24 (ver. 2.0, March 2025)
This data release provides the concentration results for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) collected on French Island, in the town of Campbell, Wisconsin, sampled quarterly beginning in 2021. These samples were collected from groundwater wells (potable and non-potable taps) by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center (UMESC). Three U.S...
Assessment of carbon dioxide piscicide treatments: Data
Spreadsheets include data that was used to evaluate the efficacy of dry ice administered under-ice as a tool for reducing the overwinter survival of invasive carps. There are 10 CSV associated with this study
Filter Total Items: 73
Tapwater exposures, residential risk, and mitigation in a PFAS-impacted-groundwater community
Tapwater (TW) safety and sustainability are priorities in the United States. Per/polyfluoroalkyl substance(s) (PFAS) contamination is a growing public-health concern due to prolific use, widespread TW exposures, and mounting human-health concerns. Historically-rural, actively-urbanizing communities that rely on surficial-aquifer private wells incur elevated risks of unrecognized TW...
Authors
Paul M. Bradley, Kristin M. Romanok, Kelly Smalling, Lee Donahue, Mark P. Gaikowski, Randy K. Hines, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Stephanie Gordon, Keith Loftin, R. Blaine McCleskey, Shannon M. Meppelink, Molly L. Schreiner
Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide to reduce Gyrodactylus species infestation density on four fish species
ObjectiveThe ability to effectively treat parasitic infestations of fish is of high importance for fish culture facilities. However, tools or approved therapies for treating infestations on fish are limited. This paper summarizes results from four separate clinical field studies that evaluated the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 35% PEROX-AID) for reducing Gyrodactylus spp...
Authors
Maren T. Tuttle-Lau, Eric Leis, Aaron R. Cupp, Laura Lynne Peterman, Jillian Hebert, Richard A. Erickson, Susan M. Schleis, Mark P. Gaikowski
Assembly methods for an external acoustic transmitter attachment device for fish telemetry studies
The purpose of this report is to describe the assembly methods for an external acoustic transmitter attachment device that can be used during fish telemetry studies. External attachment is a simple procedure that can limit handling and reduce recovery times on fish. This report provides step-by-step directions to assemble devices; this assembly method can be used for telemetry studies...
Authors
Justin R. Smerud, Kim T. Fredricks, Mark P. Gaikowski, Aaron R. Cupp
Efficacy of florfenicol and oxytetracycline administered in feed to control cisco mortality associated with Aeromonas salmonicida infections
Two medications (one with florfenicol and one with oxytetracycline) that are approved in the United States to control mortality due to furunculosis associated with Aeromonas salmonicida were assessed to determine their efficacy in medicated feeds to treat A. salmonicida-infected Cisco (also known as Lake Herring) Coregonus artedi. Cisco were subjected to static infection baths containing...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Maren T. Tuttle-Lau, Eric Leis, Samantha L. Wolfe, Justin Smerud, John W. Oliver, Richard A. Erickson, Austin Hannah, Aaron Johnson, Rachel Grace Nelson, Isaac Standish, Joel Wils, Mark P. Gaikowski
Occurrence of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in groundwater and tapwater, town of Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22
In response to previous reports of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in French Island’s (located in the Mississippi River within the town of Campbell, Wisconsin) primary source of drinking water, 11 locations were sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in October 2021 to assess the potential presence of contaminant mixtures, including PFAS, in tapwater. Three...
Authors
Kristin M. Romanok, Shannon M. Meppelink, Paul M. Bradley, Sara E. Breitmeyer, Lee Donahue, Mark P. Gaikowski, Randy K. Hines, Kelly L. Smalling
Effects of formaldehyde (Parasite-S®) on biofilter nitrification from a cold- and a warm freshwater RAS
The effect of Parasite-S® (an aqueous formaldehyde solution) on the nitrification processes of biofilters was evaluated in two recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs). Rearing tanks in the warmwater RAS contained yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with an initial weight of 166.8 kg and a mean density of 39.5 kg/m3. Rearing tanks in the coldwater RAS...
Authors
Kim T. Fredricks, Susan M. Schleis, Justin Smerud, Mark P. Gaikowski, Richard A. Erickson, Jillian Lee Hebert, Gregory J. Fischer, Kendall Holmes, Christopher F Hartleb
Introduction to a special section: Integrated pest management—extending a terrestrial paradigm to aquatic environments
No abstract available.
Authors
Mark P. Gaikowski, Patrick Kočovský
Telemetry evaluation of carbon dioxide as a behavioral deterrent for invasive carps
Carbon dioxide (CO2) mixed into water is being explored as a possible management strategy to deter the upstream movements of invasive carps through navigation locks and other migratory pinch-points. This study used two-dimensional acoustic telemetry to assess the effectiveness of dissolved CO2 as a chemosensory deterrent to two carp species in a large U-shaped pond. Free-swimming...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Ashley K Lopez, Justin Smerud, John A. Tix, Jose Rivera, Nicholas M. Swyers, Marybeth K. Brey, Christa M. Woodley, David L. Smith, Mark P. Gaikowski
Toxicity of carbon dioxide to freshwater fishes: Implications for aquatic invasive species management
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency as a new aquatic pesticide to control invasive Asian carps and other aquatic nuisance species in the United States. However, limited CO2 toxicity data could make it challenging for resource managers to characterize the potential risk to nontarget species during CO2 applications. The present study quantified...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Justin Smerud, Linnea M Thomas, Diane L. Waller, David L. Smith, Richard A. Erickson, Mark P. Gaikowski
Carbon dioxide-induced mortality of four species of North American fishes
Fisheries managers have a growing interest in the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tool for controlling invasive fishes. However, limited published data exist on susceptibility of many commonly encountered species to elevated CO2 concentrations. Our objective was to estimate the 24-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) and 95% lethal concentration (LC95) of CO2 for four fishes (Rainbow Trout...
Authors
Hilary B. Treanor, Andrew M. Ray, Jon Amberg, Mark P. Gaikowski, Jason E. Ilgen, Robert Gresswell, Leslie Gains-Germain, Molly A H Webb
Effects of formaldehyde on nitrification in biofilters of small‐scale recirculating systems
Florfenicol (Aquaflor®) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for treating diseased fish reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Treating diseased fish in RAS is challenging because of the potential to damage nitrifying bacteria in the biofilters. Impaired nitrification can lead to concentrations of ammonia and nitrite that compromise fish welfare...
Authors
Kim T. Fredricks, Aaron R. Cupp, Susan M. Schleis, Richard A. Erickson, Mark P. Gaikowski
Assessment of carbon dioxide piscicide treatments
Few chemicals are approved to control or eradicate nuisance fish populations in the United States. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is currently being developed and studied as a new piscicide option for nonselective population control. This study evaluated dry ice (solid state CO2) as a simple CO2 delivery method during winter piscicide applications. Nonnative Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix...
Authors
Aaron R. Cupp, Justin Smerud, John Tix, Jose Rivera, Stacie A. Kageyama, Christopher M. Merkes, Richard A. Erickson, Jon Amberg, Mark P. Gaikowski