Molecular tools and methodologies are used designed and used for diverse applications. These applications can be used to assess questions of threatened and endangered species, population and conservation biology, ecological communities, microbial diversity, molecular epidemiology and genomics of non-model organisms among many others. Successful integration of these tools and technologies greatly expand our knowledge of species health, population numbers, community presence and roles, assessment of contaminants and other stressors through analysis of gene expression and others too numerous to name. These tools and methodologies are sometimes developed as a necessity due to work with non-model, wild species or adapted from human health innovations.