Images

Lava flow moving into the town of Kalapana, Hawaii Island. Flow front is center, silver-black mass with rising fume. Buildings and lagoon in this photograph were completely buried within one month.

The left edge of the lava flow is following the inland contours of Hakuma horst, the fault block to the left, which is directing the flow into the heart of Kalapana.

Lava flows in the upper center are moving toward the bottom of this photograph into the town of Kalapana, Hawaii. Today, all the vegetated and habited areas are paved by newer lava flows.

A three-story house in Kalapana Gardens is ignited by a lava flow, which entered the subdivision on April 17, 1990. By the 24th, more than a dozen houses were destroyed.

Aerial view of pāhoehoe flow encroaching on the Kalapana community. Hakuma horst, a raised fault block, is on the left. To the right of the point are fishponds, and to their right, Walter's Kalapana Store and Drive Inn. In the large trapezoidal plot are Mauna Kea Congregational Church and hall.

Dusting of Redoubt Volcano ash on snow, Indian, Alaska, February 21, 1990.

View looking uphill at surface flows advancing down a steep slope (Pulama pali) between the east rift zone and the coastal plain of Kīlauea Volcano. Overflows from the channel on the right are building levees of pāhoehoe. Within a few days, crust accreting inward from the levees built a roof over the channel, forming a new lava tube.

Top: Dark glassy deposits of melted volcanic ash on leading edge of high‐pressure turbine nozzle guide vanes. Bottom: Accumulation of unmelted volcanic ash in the high-pressure turbine rotor.

Lava flows from a lava tube into the sea near Kupapau Point on 11/27/1989. From the Kilauea East Rift Zone (ERZ) eruption, eruption pisode 48, Kupapau lava flow. Hawai'i Island.

Lava flows from a lava tube into the sea near Kupapau Point on Hawai'i Island. From the Kilauea East Rift Zone (ERZ) eruption, November 27, 1989. Episode 48 of the Kupapau Lava Flow.

Porkchop Geyser erupting in August 1989.

Pahoehoe ropes form in the Wahaula Lava Flow across from Wahaula Visitor Center on Hawai'i Island during the Kilauea East Rift Zone (ERZ) eruption on 6/15/89.

Angle and distance measurements to the Mount St. Helens' flanks were taken periodically to monitor for deformation similar to the 1980 bulge. Station northeast of volcano.

Sediment retention dam on the North Fork Toutle River is designed to help stop downstream movement of sediment near where it begins on Mount St. Helens' debris avalanche deposit.

Ice cone at Porkchop Geyser in March 1989.

Fumaroles of cold, dry CO2 such as this one on a lava flow erupted in 1938 from Nyamuragira Volcano, Zaire, can be exceptionally dangerous because the gas discharge is invisible. The density difference between CO2 and air is so great that a sharp boundary can persist between them.

A thin-walled lava bubble expands and bursts. These "bubble bursts" occur when seawater infiltrates the lava tube system near the shore. Such bubble bursts produce translucent sheets of spatter, or limu o Pele.

Glacial end moraine deposits on south flank of Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i

The deposits are found between about the 11,000 and 12,000 ft elevation. The cinder cones left of the glacial deposits were erupted between 70,000 and 13,000 years ago, and the irregular surface below the cones and glacial deposits consist of lava flows erupted during the same time frame.

Pu‘u Keonehehe‘e and the two small cones immediately to the northwest (left) are among the youngest cones erupted on the volcano, as recent as about 4,000 years ago. The other cones in this view are part of the Laupahoehoe Volcanics, but much older, dating to 70,000 years ago.