The Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) coastal drainages NAWQA study is one of the 1994 set and is coordinated from our West Trenton, NJ office. Tasks for the first two years, 1994-95, included staffing, developing a liaison process, analyzing existing data, and designing a data collection program that started in 1996. These planning activities lead to the study design for 3 years of intensive data collection in 1996-98. The intensive efforts includes multi-scale study approaches to collect samples of water, suspended and bed sediment, biologic tissues, and aquatic communities. The LINJ NAWQA study is scheduled to enter a low-intensity phase of monitoring and report writing in 1999 and return to another 3 years of intensive study again in 2005-7.
It is interesting how perceptions and needs haven't changed much since 1894, just the wording -- "The need of wholesome water for household consumption, as also good water for use in the arts, has prompted many inquiries about the available sources from which steady and abundant supplies of such water may be had, and the large number of these inquiries has demonstrated the necessity of gathering all of the facts relative to the occurrence of waters on the surface and in the earthy and rocky beds under it" (from Cornelius Vermeule, 1894, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Report on Water Supply-- Water power, the flow of streams and attendant phenomena).
Since the time of Vermeule, the LINJ study area has continued to grow and is one of the more densely populated areas of the nation. The 1990 population of the 6,000 square mile study unit is more than 10 million people, concentrated particularly on Long Island and in northeastern New Jersey . There is almost two centuries of a strong and prosperous industrial economy supported by this population, largely centered around the ports of New York City and Philadelphia. There also is a very productive agricultural heritage around the fringes of these metropolitan areas and in the more rural areas of southern and western NJ and eastern LI. These fringe areas, however, are rapidly becoming urban and suburban communities. Currently, agriculture accounts for 12% of the land use in the study area. The remaining 88% is split about equal between urban and forest/wetland/other. There was a 9% increase in urban and subsequent decrease in forest and agricultural land uses between 1973 and 1990. The population growth for the same period was about 8%.
About two-thirds of the study area is in the Coastal Plain and is characterized by flat to gently rolling topography of unconsolidated sedimentary (NJ and LI) and glacial (LI only) deposits, extensive aquifer systems, and streams dominated by groundwater discharge. The other one-third, north of the Fall Line in northeast NJ (the Piedmont and New England provinces) is characterized by rolling to hilly topography of weathered bedrock throughout and glacial deposits in the northern half of each, fractured bedrock or valley-fill aquifers, and streams dominated by surface-runoff.
Total withdrawals for water supply in the LINJ is 1,617 million gallons per day. Surface water accounts for 37%, mostly in northeastern NJ. Groundwater accounts for 63%; 44% of which is in the LI Coastal Plain, 37% in NJ Coastal Plain, and 19% in northeastern NJ. Only 20 to 40% of the total water use is groundwater from the deeper, "confined" aquifers. As a result, much of the water supply in the LINJ is from surface water or surficial groundwater sources and is, therefore, highly vulnerable to contamination.
Major Issues and Goals of the Study
The LINJ liaison committee identified two broad water-quality concerns in the study area, they are: (1) the effects of nonpoint-source runoff and, to some extent, point discharges on streams, lakes, and estuaries; and (2) the vulnerability of public and domestic water supplies to contamination from urban, industrial, and agricultural land use. Toxic substances (VOCs, pesticides, and trace elements) are understanably of greatest concern. Unfortunately, the current scientific understanding of processes governing the presence, distribution, fate, and biological effects of these contaminants is limited. Nutrient loading is a concern within the study area. It is important to the aquatic health of streams, lakes, and receiving waters like the New York/New Jersey Harbor Complex and Barnegat Bay. Nitrate concentrations have been found to exceed water-quailty criteria in some shallower groundwater systems of the area used for water supply.
The large population, extensive urban and industrial development, and, in some areas, agricultural activities are the main causes of water-quality problems. The LINJ liaison committee recognizes that the NAWQA program can provide additional data and understanding to facilitate development of management strategies of these problems. For our data rich study area, we believe the typical NAWQA design strategies for occurrence and 'multiple lines of evidence' coupled with the use of some modeling approaches will be quite effective in filling in some important data gaps. More so, these efforts should help in developing a better understandingof the principal sources and processes needed to address the more important issues.
For example, we hope to build extensive surface-water data sets of nutrients, pesticides, VOCs, and biology for study area streams. The data sets will not only be useful in relating contaminant occurrence to land use, but we hope to tease out the major factors for observed differences in aquatic communities from these 'multiple lines of evidence'. We are also building an extensive data set for nutrients, pesticides, and VOCs in groundwater. When coupled with source and fate studies (atmospheric, unsaturated, and flow path), this will allow us to better relate shallow groundwater quality to land use, to help identify sources for and estimate the fate of specific contaminants, and perhaps say 'what systems are more vunerable and what might be done about the problems'. We have made significant progress in FY96-98 towards that end.
Liason Committee Meeting Summaries
Liason committee meeting summaries can be found under Related Science
-----
USGS Study Team from New Jersey and New York as of March 1997:
Mark A. Ayers, Study-unit chief, general information, SU and network design
Anne K. O'Brien, Surface-water quality, watershed geochemistry, VOC's and pesticides in SW
Robert G. Reiser, Surface-water hydrology, nutrients in SW
Jack Pflaumer, Surface-water sampling and data base management
Gary Long, Surface-water and ecologic sampling and data quality assurance
Jonathan G. Kennen, Aquatic ecology and multivariate statistics
Ming Chang, Aquatic ecology
Paul E. Stackelberg, Groundwater quality, statistics, GW land-use and flowpath surveys
Jessica A. Hopple, Organic and isotope geochemistry, QA/QC, NE NJ GW subunit survey
Leon Kaufmann, Groundwater flow and quality modeling, GW land-use and flowpath surveys
Arthur L. Baehr, Groundwater flow and quality modeling, atmospheric and unsaturated soil-zone study
Ronald J. Baker, Atmospheric and unsaturated soil-zone VOC/pesticides studies
Paul C. Dunne, Geographic information systems/database
Stephen A. Terracciano, LI groundwater isues and geochemistry
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Overview
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
Below are publications associated with this project.
Relation of pesticide concentrations to season, streamflow, and land use in seven New Jersey streams
Effects of land use and travel time on the distribution of nitrate in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey
Frequently co‐occurring pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public supply and monitoring wells, southern New Jersey, USA
Comparison of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey
Pesticides in streams in New Jersey and Long Island, New York, and relation to land use
Evaluating temporal changes in stream condition in three New Jersey rive basins by using an index of biotic integrity
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds in lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, summer 1998
Evaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater
Relation of macroinvertebrate community impairment to catchment characteristics in New Jersey streams
Below are partners associated with this project.
- Overview
The Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) coastal drainages NAWQA study is one of the 1994 set and is coordinated from our West Trenton, NJ office. Tasks for the first two years, 1994-95, included staffing, developing a liaison process, analyzing existing data, and designing a data collection program that started in 1996. These planning activities lead to the study design for 3 years of intensive data collection in 1996-98. The intensive efforts includes multi-scale study approaches to collect samples of water, suspended and bed sediment, biologic tissues, and aquatic communities. The LINJ NAWQA study is scheduled to enter a low-intensity phase of monitoring and report writing in 1999 and return to another 3 years of intensive study again in 2005-7.
It is interesting how perceptions and needs haven't changed much since 1894, just the wording -- "The need of wholesome water for household consumption, as also good water for use in the arts, has prompted many inquiries about the available sources from which steady and abundant supplies of such water may be had, and the large number of these inquiries has demonstrated the necessity of gathering all of the facts relative to the occurrence of waters on the surface and in the earthy and rocky beds under it" (from Cornelius Vermeule, 1894, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Report on Water Supply-- Water power, the flow of streams and attendant phenomena).
Grapic showing the Aquifer types found within the Long Island- New Jersey NAWQA Study Area Since the time of Vermeule, the LINJ study area has continued to grow and is one of the more densely populated areas of the nation. The 1990 population of the 6,000 square mile study unit is more than 10 million people, concentrated particularly on Long Island and in northeastern New Jersey . There is almost two centuries of a strong and prosperous industrial economy supported by this population, largely centered around the ports of New York City and Philadelphia. There also is a very productive agricultural heritage around the fringes of these metropolitan areas and in the more rural areas of southern and western NJ and eastern LI. These fringe areas, however, are rapidly becoming urban and suburban communities. Currently, agriculture accounts for 12% of the land use in the study area. The remaining 88% is split about equal between urban and forest/wetland/other. There was a 9% increase in urban and subsequent decrease in forest and agricultural land uses between 1973 and 1990. The population growth for the same period was about 8%.
About two-thirds of the study area is in the Coastal Plain and is characterized by flat to gently rolling topography of unconsolidated sedimentary (NJ and LI) and glacial (LI only) deposits, extensive aquifer systems, and streams dominated by groundwater discharge. The other one-third, north of the Fall Line in northeast NJ (the Piedmont and New England provinces) is characterized by rolling to hilly topography of weathered bedrock throughout and glacial deposits in the northern half of each, fractured bedrock or valley-fill aquifers, and streams dominated by surface-runoff.
Total withdrawals for water supply in the LINJ is 1,617 million gallons per day. Surface water accounts for 37%, mostly in northeastern NJ. Groundwater accounts for 63%; 44% of which is in the LI Coastal Plain, 37% in NJ Coastal Plain, and 19% in northeastern NJ. Only 20 to 40% of the total water use is groundwater from the deeper, "confined" aquifers. As a result, much of the water supply in the LINJ is from surface water or surficial groundwater sources and is, therefore, highly vulnerable to contamination.
Major Issues and Goals of the Study
The LINJ liaison committee identified two broad water-quality concerns in the study area, they are: (1) the effects of nonpoint-source runoff and, to some extent, point discharges on streams, lakes, and estuaries; and (2) the vulnerability of public and domestic water supplies to contamination from urban, industrial, and agricultural land use. Toxic substances (VOCs, pesticides, and trace elements) are understanably of greatest concern. Unfortunately, the current scientific understanding of processes governing the presence, distribution, fate, and biological effects of these contaminants is limited. Nutrient loading is a concern within the study area. It is important to the aquatic health of streams, lakes, and receiving waters like the New York/New Jersey Harbor Complex and Barnegat Bay. Nitrate concentrations have been found to exceed water-quailty criteria in some shallower groundwater systems of the area used for water supply.
The large population, extensive urban and industrial development, and, in some areas, agricultural activities are the main causes of water-quality problems. The LINJ liaison committee recognizes that the NAWQA program can provide additional data and understanding to facilitate development of management strategies of these problems. For our data rich study area, we believe the typical NAWQA design strategies for occurrence and 'multiple lines of evidence' coupled with the use of some modeling approaches will be quite effective in filling in some important data gaps. More so, these efforts should help in developing a better understandingof the principal sources and processes needed to address the more important issues.
For example, we hope to build extensive surface-water data sets of nutrients, pesticides, VOCs, and biology for study area streams. The data sets will not only be useful in relating contaminant occurrence to land use, but we hope to tease out the major factors for observed differences in aquatic communities from these 'multiple lines of evidence'. We are also building an extensive data set for nutrients, pesticides, and VOCs in groundwater. When coupled with source and fate studies (atmospheric, unsaturated, and flow path), this will allow us to better relate shallow groundwater quality to land use, to help identify sources for and estimate the fate of specific contaminants, and perhaps say 'what systems are more vunerable and what might be done about the problems'. We have made significant progress in FY96-98 towards that end.
Liason Committee Meeting Summaries
Liason committee meeting summaries can be found under Related Science
-----
USGS Study Team from New Jersey and New York as of March 1997:
Mark A. Ayers, Study-unit chief, general information, SU and network design
Anne K. O'Brien, Surface-water quality, watershed geochemistry, VOC's and pesticides in SW
Robert G. Reiser, Surface-water hydrology, nutrients in SW
Jack Pflaumer, Surface-water sampling and data base management
Gary Long, Surface-water and ecologic sampling and data quality assurance
Jonathan G. Kennen, Aquatic ecology and multivariate statistics
Ming Chang, Aquatic ecology
Paul E. Stackelberg, Groundwater quality, statistics, GW land-use and flowpath surveys
Jessica A. Hopple, Organic and isotope geochemistry, QA/QC, NE NJ GW subunit survey
Leon Kaufmann, Groundwater flow and quality modeling, GW land-use and flowpath surveys
Arthur L. Baehr, Groundwater flow and quality modeling, atmospheric and unsaturated soil-zone study
Ronald J. Baker, Atmospheric and unsaturated soil-zone VOC/pesticides studies
Paul C. Dunne, Geographic information systems/database
Stephen A. Terracciano, LI groundwater isues and geochemistry
- Science
Below are other science projects associated with this project.
Long Island-New Jersey (LINJ) Coastal Drainages Study Overview
The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is to assess the quantity and quality of the earth resources of the Nation and to provide information that will assist resource managers and policymakers at Federal, State, and local levels in making sound decisions. Assessment of water-quality conditions and trends is an important part of this overall mission. - Multimedia
Below are multimedia items associated with this project.
- Publications
Below are publications associated with this project.
Filter Total Items: 25Relation of pesticide concentrations to season, streamflow, and land use in seven New Jersey streams
The presence and variability of pesticides in seven New Jersey streams was documented by analyzing 146 samples collected from the streams from April 1996 through June 1998. The samples were analyzed for 85 pesticides, including 50 herbicides, 28 insecticides, and 7 degradation products, at method detection limits that ranged from 0.001 to 0.018 μg/L (micrograms per liter). Pesticides were frequentEffects of land use and travel time on the distribution of nitrate in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in southern New Jersey
Residents of the southern New Jersey Coastal Plain are increasingly reliant on the unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system for public water supply as a result of increasing population and restrictions on withdrawals from the deeper, confined aquifers. Elevated nitrate concentrations above background levels have been found in wells in the surficial aquifer system in agricultural and urban partsFrequently co‐occurring pesticides and volatile organic compounds in public supply and monitoring wells, southern New Jersey, USA
One or more pesticides were detected with one or more volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in more than 95% of samples collected from 30 public supply and 95 monitoring wells screened in the unconsolidated surficial aquifer system of southern New Jersey, USA. Overall, more than 140,000 and more than 3,000 unique combinations of pesticides with VOCs were detected in two or more samples from the supplyComparison of nitrate, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds in samples from monitoring and public-supply wells, Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system, southern New Jersey
The number and total concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) per sample were significantly greater in water from public-supply wells than in water from shallow and moderate-depth monitoring wells in the surficial Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the Glassboro area of southern New Jersey. In contrast, concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) and the number and total concentratiPesticides in streams in New Jersey and Long Island, New York, and relation to land use
Pesticide compounds were detected in all 50 water samples collected from streams in New Jersey and Long Island, New York, during June 9-18, 1997. Samples were analyzed for 47 compounds, of which 25 were detected. The number of pesticides detected at each site ranged from 1 to 14. The seven most frequently detected pesticides were atrazine (in 93 percent of samples), metolachlor (86 percent), promeEvaluating temporal changes in stream condition in three New Jersey rive basins by using an index of biotic integrity
An index of biotic integrity (!B!) modified for New Jersey streams was used to compare changes in stream condition from the 1970s to the 1990s in Delaware, Passaic, and Raritan River Basins. Stream condition was assessed at 88 sampling locations. Mean IBI scores for all basins increased from the 1970s to the 1990s, but the stream-condition category improved (from fair to good) only for the DelawarMethyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and other volatile organic compounds in lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, New Jersey, summer 1998
Water samples were collected from four lakes in Byram Township, Sussex County, N.J., in the summer of 1998 as part of an investigation of the occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in domestic wells of lakeside communities. Cranberry Lake and Lake Lackawanna are surrounded by densely populated communities where the use of gasoline-powered watercraft is prevalent, and water is supplied byEvaluation of the atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds in shallow groundwater
The atmosphere as a source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in shallow groundwater was evaluated over an area in southern New Jersey. Chloroform, methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE), 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and carbon disulfide (not a VOC) were detected frequently at low‐level concentrations in a network of 78 shallow wells in the surficial Kirkwood‐Cohansey aquifer system.Relation of macroinvertebrate community impairment to catchment characteristics in New Jersey streams
The level of macroinvertebrate community impairment was statistically related to selected basin and water-quality characteristics in New Jersey streams. More than 700 ambient biomonitoring stations were chosen to evaluate potential and known anthropogenic effects. Macroinvertebrate communities were assessed with a modified rapid-bioassessment approach using three impairment ratings (nonimpaired, m - Partners
Below are partners associated with this project.