The use of boundary-spanning organizations to bridge the knowledge-action gap in North America

The goals of boundary-spanning organizations include communicating among researchers, stakeholders, and resource managers to improve decision-making. These efforts span public agencies, environmental non-governmental organizations, and private stakeholders and occur throughout Canada, the USA, and Mexico. We describe how the core philosophy of boundary-spanning organizations may help address conservation challenges in these countries. We profile a subset of the more than 100 boundary-spanning organizations, identifying some of their core accomplishments and the challenges they face. Scientific information generally is acknowledged as useful to resource management by recipients of the information. It is more difficult to infer whether the information transmitted by boundary-spanning organizations contributed to conservation decisions or whether the outcomes of those decisions differed from the potential outcomes in the absence of such information. Several examples of sustained enthusiasm for boundary-spanning efforts indicate that the organizations help to bridge the knowledge to action gap in North America.