W. Barclay Shoemaker
W. Barclay Shoemaker is a research hydrologist for the U.S. Geological Survey in Davie, Florida. His interests include numerical modeling, micrometeorology, and hydrologic characterization for conflicts over water. Barclay was invited to appear on a National Public Radio (NPR) show titled "Florida Aquifer and Saltwater". He has authored numerous USGS technical reports and journal articles; and has served as peer-reviewer for scientific journals including Ground Water and Water Resources Research.
Science and Products
Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration can be computed as reference, potential, or actual evapotranspiration. Reference evapotranspiration is that from a grass surface that is well-watered. Potential evapotranspiration is that from a surface that has unlimited water (such as a lake). Reference and potential evapotranspiration are computed at a 2-kilometer spatial resolution and daily timestep for the state of Florida...
Evapotranspiration and Carbon-Flux Network
The U.S. Geological Survey Florida Evapotranspiration Network is a collection of historical and current evapotranspiration monitoring sites representing various locations/landscapes/environmental settings in Florida. The USGS collects the evapotranspiration data needed by Federal, State, and local agencies for science-based water resources planning and management. Micro-meteorological methods –...
Digital and NDVI images from Dwarf Cypress, Big Cypress National Preserve from 2021 to 2025 (ver. 2.0, June 2025) Digital and NDVI images from Dwarf Cypress, Big Cypress National Preserve from 2021 to 2025 (ver. 2.0, June 2025)
This data set includes images from Dwarf Cypress located within Big Cypress National Preserve. Images were taken multiple times daily from February 2021 to June 2024 using a five-band multispectral camera equipped for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) sensing and standard high-quality photographs.
Daily evaporation rates computed using five methods at the LZ40 platform in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, December 2012 to December 2016 Daily evaporation rates computed using five methods at the LZ40 platform in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, December 2012 to December 2016
Daily evaporation rates were calculated at the open-water LZ40-platform in the interior of Lake Okeechobee, Florida, from December 1, 2012 through December 31, 2016 using five methods (Shoemaker et al., 2024); specifically, the Penman, Priestly-Taylor, Mass-Transfer, Simple, and Turc equations. Bowen-ratio energy-budget derived daily evaporation rates calculated from micro-meteorological...
Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida
Potential evapotranspiration (PET), and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are estimated at an approximately 2-kilometer (approximately 0.019 degrees longitude and 0.018 degrees latitude) spatial grid and daily time-scale for the entire State of Florida. PET and ETo were computed on the basis of solar radiation, meteorological (minimum/maximum temperature, minimum/maximum relative...
Evapotranspiration Data within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2021 Evapotranspiration Data within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2021
The dataset includes a table in comma delimited format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 1/1/2021 to 12/31/2021 from an ET station within the Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area, near Vero Beach, Florida. Evapotranspiration was estimated using eddy-covariance methods and missing sub-daily (30-minute) and daily ET records were gap-filled with a version of the Turc equation (Trajkovic...
Radiometer data from LZ40 in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 2021 Radiometer data from LZ40 in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 2021
A four-component (incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation) radiometer (model CNR1) was installed on a monitoring station (LZ40) constructed by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) in the approximate center of Lake Okeechobee in Florida, located at 26 degrees 54 minutes 06.254 seconds North, 080 degrees 47 minutes 21.301 seconds West. Specific time-series...
Evapotranspiration at the Clewiston Marsh Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, June 15, 2017 - January 21, 2020 Evapotranspiration at the Clewiston Marsh Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, June 15, 2017 - January 21, 2020
The dataset includes a table in comma delimited format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 6/15/2017 to 1/21/2020 from an ET station in wetlands along the western perimeter of Lake Okeechobee, near Clewiston, Florida. The dominant plant cover at the study site is sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) with secondary amounts of cattails and open water surfaces such as canals for boat navigation...
Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Indian River County, Florida, 2018 to 2020 Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Indian River County, Florida, 2018 to 2020
The dataset includes a table in comma delimited format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 6/14/2018 to 12/31/2020 from an ET station within the Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area, within Indian River County, Florida. Evapotranspiration was estimated using eddy-covariance methods and missing records were gap-filled with a version of the Turc equation (Trajkovic and Kolakovic, 2009)...
Evaporation at LZ40 Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Palm Beach County, Florida, January 1, 2020 - December 31, 2020 Evaporation at LZ40 Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Palm Beach County, Florida, January 1, 2020 - December 31, 2020
Daily measurements of evaporation using the Bowen ratio method were made at USGS station name LZ40 (USGS site number 265405080472100), a platform-based station constructed by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) at the approximate center of Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Meteorological and environmental variables were measured every 30 seconds and averaged at 15-minute...
Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data from weather stations, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida, 2019 Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data from weather stations, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida, 2019
Potential evapotranspiration (PET), and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are estimated at an approximately 2-kilometer (approximately 0.019 degrees longitude and 0.018 degrees latitude) spatial grid and daily time-scale from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 for the entire State of Florida. PET and ETo were computed on the basis of solar radiation, meteorological data (minimum...
Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological, solar insolation, and blue-sky albedo, Florida, 2019 Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological, solar insolation, and blue-sky albedo, Florida, 2019
Potential evapotranspiration (PET), and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are estimated at an approximately 2-kilometer (approximately 0.019 degrees longitude and 0.018 degrees latitude) spatial grid and daily time-scale from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 for the entire State of Florida. PET and ETo were computed on the basis of solar radiation, meteorological data (minimum...
Potential Accumulation of Soil Organic Matter from Carbon Cycling within Greater Everglades Cypress and Pine Forested Wetlands data Potential Accumulation of Soil Organic Matter from Carbon Cycling within Greater Everglades Cypress and Pine Forested Wetlands data
These data quantify components of the carbon cycle within Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida. Continuous data time-series include net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide, methanogenesis, and soil bulk density.
Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2015 to 2018 Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2015 to 2018
he dataset consists of a table in Excel format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 12/1/2015 to 6/13/2018 at ET station within the Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area near Vero Beach, Florida. Evapotranspiration was estimated using eddy-covariance methods. Data processing followed methods outlined by Shoemaker and others (2011). Ancillary data includes net radiation, latent heat...
Filter Total Items: 17
Evaporation from the interior of Lake Okeechobee—A large freshwater lake in Florida, 2013–16 Evaporation from the interior of Lake Okeechobee—A large freshwater lake in Florida, 2013–16
In 2012, a platform at the approximate center of Lake Okeechobee in central Florida was instrumented to continuously measure evaporation with the Bowen-ratio energy-budget method as part of a long-term partnership between the South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. Geological Survey. The primary goal for the study was to quantify daily rates of open-water evaporation. A...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Qinglong Wu
Carbon fluxes and potential soil accumulation within Greater Everglades cypress and pine forested wetlands Carbon fluxes and potential soil accumulation within Greater Everglades cypress and pine forested wetlands
In forested wetlands, accumulation of organic matter in soil is partly governed by carbon fluxes where photosynthesis, respiration, lateral advection of waterborne carbon, fire-derived carbon emissions, and methanogenesis are balanced by changes in stored carbon. Stored carbon can eventually accumulate as soil over time if net primary productivity exceeds biomass decomposition. For this...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Frank E. Anderson, Andre Daniels, Matt Sirianni
Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands
Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and forested subtropical wetlands is largely unknown. Here we report a first step in characterizing this atmospheric–ecosystem carbon (C) exchange, for cypress strands and pine forests in the Greater Everglades of Florida as measured with eddy covariance methods at three locations (Cypress Swamp, Dwarf Cypress and Pine Upland) for 2 years...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Frank E. Anderson, Jordan G. Barr, Scott L. Graham, Daniel B. Botkin
Modifications to the conduit flow process mode 2 for MODFLOW-2005 Modifications to the conduit flow process mode 2 for MODFLOW-2005
As a result of rock dissolution processes, karst aquifers exhibit highly conductive features such as caves and conduits. Within these structures, groundwater flow can become turbulent and therefore be described by nonlinear gradient functions. Some numerical groundwater flow models explicitly account for pipe hydraulics by coupling the continuum model with a pipe network that represents...
Authors
Thomas Reimann, S. Birk, C. Rehrl, W. Barclay Shoemaker
Evapotranspiration over spatially extensive plant communities in the Big Cypress National Preserve, southern Florida, 2007-2010 Evapotranspiration over spatially extensive plant communities in the Big Cypress National Preserve, southern Florida, 2007-2010
Evapotranspiration (ET) was quantified over plant communities within the Big Cypress National Preserve (BCNP) using the eddy covariance method for a period of 3 years from October 2007 to September 2010. Plant communities selected for study included Pine Upland, Wet Prairie, Marsh, Cypress Swamp, and Dwarf Cypress. These plant communities are spatially extensive in southern Florida, and...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Christian D. Lopez, Michael J. Duever
The significance of turbulent flow representation in single-continuum models The significance of turbulent flow representation in single-continuum models
Karst aquifers exhibit highly conductive features caused from rock dissolution processes. Flow within these structures can become turbulent and therefore can be expressed by nonlinear gradient functions. One way to account for these effects is by coupling a continuum model with a conduit network. Alternatively, turbulent flow can be considered by adapting the hydraulic conductivity...
Authors
Thomas Reimann, C. Rehrl, W.B. Shoemaker, T. Geyer, S. Birk
Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers
Well-developed karst aquifers consist of highly conductive conduits and a relatively low permeability fractured and/or porous rock matrix and therefore behave as a dual-hydraulic system. Groundwater flow within highly permeable strata is rapid and transient and depends on local flow conditions, i.e., pressurized or nonpressurized flow. The characterization of karst aquifers is a...
Authors
Thomas Reimann, T. Geyer, W.B. Shoemaker, R. Liedl, M. Sauter
Sensitivity of wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets to evapotranspiration Sensitivity of wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets to evapotranspiration
The sensitivity of wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets to evapotranspiration (ET) was examined using a simplified hydrologic model and eight representations of ET. Estimates of ET that created the most reliable wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets employed vegetation coefficients to correct potential ET, calculated by the Priestley-Taylor equation, to...
Authors
W.B. Shoemaker, S. Huddleston, C.L. Boudreau, A. M. O'Reilly
Permeameter data verify new turbulence process for MODFLOW Permeameter data verify new turbulence process for MODFLOW
A sample of Key Largo Limestone from southern Florida exhibited turbulent flow behavior along three orthogonal axes as reported in recently published permeameter experiments. The limestone sample was a cube measuring 0.2 m on edge. The published nonlinear relation between hydraulic gradient and discharge was simulated using the turbulent flow approximation applied in the Conduit Flow...
Authors
Eve L. Kuniansky, Keith J. Halford, W. Barclay Shoemaker
Effects of turbulence on hydraulic heads and parameter sensitivities in preferential groundwater flow layers Effects of turbulence on hydraulic heads and parameter sensitivities in preferential groundwater flow layers
A conduit flow process (CFP) for the Modular Finite Difference Ground‐Water Flow model, MODFLOW‐2005, has been created by the U.S. Geological Survey. An application of the CFP on a carbonate aquifer in southern Florida is described; this application examines (1) the potential for turbulent groundwater flow and (2) the effects of turbulent flow on hydraulic heads and parameter...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Kevin J. Cunningham, Eve L. Kuniansky, Joann F. Dixon
Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005 Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005
This report documents the Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW-2005. The CFP has the ability to simulate turbulent ground-water flow conditions by: (1) coupling the traditional ground-water flow equation with formulations for a discrete network of cylindrical pipes (Mode 1), (2) inserting a high-conductivity flow layer that can...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Eve L. Kuniansky, Steffen Birk, Sebastian Bauer, Eric D. Swain
Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration
Corrections can be used to estimate actual wetland evapotranspiration (AET) from potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a means to define the hydrology of wetland areas. Many alternate parameterizations for correction coefficients for three PET equations are presented, covering a wide range of possible data-availability scenarios. At nine sites in the wetland Everglades of south Florida...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, D. M. Sumner
Science and Products
Reference and Potential Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration can be computed as reference, potential, or actual evapotranspiration. Reference evapotranspiration is that from a grass surface that is well-watered. Potential evapotranspiration is that from a surface that has unlimited water (such as a lake). Reference and potential evapotranspiration are computed at a 2-kilometer spatial resolution and daily timestep for the state of Florida...
Evapotranspiration and Carbon-Flux Network
The U.S. Geological Survey Florida Evapotranspiration Network is a collection of historical and current evapotranspiration monitoring sites representing various locations/landscapes/environmental settings in Florida. The USGS collects the evapotranspiration data needed by Federal, State, and local agencies for science-based water resources planning and management. Micro-meteorological methods –...
Digital and NDVI images from Dwarf Cypress, Big Cypress National Preserve from 2021 to 2025 (ver. 2.0, June 2025) Digital and NDVI images from Dwarf Cypress, Big Cypress National Preserve from 2021 to 2025 (ver. 2.0, June 2025)
This data set includes images from Dwarf Cypress located within Big Cypress National Preserve. Images were taken multiple times daily from February 2021 to June 2024 using a five-band multispectral camera equipped for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) sensing and standard high-quality photographs.
Daily evaporation rates computed using five methods at the LZ40 platform in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, December 2012 to December 2016 Daily evaporation rates computed using five methods at the LZ40 platform in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, December 2012 to December 2016
Daily evaporation rates were calculated at the open-water LZ40-platform in the interior of Lake Okeechobee, Florida, from December 1, 2012 through December 31, 2016 using five methods (Shoemaker et al., 2024); specifically, the Penman, Priestly-Taylor, Mass-Transfer, Simple, and Turc equations. Bowen-ratio energy-budget derived daily evaporation rates calculated from micro-meteorological...
Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida
Potential evapotranspiration (PET), and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are estimated at an approximately 2-kilometer (approximately 0.019 degrees longitude and 0.018 degrees latitude) spatial grid and daily time-scale for the entire State of Florida. PET and ETo were computed on the basis of solar radiation, meteorological (minimum/maximum temperature, minimum/maximum relative...
Evapotranspiration Data within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2021 Evapotranspiration Data within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2021
The dataset includes a table in comma delimited format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 1/1/2021 to 12/31/2021 from an ET station within the Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area, near Vero Beach, Florida. Evapotranspiration was estimated using eddy-covariance methods and missing sub-daily (30-minute) and daily ET records were gap-filled with a version of the Turc equation (Trajkovic...
Radiometer data from LZ40 in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 2021 Radiometer data from LZ40 in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, 2021
A four-component (incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation) radiometer (model CNR1) was installed on a monitoring station (LZ40) constructed by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) in the approximate center of Lake Okeechobee in Florida, located at 26 degrees 54 minutes 06.254 seconds North, 080 degrees 47 minutes 21.301 seconds West. Specific time-series...
Evapotranspiration at the Clewiston Marsh Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, June 15, 2017 - January 21, 2020 Evapotranspiration at the Clewiston Marsh Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Florida, June 15, 2017 - January 21, 2020
The dataset includes a table in comma delimited format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 6/15/2017 to 1/21/2020 from an ET station in wetlands along the western perimeter of Lake Okeechobee, near Clewiston, Florida. The dominant plant cover at the study site is sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) with secondary amounts of cattails and open water surfaces such as canals for boat navigation...
Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Indian River County, Florida, 2018 to 2020 Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Indian River County, Florida, 2018 to 2020
The dataset includes a table in comma delimited format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 6/14/2018 to 12/31/2020 from an ET station within the Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area, within Indian River County, Florida. Evapotranspiration was estimated using eddy-covariance methods and missing records were gap-filled with a version of the Turc equation (Trajkovic and Kolakovic, 2009)...
Evaporation at LZ40 Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Palm Beach County, Florida, January 1, 2020 - December 31, 2020 Evaporation at LZ40 Platform, Lake Okeechobee, Palm Beach County, Florida, January 1, 2020 - December 31, 2020
Daily measurements of evaporation using the Bowen ratio method were made at USGS station name LZ40 (USGS site number 265405080472100), a platform-based station constructed by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) at the approximate center of Lake Okeechobee, Florida. Meteorological and environmental variables were measured every 30 seconds and averaged at 15-minute...
Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data from weather stations, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida, 2019 Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological data from weather stations, solar insolation data from the GOES satellite, and blue-sky albedo data from the MODIS satellite, Florida, 2019
Potential evapotranspiration (PET), and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are estimated at an approximately 2-kilometer (approximately 0.019 degrees longitude and 0.018 degrees latitude) spatial grid and daily time-scale from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 for the entire State of Florida. PET and ETo were computed on the basis of solar radiation, meteorological data (minimum...
Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological, solar insolation, and blue-sky albedo, Florida, 2019 Daily reference and potential evapotranspiration, and supporting meteorological, solar insolation, and blue-sky albedo, Florida, 2019
Potential evapotranspiration (PET), and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are estimated at an approximately 2-kilometer (approximately 0.019 degrees longitude and 0.018 degrees latitude) spatial grid and daily time-scale from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 for the entire State of Florida. PET and ETo were computed on the basis of solar radiation, meteorological data (minimum...
Potential Accumulation of Soil Organic Matter from Carbon Cycling within Greater Everglades Cypress and Pine Forested Wetlands data Potential Accumulation of Soil Organic Matter from Carbon Cycling within Greater Everglades Cypress and Pine Forested Wetlands data
These data quantify components of the carbon cycle within Big Cypress National Preserve in Florida. Continuous data time-series include net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide, methanogenesis, and soil bulk density.
Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2015 to 2018 Evapotranspiration within Blue Cypress Marsh, Vero Beach, Florida, 2015 to 2018
he dataset consists of a table in Excel format of daily evapotranspiration (ET) from 12/1/2015 to 6/13/2018 at ET station within the Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area near Vero Beach, Florida. Evapotranspiration was estimated using eddy-covariance methods. Data processing followed methods outlined by Shoemaker and others (2011). Ancillary data includes net radiation, latent heat...
Filter Total Items: 17
Evaporation from the interior of Lake Okeechobee—A large freshwater lake in Florida, 2013–16 Evaporation from the interior of Lake Okeechobee—A large freshwater lake in Florida, 2013–16
In 2012, a platform at the approximate center of Lake Okeechobee in central Florida was instrumented to continuously measure evaporation with the Bowen-ratio energy-budget method as part of a long-term partnership between the South Florida Water Management District and the U.S. Geological Survey. The primary goal for the study was to quantify daily rates of open-water evaporation. A...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Qinglong Wu
Carbon fluxes and potential soil accumulation within Greater Everglades cypress and pine forested wetlands Carbon fluxes and potential soil accumulation within Greater Everglades cypress and pine forested wetlands
In forested wetlands, accumulation of organic matter in soil is partly governed by carbon fluxes where photosynthesis, respiration, lateral advection of waterborne carbon, fire-derived carbon emissions, and methanogenesis are balanced by changes in stored carbon. Stored carbon can eventually accumulate as soil over time if net primary productivity exceeds biomass decomposition. For this...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Frank E. Anderson, Andre Daniels, Matt Sirianni
Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and subtropical forested cypress and pine wetlands
Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and forested subtropical wetlands is largely unknown. Here we report a first step in characterizing this atmospheric–ecosystem carbon (C) exchange, for cypress strands and pine forests in the Greater Everglades of Florida as measured with eddy covariance methods at three locations (Cypress Swamp, Dwarf Cypress and Pine Upland) for 2 years...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Frank E. Anderson, Jordan G. Barr, Scott L. Graham, Daniel B. Botkin
Modifications to the conduit flow process mode 2 for MODFLOW-2005 Modifications to the conduit flow process mode 2 for MODFLOW-2005
As a result of rock dissolution processes, karst aquifers exhibit highly conductive features such as caves and conduits. Within these structures, groundwater flow can become turbulent and therefore be described by nonlinear gradient functions. Some numerical groundwater flow models explicitly account for pipe hydraulics by coupling the continuum model with a pipe network that represents...
Authors
Thomas Reimann, S. Birk, C. Rehrl, W. Barclay Shoemaker
Evapotranspiration over spatially extensive plant communities in the Big Cypress National Preserve, southern Florida, 2007-2010 Evapotranspiration over spatially extensive plant communities in the Big Cypress National Preserve, southern Florida, 2007-2010
Evapotranspiration (ET) was quantified over plant communities within the Big Cypress National Preserve (BCNP) using the eddy covariance method for a period of 3 years from October 2007 to September 2010. Plant communities selected for study included Pine Upland, Wet Prairie, Marsh, Cypress Swamp, and Dwarf Cypress. These plant communities are spatially extensive in southern Florida, and...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Christian D. Lopez, Michael J. Duever
The significance of turbulent flow representation in single-continuum models The significance of turbulent flow representation in single-continuum models
Karst aquifers exhibit highly conductive features caused from rock dissolution processes. Flow within these structures can become turbulent and therefore can be expressed by nonlinear gradient functions. One way to account for these effects is by coupling a continuum model with a conduit network. Alternatively, turbulent flow can be considered by adapting the hydraulic conductivity...
Authors
Thomas Reimann, C. Rehrl, W.B. Shoemaker, T. Geyer, S. Birk
Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers Effects of dynamically variable saturation and matrix-conduit coupling of flow in karst aquifers
Well-developed karst aquifers consist of highly conductive conduits and a relatively low permeability fractured and/or porous rock matrix and therefore behave as a dual-hydraulic system. Groundwater flow within highly permeable strata is rapid and transient and depends on local flow conditions, i.e., pressurized or nonpressurized flow. The characterization of karst aquifers is a...
Authors
Thomas Reimann, T. Geyer, W.B. Shoemaker, R. Liedl, M. Sauter
Sensitivity of wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets to evapotranspiration Sensitivity of wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets to evapotranspiration
The sensitivity of wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets to evapotranspiration (ET) was examined using a simplified hydrologic model and eight representations of ET. Estimates of ET that created the most reliable wetland saturated hydraulic heads and water budgets employed vegetation coefficients to correct potential ET, calculated by the Priestley-Taylor equation, to...
Authors
W.B. Shoemaker, S. Huddleston, C.L. Boudreau, A. M. O'Reilly
Permeameter data verify new turbulence process for MODFLOW Permeameter data verify new turbulence process for MODFLOW
A sample of Key Largo Limestone from southern Florida exhibited turbulent flow behavior along three orthogonal axes as reported in recently published permeameter experiments. The limestone sample was a cube measuring 0.2 m on edge. The published nonlinear relation between hydraulic gradient and discharge was simulated using the turbulent flow approximation applied in the Conduit Flow...
Authors
Eve L. Kuniansky, Keith J. Halford, W. Barclay Shoemaker
Effects of turbulence on hydraulic heads and parameter sensitivities in preferential groundwater flow layers Effects of turbulence on hydraulic heads and parameter sensitivities in preferential groundwater flow layers
A conduit flow process (CFP) for the Modular Finite Difference Ground‐Water Flow model, MODFLOW‐2005, has been created by the U.S. Geological Survey. An application of the CFP on a carbonate aquifer in southern Florida is described; this application examines (1) the potential for turbulent groundwater flow and (2) the effects of turbulent flow on hydraulic heads and parameter...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Kevin J. Cunningham, Eve L. Kuniansky, Joann F. Dixon
Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005 Documentation of a Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for MODFLOW-2005
This report documents the Conduit Flow Process (CFP) for the modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, MODFLOW-2005. The CFP has the ability to simulate turbulent ground-water flow conditions by: (1) coupling the traditional ground-water flow equation with formulations for a discrete network of cylindrical pipes (Mode 1), (2) inserting a high-conductivity flow layer that can...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, Eve L. Kuniansky, Steffen Birk, Sebastian Bauer, Eric D. Swain
Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration Alternate corrections for estimating actual wetland evapotranspiration from potential evapotranspiration
Corrections can be used to estimate actual wetland evapotranspiration (AET) from potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a means to define the hydrology of wetland areas. Many alternate parameterizations for correction coefficients for three PET equations are presented, covering a wide range of possible data-availability scenarios. At nine sites in the wetland Everglades of south Florida...
Authors
W. Barclay Shoemaker, D. M. Sumner