Thierry M Work

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August 27, 2026

Fighting an Invasive Marine Threat to Coral Reefs

USGS scientists are developing and testing new tools to control an invasive species threatening coral reefs at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam and across the Hawaiian Islands.

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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Fighting an Invasive Marine Threat to Coral Reefs

August 27, 2026

Fighting an Invasive Marine Threat to Coral Reefs

USGS scientists are developing and testing new tools to control an invasive species threatening coral reefs at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam and across the Hawaiian Islands.

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September 11, 2025

Research in Response to Florida’s Emerging Stony Coral (scleractinia) Diseases

Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is a rapidly progressive disease threat to corals that results in a bleached appearance due to loss of living tissue.

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Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Research in Response to Florida’s Emerging Stony Coral (scleractinia) Diseases

September 11, 2025

Research in Response to Florida’s Emerging Stony Coral (scleractinia) Diseases

Stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD) is a rapidly progressive disease threat to corals that results in a bleached appearance due to loss of living tissue.

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April 29, 2024

Interagency coordination on coral health

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) supports coral health through participation in two interagency coordination bodies, the Florida Disturbance Advisory Committee, which is focused on joint management of the Florida Coral Reef Tract, and the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, which is focused on joint management of reef resources within U.S. Territories in both the Caribbean and Pacific.

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National Wildlife Health Center

Interagency coordination on coral health

April 29, 2024

Interagency coordination on coral health

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) supports coral health through participation in two interagency coordination bodies, the Florida Disturbance Advisory Committee, which is focused on joint management of the Florida Coral Reef Tract, and the U.S. Coral Reef Task Force, which is focused on joint management of reef resources within U.S. Territories in both the Caribbean and Pacific.

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April 18, 2023

Integrating Science and Management to Assist with the Response to Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease

A USGS multi-disciplinary team will use laboratory and modeling approaches to investigate the cause of stony coral tissue loss disease.

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Eastern Ecological Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center

Integrating Science and Management to Assist with the Response to Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease

April 18, 2023

Integrating Science and Management to Assist with the Response to Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease

A USGS multi-disciplinary team will use laboratory and modeling approaches to investigate the cause of stony coral tissue loss disease.

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January 1, 1999

Establishment and characterization of 13 cell lines from a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas Establishment and characterization of 13 cell lines from a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas

Thirteen cell lines were established and characterized from brain, kidney, lung, spleen, heart, liver, gall bladder, urinary bladder, pancreas, testis, skin, and periorbital and tumor tissues of an immature male green turtle (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomas. Cell lines were optimally maintained at 30A? C in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Propagation of...

Authors

Y. Lu, V.R. Nerurkar, A.A. Aguirre, Thierry M. Work, G.H. Balazs, R. Yanagihara

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1999

Relating tumor score to hematology in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis in Hawaii Relating tumor score to hematology in green turtles with fibropapillomatosis in Hawaii

The relationship between hematologic status and severity of tumor affliction in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) with fibropapillomatosis (FP) was examined. During 1 wk periods in July 1997 and July 1998, we bled 108 free-ranging green turtles from Pala'au (Molokai, Hawaii, USA) where FP is endemic. Blood was analyzed for hematocrit, estimated total solids, total white blood cell (WBC)...

Authors

Thierry M. Work, George H. Balazs

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1999

Survival and physiologic response of common Amakihi and Japanese white-eyes during simulated translocation Survival and physiologic response of common Amakihi and Japanese white-eyes during simulated translocation

We evaluated the effects of three translocation trials on Common Amakihi (Hemignathus virens) and Japanese White-eyes (Zosterops japonicus). Trial 1 involved capturing birds, transporting them on rough roads for 4 hr followed by holding in an aviary for 48 hr without overnight thermal support prior to release. Trial 2 involved capture, then holding in an aviary for 48 hr with overnight...

Authors

Thierry M. Work, J. Gregory Massey, Luanne Johnson, Steve Dougill, Paul C. Banko

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1999

Erysipelas in a free-ranging Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis) Erysipelas in a free-ranging Hawaiian crow (Corvus hawaiiensis)

We describe a case of erysipelas in a free-ranging endangered Hawaiian crow. The partially scavenged carcass exhibited gross emaciation and petechial hemorrhages in both lungs. Microscopy revealed multiple necrotic foci associated with gram-positive rods in the liver and adrenal, diffuse acute proximal tubular necrosis of kidney, diffuse necrosis and inflammation of proventricular mucosa

Authors

Thierry M. Work, Donna L. Ball, Mark Wolcott

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1999

Weights, hematology and serum chemistry of free-ranging brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) in Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Weights, hematology and serum chemistry of free-ranging brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) in Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific

Hematologic and serum chemistry values are reported for 105 brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) from Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific. Hematocrit, estimated total plasma solids, total and differential white cell counts, serum glucose, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatinine phosphokinase were analyzed. Hematologic and serum...

Authors

Thierry M. Work

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1999

The potential role of natural tumor promoters in marine turtle fibropapillomatosis The potential role of natural tumor promoters in marine turtle fibropapillomatosis

Fibropapillomatosis (FP) in green turtles Chelonia mydas is a debilitating, neoplastic disease that has reached worldwide epizootic levels. The etiology of FP is unknown but has been linked to oncogenic viruses. Toxic benthic dinoflagellates (Prorocentrum spp.) are not typically considered tumorigenic agents, yet they have a worldwide distribution and produce a tumor promoter, okadaic...

Authors

Jan H. Landsberg, G.H. Balazs, K.A. Steidinger, D.G. Baden, Thierry M. Work, D.J. Russel

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1998

Three closely related herpesviruses are associated with fibropapillomatosis in marine turtles Three closely related herpesviruses are associated with fibropapillomatosis in marine turtles

Green turtle fibropapillomatosis is a neoplastic disease of increasingly significant threat to the survivability of this species. Degenerate PCR primers that target highly conserved regions of genes encoding herpesvirus DNA polymerases were used to amplify a DNA sequence from fibropapillomas and fibromas from Hawaiian and Florida green turtles. All of the tumors tested (n= 23) were found...

Authors

S.L. Quackenbush, Thierry M. Work, George H. Balazs, Rufina N. Casey, J. Rovnak, A. Chaves, L. duToit, J.D. Baines, C.R. Parrish, Paul R. Bowser, James W. Casey

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1998

Necrotizing enteritis as a cause of mortality in Laysan albatross, Diomedea immutabilis, chicks on Midway Atoll, Hawaii Necrotizing enteritis as a cause of mortality in Laysan albatross, Diomedea immutabilis, chicks on Midway Atoll, Hawaii

A necropsy survey of Laysan albatross, Diomedea immutabilis, chicks on Midway Atoll in June 1993, 1994, and 1995 revealed 54% (21/39), 67% (49/71), and 93% (15/16), respectively, to have enteritis as the most severe pathologic finding. The lesion was limited to the ileum, ceca, and large intestine. We were unable to attribute a single infectious etiology to this lesion. Many birds with...

Authors

Thierry M. Work, M. R. Smith, R. Duncan

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1998

Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from Hawaiian green turtles Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells from Hawaiian green turtles

Objective - To identify and characterize blood cells from free-ranging Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas. Sample Population - 26 green turtles from Puako on the island of Hawaii and Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu. Procedure - Blood was examined, using light and electron microscopy and cytochemical stains that included benzidine peroxidase, chloroacetate esterase, alpha naphthyl...

Authors

Thierry M. Work, R.E. Raskin, George H. Balazs, S.D. Whittaker

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1997

Evidence for retrovirus infections in green turtles Chelonia mydas from the Hawaiian islands Evidence for retrovirus infections in green turtles Chelonia mydas from the Hawaiian islands

Apparently normal Hawaiian green turtles Chelonia mydas and those displaying fibropapillomas were analyzed for infection by retroviruses. Strikingly, all samples were positive for polymerase enhanced reverse transcriptase (PERT) with levels high enough to quantitate by the conventional reverse transcriptase (RT) assay. However, samples of skin, even from asymptomatic turtles, were RT...

Authors

R.N. Casey, S.L. Quackenbush, Thierry M. Work, G.H. Balazs, P.R. Bowser, J.W. Casey

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1997

Preparation, cryopreservation, and growth of cells prepared from the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) Preparation, cryopreservation, and growth of cells prepared from the green turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Techniques are described for preparing, preserving, and growing cell cultures from 30 to 40-day old green turtle embryos (2.0-3.0 cm length) including cells derived from skeletal muscle, liver, heart, kidney, eye, lung, and brain. Acceptable growth of all cells occurred in all standard cell culture media tested, with optimum growth temperature near 30??C. These cell cultures will be used...

Authors

Melody K. Moore, Thierry M. Work, George H. Balazs, Douglas E. Docherty

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1997

Description and epizootiology of Babesia poelea n. sp. in brown boobies (Sula leucogaster (Boddaert)) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Description and epizootiology of Babesia poelea n. sp. in brown boobies (Sula leucogaster (Boddaert)) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific

We describe a new species of piroplasm from brown boobies (Sula leucogaster) on Sand Island, Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, central Pacific. Mean parasitemia in adults and chicks was less than 1%, with the parasitemia in chicks significantly greater than in adults. There was no significant relation between the age of chicks and the degree of parasitemia. Parasitized red cells...

Authors

Thierry M. Work, Robert Rameyer

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Beale, A.M., Higgins, R.J., Work, T.M., Bailey, C.S., Smith, M.O., Shinka, T., and Hammock, B.D. (1989). MPTP-induced parkinson-like disease in sheep: Clinical and pathologic findings. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology 9, 417-428.

Hammock, B.D., Beale, A.M., Work, T.M., Gee, S.J., Gunther, R., Higgins, R.J., Shinka, T., and Castagnoli, N. (1989). A sheep model for MPTP induced parkinson-like symptoms. Life Sciences 45, 1601-1608.

Jessup, D.A., Work, T.M., Bushnell, R., Sawyer, M.M., and Osburn, B.I. (1990). An outbreak of bluetongue in captive deer and adjacent livestock in Kern county, California. California Fish and Game 76, 83-90.

Work, T.M., and Jessup, D.A. (1990). Epidemiology and pathology of hemorrhagic disease in free-ranging black-tailed deer in California: 1986-1987. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 26, 72-76.

Work, T.M., Sawyer, M.M., Jessup, D.A., Washino, R.K., and Osburn, B.I. (1990). Effects of anaesthetization and storage temperature on bluetongue virus recovery from Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and sheep blood. Journal of medical entomology 27, 331-333.

Work, T.M., Washino, R.K., and Van RIper, I.I.I., C (1990). Comparative susceptibility of Culex tarsalis, Anopheles franciscanus and Culiseta inornata (Diptera: Culicidae) to Plasmodium relictum (Haemosporidia: Plasmodiiae). Journal of medical entomology 27, 68-71.

Work, T.M., Mullens, B.A., and Jessup, D.A. (1991). Estimation of survival and gonotrophic cycle length of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) in California. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 7, 242-249.

Fritz, L., Quilliam, M.A., Wright, J.L.C., Beale, A.M., and Work, T.M. (1992). An outbreak of domoic acid poisoning attributed to the pennate diatom Pseudonitzschia australis. J Phycol 28, 439-442.

Work, T.M., Jessup, D.A., and Sawyer, M.M. (1992). Experimental bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infeciton in black-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis 28, 623-628.

Work, T.M., Barr, B., Beale, A., Fritz, L., Quilliam, M.A., and Wright, J.L.C. (1993). Epidemiology of domoic acid poisoning in brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) and Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in California. J Zoo Wildl Med 24, 54-62.

Work, T.M., Beale, A.M., Fritz, L., Quilliam, M.A., Silver, M., Buck, K., and Wright, J. (1993). Domoic acid intoxication of brown pelicans and cormorants in Santa Cruz, California. In Toxic phytoplankton blooms in the sea, T. Smayda, ed. (Copenhagen: Elsiever), pp. 643-649.

Work, T.M., DeLong, R.L., Spraker, T.R., and Melin, S.R. (1993). Halothane anesthesia as a method of immobilizing free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). J Zoo Wildl Med 24, 482-487.

Chomel, B.B., Carniciu, M.L., Kasten, R.W., Castelli, P.M., Work, T.M., and Jessup, D.A. (1994). Antibody prevalence of eight ruminant infectious diseases in California mule and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemioneus). J Wildl Dis 30, 51-59.

Patton, J.F., Work, T.M., Jessup, D.A., Hietala, S.K., Oliver, M.N., and MacLachlan, N.J. (1994). Serologic detection of bluetongue virus infection of black-tailed deer:comparison of the serum neutralization, agar gel immunodiffusion, and competitive ELISA assays. J Wildl Dis 30, 99-102.

Paul-Murphy, J., Work, T., Hunter, D.B., McFie, E., and Fjelline, D. (1994). Serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (Felis concolor) in California. J Wildl Dis 30, 205-215.

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

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