Cartwright, D.D. 1998. Dietary lipid levels of juvenile yellow perch (Master’s Thesis). Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD
Biography
Dr. Deborah D. Iwanowicz is a research fish biologist that utilizes molecular diagnostics for research studies. Her research principally focuses on targeted amplicon sequencing applied to topics such as: diet evaluation, pollen identification, pathogen identification and microbial community profiling. She is a principle investigator and collaborator on a number of projects that focus on the effects of contaminants on fish health, the significance of disease organisms in invasive species, profiling complex microbial community dynamics, as well as protocol and assay development. Her research includes that of molecular microbiology (parasitology, bacteriology, virology on fishes, amphibians, sea turtles, marine mammals, insects, plants, aquatic and terrestrial gastropods). She leads efforts in the NFHRL for method development on metagenomics analyses of diet from scat, stomach content, or regurgitated cough pellets. This work has been modified to identify plant species found in pollen, diets of mammals, birds, and aquatic animals. She also often focuses her efforts on threatened and endangered species.
Education
- Ph.D., 2007, University of Georgia
- M.S., 1998, Purdue University
- B.S., 1993, Purdue University
Science and Products
Date published: April 3, 2019
Status: Active Use of next-generation sequencing for the dietary analyses of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) stomach content
The USGS Leetown Science Center (USGS LSC) scientists are collaborating with the PADEP (SMB) to develop and evaluate a genetic assay for fish diets that will allow us to develop a cost-effective monitoring program for determining the diet of wild fish. We will test the utility of this method and, once fully developed, these methods could be generally applied in many other piscivorous species...
Contacts: Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD
Date published: April 3, 2019
Status: Active Development of Next Generation Techniques of fecal samples collected from nestling cactus wren
Coastal cactus wren populations have declined in southern California over the last three decades. In San Diego County, this decline has been especially noticeable in the Otay area, which in 2014 supported 14 territories on conserved lands. In the past, there were 25-53 active territories reported for this same area, with the highest estimate in 1992. There is also concern the number of active...
Contacts: Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD, Amy Vandergast
Date published: April 3, 2019
Status: Active An ecosystem approach to assessing unconventional oil and gas impacts in aquatic ecosystems
The development of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) technology promises economic, societal and national security benefits. However, technological developments in this field have rapidly outpaced scientific studies on potential environmental effects. The effects of accidental UOG-related spills on environmental health are not adequately characterized, often occur in already ecological...
Date published: April 1, 2019
Status: Active Metabarcoding of stomach contents from the Round Goby (Negobius melanostromus) in Pennsylvania
The Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus, is a small benthic fish native to the Sea of Azov, the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The first round goby found in the Pennsylvania waters was in 1996. Since then, round gobies are now the dominant benthic fish in many of the tributary streams in the Pennsylvanian waters of Lake Erie, including French Creek. French Creek is...
Contacts: Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD, Jay Stauffer
Date published: March 12, 2019
Status: Active Improving Forage for Honey Bees on USDA Conservation Lands: A Pilot Study for Testing Sampling Methods and Hypothesis Development
Commercial beekeepers have been bringing their bees to the Northern Great Prairie (NGP) for many decades due to the availability of nectar and pollen-rich plants in abundant grasslands.
Contacts: Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD
Date published: March 11, 2019
Status: Active Establishing Molecular Methods to Quantitatively Profile Stomach Diet Items of Fish—Application to the Invasive Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus)
The USGS Leetown Science Center (USGS LSC) scientists are collaborating with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MDDNR) to develop and evaluate a genetic assay for blue catfish fish diets that will allow us to design a cost-effective monitoring program for determining the diet of wild fish. We will test the utility of this method and, once fully developed, these methods could be...
Contacts: Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD
Date published: February 27, 2019
Status: Active Developing Novel Amplicon Sequencing Assays From Scat For Diet Analysis of the pacific pocket mouse (perognathus longimembris pacificus)
Developing Novel Amplicon Sequencing Assays From Scat For Diet Analysis of the pacific pocket mouse (perognathus longimembris pacificus)
Contacts: Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD
Date published: April 16, 2018
Status: Active Molecular tools and methodologies
Molecular tools and methodologies are used designed and used for diverse applications. These applications can be used to assess questions of threatened and endangered species, population and conservation biology, ecological communities, microbial diversity, molecular epidemiology and genomics of non-model organisms among many others. Successful integration of these tools and...
Attribution: Region 1: North Atlantic-Appalachian, Leetown Science Center
Date published: February 20, 2018
Status: Active Giant African Land Snail
Originally from East Africa, the giant African land snail (Achatina fulica), has been established throughout the Indo-Pacific Basin, including the Hawaiian Islands. Since 2011, these snails have been found in Miami, Florida. Although the current range is limited to the southern latitudes of Florida, this snail can withstand freezing and go into hibernation for as much as a year. This allows...
Contacts: Deborah D Iwanowicz, PhD
Year Published: 2020
An updated genetic marker for detection of Lake Sinai Virus and metagenetic applications
BackgroundLake Sinai Viruses (LSV) are common RNA viruses of honey bees (Apis mellifera) that frequently reach high abundance but are not linked to overt disease. LSVs are genetically heterogeneous and collectively widespread, but despite frequent detection in surveys, the ecological and geographic factors structuring their distribution in A...
Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Wu-Smart, Judy Y.; Olgun, Tugce; Smart, Autumn; Otto, Clint R. V.; Lopez, Dawn; Evans, Jay D.; Cornman, Robert S.
Year Published: 2020
Forage and habitat for pollinators in the northern Great Plains—Implications for U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs
Managed and wild pollinators are critical components of agricultural and natural systems. Despite the well-known value of insect pollinators to U.S. agriculture, Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758; honey bees) and wild bees currently face numerous stressors that have resulted in declining health. These declines have engendered support for pollinator...
Otto, Clint R. V.; Smart, Autumn; Cornman, Robert S.; Simanonok, Michael; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.Attribution: Fort Collins Science Center, Leetown Science Center, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Ecosystems, Region 1: North Atlantic-Appalachian
View Citation
Otto, C.R.V., Smart, A., Cornman, R.S., Simanonok, M., and Iwanowicz, D.D., 2020, Forage and habitat for pollinators in the northern Great Plains—Implications for U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2020–1037, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20201037.
Year Published: 2019
Influenza A virus detected in native bivalves in waterfowl habitat of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA
We evaluated the prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in different species of bivalves inhabiting natural water bodies in waterfowl habitat along the Delmarva Peninsula and Chesapeake Bay in eastern Maryland. Bivalve tissue from clam and mussel specimens (Macoma balthica, Macoma phenax, Mulinia sp., Rangia cuneata, ...
Densmore, Christine L.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; McLaughlin, Shawn M.; Ottinger, Christopher A.; Spires, Jason E.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.
Year Published: 2019
Molecular identification of fecal contamination in the Elks Run Watershed, Jefferson County, West Virginia, 2016–17
The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study using modern methods of molecular analysis aimed at attempting to identify the source(s) of fecal contamination that had been identified in previous studies conducted by the West Virginia Conservation Agency in the Elk Run watershed, Jefferson County, West Virginia. Water samples from multiple sites...
Schill, W. Bane; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.View Citation
Schill, W.B., and Iwanowicz, D.D., 2019, Molecular identification of fecal contamination in the Elks Run watershed, Jefferson County, West Virginia, 2016–17: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1064, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191064.
Year Published: 2019
Establishing molecular methods to quantitatively profile gastric diet items of fish—Application to the invasive blue catfish (ictalurus furcatus)
Understanding the diet of invasive species helps researchers to more accurately assess the health, survivorship, growth, and stability of an invasive fish species, as well as their effects on native populations. Techniques capable of identifying multiple prey species from fish stomach contents have been developed. In this study, a multi-locus...
Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Schill, W. Bane; Sanders, Lakyn R.; Tim Groves; Groves, Mary C.View Citation
Iwanowicz, D.D., Schill, W.B., Sanders, L.R., Groves, T., and Groves, M.C., 2019, Establishing molecular methods to quantitatively profile gastric diet items of fish—Application to the invasive blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2019–1021, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20191021.
Year Published: 2019
Isolation, characterization and molecular identification of a novel aquareovirus that infects the endangered fountain darter, Etheostoma fonticola
The fountain darter Etheostoma fonticola (FOD) is a federally endangered fish listed under the US Endangered Species Act. Here, we identified and characterized a novel aquareovirus isolated from wild fountain darters inhabiting the San Marcos River. This virus was propagated in Chinook salmon embryo (CHSE)-214, rainbow trout gonad-2 and...
Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Adams, Cynthia R.; Lewis, Teresa; Brandt, Tom; Sanders, Lakyn R.; Cornman, Robert S.
Year Published: 2018
A method for determining avian influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtype association
Methods for grouping specific avian influenza virus (AIV) hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtype reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products into HA:NA subtypes when egg incubation is technically not feasible were evaluated. These approaches were adopted for use as post hoc methods after melt curve analysis. The...
Ottinger, Christopher A.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Adams, Cynthia R.; Sanders, Lakyn R.; Densmore, Christine L.View Citation
Ottinger, C.A., Iwanowicz, D.D., Iwanowicz, L.R., Adams, C.R., Sanders, L.R., and Densmore, C.L., 2018, A method for determining avian influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtype association: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2018–1102, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20181102.
Year Published: 2018
Exposure to synthetic hydraulic fracturing waste influences the mucosal bacterial community structure of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) epidermis
Production of natural gas using unconventional technologies has risen as demand for alternative fuels has increased. Impacts on the environment from waste generated from these processes are largely unexplored. In particular, the outcomes of organismal exposure to hydraulic fracturing waste have not been rigorously evaluated. We evaluated the...
Galbraith, Heather S.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Spooner, Daniel E.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Keller, David; Zelanko, Paula M.; Adams, Cynthia R.
Year Published: 2018
Genomic evolution, recombination, and inter-strain diversity of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 from Florida and Hawaii green sea turtles with fibropapillomatosis
Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) is a herpesvirus associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP) in sea turtles worldwide. Single-locus typing has previously shown differentiation between Atlantic and Pacific strains of this virus, with low variation within each geographic clade. However, a lack of multi-locus genomic sequence data hinders...
Morrison, Cheryl L.; Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Work, Thierry M.; Fahsbender, Elizabeth; Breitbart, Mya; Adams, Cynthia R.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Sanders, Lakyn; Ackermann, Mathias; Cornman, Robert S.Attribution: Fort Collins Science Center, Leetown Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Ecosystems, Fish & Wildlife Disease, Region 1: North Atlantic-Appalachian
View Citation
Morrison et al. (2018), Genomic evolution, recombination, and inter-strain diversity of chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 from Florida and Hawaii green sea turtles with fibropapillomatosis. PeerJ 6:e4386; DOI 10.7717/peerj.4386
Year Published: 2018
Using colony monitoring devices to evaluate the impacts of land use and nutritional value of forage on honey bee health
Colony monitoring devices used to track and assess the health status of honey bees are becoming more widely available and used by both beekeepers and researchers. These devices monitor parameters relevant to colony health at frequent intervals, often approximating real time. The fine-scale record of hive condition can be further related to static...
Smart, Matthew; Otto, Clint R. V.; Cornman, Robert S.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.
Year Published: 2017
Endozoicomonas dominates the gill and intestinal content microbiomes of Mytilus edulis from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey
Blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, Linnaeus 1758 from southern Barnegat Bay, New Jersey were examined to determine the make-up of the normal blue mussel microbiome. Sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA amplicons from gill and intestinal content microbiomes using the Illumina® MiSeq platform yielded 1,276,161 paired end sequence reads from the gill...
Schill, William B.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Adams, Cynthia R.View Citation
Schill, W.B., Iwanowicz, D.D., and Adams, C., 2017, Endozoicomonas Dominates the Gill and Intestinal Content Microbiomes of Mytilus edulis from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey: Journal of Shellfish Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 391-401.
Year Published: 2017
Draft genome sequence of a picorna-like virus associated with gill tissue in clinically normal brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis
Here, we report a draft genome sequence of a picorna-like virus associated with brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, gill tissue. The draft genome comprises 8,681 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tract, and contains two open reading frames. It is most similar to picorna-like viruses that infect invertebrates.
Iwanowicz, Luke R.; Iwanowicz, Deborah D.; Adams, Cynthia R.; Galbraith, Heather S.; Aunins, Aaron; Cornman, Robert S.View Citation
Iwanowicz, L.R., D.D. Iwanowicz, C.R. Adams, H. Galbraith, A. Aunins and R.S. Cornman (2017) Draft Genome of a Picorna-Like Virus Associated with Gill Tissue in Clinically Normal Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Genome Announcements. 5:e01022-17.
Pre-USGS Publications
Densmore, C. L., J. H. Schachte, V. S. Blazer, T. B. Waldrop, C. J. Petrie, A. Mack, M. V. Bature, P. S. Pooler, D.D. Cartwright and W. B. Schill. 2001. A comparison of susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of whirling disease among Onchorhynchus mykiss strains in field and laboratory exposures. J. Aquatic Animal Health 13:220-227.
Gauthier, D. T., D.D. Cartwright, C. L. Densmore, V. S. Blazer, and C. A. Ottinger. 2003. Measurement of in vitro mitogenesis in fish: ELISA based detection of the thymidine analogue 5’-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 14(4):279-288.
Blazer, V. S., Densmore, C. L.; Schill, W. B.; Cartwright, D.D., and Page, S. J. 2004. Comparative susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, lake trout and rainbow trout to Myxobolus cerebralis in controlled laboratory exposures. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 58(1):27-34.
Iwanowicz, L., Griffin, A., Cartwright, D., and Blazer, V. 2006. Mortality and pathology associated in brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus) naturally infected with Edwarsiella ictaluri under tank culture conditions. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 70(3):219-225.
Blazer, V. S., L. R. Iwanowicz, D. D. Iwanowicz, D. R. Smith, J. A. Young, J. D. Hedrick, S. W. Foster, and S.J. Reeser. 2007. Intersex (Testicular oocytes) in Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu from the Potomac River and selected nearby drainages. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 19: 242-253.
Iwanowicz, D.D. 2007. Effects of environmental stressors and anthropogenic disturbances on infections with myxozoan parasites (Doctoral dissertation). University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. Print.
Iwanowicz, L. R., D. D. Iwanowicz, L. M. Pote, V. S. Blazer, and W. B. Schill. 2008. Morphology and 18S rDNA of Henneguya gurlei (Myxosporea) from Ameiurus nebulosus (Siluriformes) in North Carolina, USA. Journal of Parasitology 94:46-57.
Burdick, S.M., Ottinger, C., Brown, D.T., VanderKooi, S.P., Robertson, L., and Iwanowicz, D.. 2009. Distribution, health, and development of larval and juvenile Lost River and Shortnose suckers in the Williamson River Delta restoration project and Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: 2008 Annual Data Summary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1287, 76 p.
Blazer, V.S., L.R. Iwanowicz, C.E. Starliper, and D.D. Iwanowicz. 2010. Mortality of Centrarchid fishes in the Potomac Drainage: Survey results and overview of potential contributing factors. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 22: 190-218.
Bridging America and Russia with Shared Perspectives on Aquatic Animal Health Proceedings of the Third Bilateral Conference between Russia and the United States
1. Iwanowicz, D.D. 2011. Overview On the Effects of Parasites On Fish Health. Pages 176-184 in Cipriano, R.C., Bruckner, A.W. and Shchelkunov, I.S., editors. 2011. Bridging America and Russia with Shared Perspectives on Aquatic Animal Health Proceedings of the Third Bilateral Conference between Russia and the United States. 20 July 2009. Shepherdstown, West Virginia. Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, Landover, Maryland, USA.
https://www.lsc.usgs.gov/files/D%20Iwanowicz%202011.pdf
Walsh, HL, LR Iwanowicz, GW Glenney, D. D. Iwanowicz, VS Blazer. 2012. Description of Two New Gill Myxozoans from Smallmouth (Micropterus dolomieu) and Largemouth (M. salmoides) Bass. Journal of Parasitology. 98 415-422.
Iwanowicz, D. D., L.R. Iwanowicz, E.W. Howerth, W.B. Schill, V.S. Blazer, and R.L. Johnson. 2013. Characterization of a new Myxozoan Species (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae: Myxosporea) in Largescale Stonerollers (Campostoma oligolepis) from the Mobile River Basin (Alabama). Journal of Parasitology 99(1): 102-111.
Ciparis, S., D. D. Iwanowicz and J. R. Voshell. 2013. Relationships between nutrient enrichment, pleurocerid snail densities, and trematode infection rates in streams. Fish Biology 58 (7): 1392-1404.
Iwanowicz. D.D., L.R. Iwanowicz, N. Hitt, T.L. King. 2013. Differential expression profiles of miRNA in the Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) associated with White Nose affected and unaffected individuals. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1099, 11 p., available only at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1099
Blazer, V.S, D.D. Iwanowicz, H.L. Walsh, A.J. Sperry, L.R. Iwanowicz, D.A. Alvarez, R.A. Brightbill, G. Smith and R. Manning. 2014. Reproductive Health Indicators of Fishes from Pennsylvania Watersheds: Association with Chemicals of Emerging Concern. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 186 (10): 6471-6491.
Morrison, C., M. Springmann, D. Iwanowicz, and C. Wade. 2014.Development of ten microsatellite loci in the intensive giant African land snail, Achatina (Lissachatina) fulica Bowdich, 1822. Conservation Genetics Resources. 19 September.
Chalupnicki, M., D. Dittman, C.E. Starliper, and D.D. Iwanowicz. 2015. Efficacy of Iodine for Disinfection of Lake Sturgeon Eggs from the St. Lawrence River, New York. North American Journal of Aquaculture 77: 82-89.
Iwanowicz, D, Sanders L, Schill W., Xayavong M, de Silva, A, Qvarnstrom Y, Smith T. 2015. Spread of the Rat Lungworm (Angiostrogylus cantonensis) in Giant African Land Snails (Lissachatina fulica) in Florida, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51(3): 749-753. doi: 10.7589/2014-06-160. Epub 2015 May 14.
Starliper, C.E., B.J. Watten, D.D. Iwanowicz, P.A. Green, N. L. Bassett, and C.R. Adams. 2015. Efficacy of pH Elevation as a Bactericidal Strategy for Treating Ballast Water of Freight Carriers. Journal of Advanced Research 6: 501-509.
Iwanowicz, L., V. Blazer, A. Pinkney, C. Guy, A. Major, K. Munney, S. Mierzykowski, S. Lingenfelser, A. Secord, T. Kubiak, C. Stern, C. Hahn, D. Iwanowicz, H. Walsh, and A. Sperry. 2015. Evidence of Estrogenic Endocrine Disruption in Smallmouth Bass and Largemouth Bass Inhabiting Northeast U.S. National Wildlife Refuge Waters: A Reconnaissance Study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 124: 50-59.
Densmore, C.L., L.R. Iwanowicz, A.P. Henderson, D.D. Iwanowicz and J.S. Odenkirk. 2015. Mycobacterial Infection in Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) from the Potomac River Catchment. Journal of Fish Diseases. Epub 2015.
Cornman, R.S., C.R.V. Otto, D. Iwanowicz, J.S. Pettis. 2015. Taxonomic characterization of honey bee (Apis mellifera) pollen foraging based on non-overlapping paired-end sequencing of nuclear ribosomal loci. Plos One
Iwanowicz, D., M.C. Black, V.S. Blazer, H. Zappia, and W. Bryant. 2016. Effects of urban land-use on largescale stonerollers in the Mobile River Basin, Birmingham, AL. Ecotoxicology 25:608-621.
Ottinger, C.A., C.L. Densmore, L.S. Robertson, D.D. Iwanowicz, S.P. VanderKooi. 2016. Transforming growth factor-β1 expression in endangered age-0 shortnose suckers (Chasmistes brevirostris) from Upper Klamath Lake, OR relative to histopathology, meristic, patial and temporal data. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 49:1-6.
Iwanowicz, D.D., A.G. Vandergast, R.S. Cornman, C.R. Adams, J.R. Kohn, R.N. Fisher, C.S. Brehme. 2016. Metabarcoding of fecal samples to determine herbivore diets: a case study of the endangered pacific pocket mouse. Plos One
Potential concerns with the analytical methods used for the detection of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans from archived DNA of amphibian swab samples, Oregon, USA
Iwanowicz, D.D., W.B. Schill, D.H. Olson, M.J. Adams, C. Densmore, R.S.Cornman, C. Adams, C.Figiel, Jr., C.W. Anderson, A.R. Blaustein, and T. Chestnut. 2017. Potential concerns with the analytical methods used for the detection of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans from archived DNA of amphibian swab samples, Oregon, USA. Herpetological Review 48(2): 352-355.
A comparison of honey bee-collected pollen from working agricultural lands using light microscopy and ITS metabarcoding
Smart, M.D., R.S. Cornman, D.D. Iwanowicz, M. McDermott-Kubeczko, J.S. Pettis, M.S. Spivak, C.R.V. Otto. 2017. A comparison of honey bee-collected pollen from working agricultural lands using light microscopy and ITS metabarcoding. Environmental Entomology 46(1):38-49. DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw159
Prosser, D.J., C.L.Densmore, L.J. Hindman, D.D. Iwanowicz, C.A. Ottinger, L.R. Iwanowicz, C.P. Driscoll, J.L. Nagel. 2017. Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses in wild migratory waterfowl in a region of high poultry production, Delmarva, Maryland. Avian Diseases 61(1): 128-134.
Date published: March 25, 2019
USGS Leetown Science Center to Host Earth Day Open House
USGS Leetown Science Center (LSC) to host Earth Day Open House on Sunday, April 28 from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m.
Attribution: Leetown Science Center
Date published: July 9, 2015
Snail Trail for Parasites Expands
The invasive giant African land snail is expanding its range in Miami, and with it, the range of the parasitic rat lungworm, according to new U.S. Geological Survey led research.