Craig Johnson is a Research Geologist with the Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center.
Craig attended Dartmouth (AB), Michigan (MS), and Yale (PhD). He held a NASA postdoc and a staff position at the American Museum of Natural History in New York prior to joining the USGS in 1992. Craig is responsible for a stable isotope laboratory in which isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur are measured in rocks, waters, gases, and biological materials. Craig studies ore genesis, environmental impacts of mining, the source and fate of solutes in natural waters and crustal fluids, the isotopic record of marine sulfate, and isotopic records of paleoenvironments.
Science and Products
Isotope and Chemical Methods for Mineral and Geoenvironmental Assessments and Support of USGS Science Strategy
Critical Elements in Carbonatites: From Exploration Targets to Element Distribution
Data for Uranium-Lead Geochronology, Carbon and Sulfur Stable Isotopes, and Raman Spectroscopy from Graphite Creek, Alaska
Geochemical data for the Elk Creek alkaline complex, southeast Nebraska
Elemental Concentrations and Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Mammillary Calcite from Devils Hole and Devils Hole II, Nevada, USA
Sulfur isotope analyses of mineral deposits: sulfide minerals in epithermal veins of the Lowland mining district, Montana, USA and anhydrite associated with the Black Angel zinc-lead-silver deposit, Greenland
Isotope and chemical data for: Sulfur isotopes of host strata for Howards Pass (Yukon-Northwest Territories) Zn-Pb deposits implicate anaerobic oxidation of methane not basin stagnation
Appendices for Transgressive-regressive cycles in the metalliferous, oil shale-bearing Heath Formation (Upper Mississippian), central Montana
Sulfur isotope data for: Intermediate sulfidation type base metal mineralization at Aliabad-Khanchy, Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic belt, NW Iran
Insights into the metamorphic history and origin of flake graphite mineralization at the Graphite Creek graphite deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA
Petrogenesis and rare earth element mineralization of the Elk Creek carbonatite, Nebraska, USA
Nanoscale isotopic evidence resolves origins of giant Carlin-type ore deposits
Early Neoproterozoic gold deposits of the Alto Guaporé province, southwestern Amazon craton, western Brazil
The Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA: Geology, geochemistry, geochronology, and genetic model
Geology and genesis of the Shalipayco evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit, Central Peru: 3D geological modeling and C–O–S–Sr isotope constraints
Using gis and image processing technology to assist wetland planning, protection, and restoration in coastal Louisiana
Reconstruction of an early Permian, sublacustrine magmatic-hydrothermal system: Mount Carlton epithermal Au-Ag-Cu deposit, northeastern Australia
The Zn–Pb mineralization of Florida Canyon, an evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type deposit in Bongará district, northern Peru
Magmatic-hydrothermal gold mineralization at the Lone Tree Mine, Battle Mountain district, Nevada
Timing and genesis of ore formation in the Qarachilar Cu-Mo-Au deposit, Ahar-Arasbaran metallogenic zone, NW Iran: Evidence from geology, fluid inclusions, O–S isotopes and Re–Os geochronology
Sulfur isotopes of host strata for Howards Pass (Yukon–Northwest Territories) Zn-Pb deposits implicate anaerobic oxidation of methane, not basin stagnation
Non-USGS Publications**
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
- Science
Isotope and Chemical Methods for Mineral and Geoenvironmental Assessments and Support of USGS Science Strategy
This Project integrates several geochemical tools—stable isotope geochemistry, noble gas geochemistry, active gas geochemistry, single fluid inclusion chemistry, and fluid inclusion solute chemistry—in studies of the processes that form mineral deposits and the processes that disrupt them during mining or natural weathering. Research is directed toward fundamental scientific questions or, in...Critical Elements in Carbonatites: From Exploration Targets to Element Distribution
Critical elements are essential to the modern economy and have potential supply chain disruptions, but compared to most base and precious metals, little work has been done in understanding ore-grade enrichments. Carbonatites are the primary source of the worlds light rare earth elements and niobium, and a potential source for heavy rare earths, scandium, tantalum, and thorium. Project objectives... - Data
Data for Uranium-Lead Geochronology, Carbon and Sulfur Stable Isotopes, and Raman Spectroscopy from Graphite Creek, Alaska
This data release supports the paper titled, "Insights into the metamorphic history and origin of flake graphite mineralization at the Graphite Creek graphite deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA", published in the journal Mineralium Deposita. The data release includes zircon and titanite U-Pb-Thisotope and age data, monazite U-Pb-Th isotope, trace element and age data, carbon and sulfur stableiGeochemical data for the Elk Creek alkaline complex, southeast Nebraska
This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release contains analytical data from a suite of rock and mineral samples collected from drill core within the Elk Creek alkaline complex, southeast Nebraska. This complex hosts the Elk Creek carbonatite, a multilithologic carbonatite enriched in niobium, rare earth elements (REEs), scandium, and titanium. Mineralized carbonatites are the world's primElemental Concentrations and Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Mammillary Calcite from Devils Hole and Devils Hole II, Nevada, USA
Elemental concentrations and stable oxygen and carbon isotope ratios are reported for five mammillary calcite specimens collected from the groundwater-filled fissures Devils Hole and Devils Hole II in the southern Amargosa Desert, south-western Nevada. Previous studies of these specimens yielded oxygen and carbon isotope chronologies of paleoclimatic and paleo hydrologic conditions over an approxiSulfur isotope analyses of mineral deposits: sulfide minerals in epithermal veins of the Lowland mining district, Montana, USA and anhydrite associated with the Black Angel zinc-lead-silver deposit, Greenland
These data are sulfur isotope determinations (34S/32S ratios) for sulfur-bearing minerals collected from epithermal veins in the Lowland mining district, Montana, USA and from metasedimentary rocks that host the Black Angel zinc-lead-silver deposit, Greenland. The samples were collected by cooperators as parts of larger ore genesis studies. The determinations were performed between February 2019 aIsotope and chemical data for: Sulfur isotopes of host strata for Howards Pass (Yukon-Northwest Territories) Zn-Pb deposits implicate anaerobic oxidation of methane not basin stagnation
These data consist of sulfur and carbon isotope compositions, concentrations of selected elements, and concentrations of pyrite sulfur and organic carbon in mudstone samples collected from five cores drilled in the Howards Pass district, Yukon-Northwest Territories, Canada. The cores were drilled between 2006 and 2014, site visits and core sampling took place between 2009 and 2016, and laboratoryAppendices for Transgressive-regressive cycles in the metalliferous, oil shale-bearing Heath Formation (Upper Mississippian), central Montana
This set of data files are the appendices for paper titled Transgressive-regressive cycles in the metalliferous, oil shale-bearing Heath Formation (Upper Mississippian), central Montana. The dataset consists of 8 appendices, including a histogram of solid bitumen and vitrinite Ro values, gas chromatograms, isotopic data, organic and inorganic geochemical analyses, and x-ray diffraction mineralogySulfur isotope data for: Intermediate sulfidation type base metal mineralization at Aliabad-Khanchy, Tarom-Hashtjin metallogenic belt, NW Iran
These data represent sulfur isotope analyses of chalcopyrite from a base metal deposit in the Aliabad-Khanchy area in northwestern Iran. Rock samples were collected from outcrops, and chalcopyrite was separated for analysis by hand picking. The separates were analyzed for the ratio 34-S/32-S by elemental analyzer-isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry. Standardization was performed by analyzin - Multimedia
- Publications
Filter Total Items: 89
Insights into the metamorphic history and origin of flake graphite mineralization at the Graphite Creek graphite deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA
Graphite Creek is an unusual flake graphite deposit located on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, USA. We present field observations, uranium-lead (U–Pb) monazite and titanite geochronology, carbon (C) and sulfur (S) stable isotope geochemistry, and graphite Raman spectroscopy data from this deposit that support a new model of flake graphite ore genesis in high-grade metamorphic environments. The GraphAuthorsGeorge N. D. Case, Susan M. Karl, Sean P. Regan, Craig A. Johnson, Eric T Ellison, Jonathan Caine, Christopher S. Holm-Denoma, Laura Pianowski, Jeff A. BenowitzPetrogenesis and rare earth element mineralization of the Elk Creek carbonatite, Nebraska, USA
Although carbonatites are the primary source of the world’s rare earth elements (REEs), the processes responsible for ore-grade REE enrichment in carbonatites are still poorly understood. In this study, we present a petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic evaluation of the Elk Creek carbonatite in southeast Nebraska to constrain the origin of REE mineralization. The Elk Creek carbonatite is a multilAuthorsPhilip Verplanck, G. Lang Farmer, Richard M. Kettler, Heather A. Lowers, Craig A. Johnson, Alan E. Koenig, Michael J. BlessingtonNanoscale isotopic evidence resolves origins of giant Carlin-type ore deposits
The western North American Great Basin's Carlin-type deposits represent the largest accumulation of gold in the Northern Hemisphere. The controversy over their origins echoes the debate between Neptunists and Plutonists at the birth of modern geology: were the causative processes meteoric or magmatic? Sulfur isotopes have long been considered key to decoding metal cycling in the Earth's crust, butAuthorsElizabeth A. Holley, Alexandria M Fulton, C Jilly-Rehak, Craig A. Johnson, Michael PribilEarly Neoproterozoic gold deposits of the Alto Guaporé province, southwestern Amazon craton, western Brazil
The Alto Guaporé gold province, southwestern Amazon craton, contains gold deposits that have been mined since the beginning of the 18th century and these deposits, together, have modern-day, pre-mining gold resources of at least 1.8 Moz. The ore is associated with quartz vein systems along the southeastern part of the Aguapei belt, a ~35-km-wide and ~500-km-long, NNW-trending shear zone formed dueAuthorsRodrigo Prudente de Melo, Marcos Aurélio Farias de Oliveira, Richard J. Goldfarb, Craig A. Johnson, Erin E. Marsh, Roberto Perez Xavier, Leandro Rocha de Oliveira, Leah E. MorganThe Coles Hill uranium deposit, Virginia, USA: Geology, geochemistry, geochronology, and genetic model
The Coles Hill uranium deposit with an indicated resource of about 130 million lbs. of U3O8 is the largest unmined uranium deposit in the United States. The deposit is hosted in the Taconian (approximately 480 – 450 Ma) Martinsville igneous complex, which consists of the Ordovician Leatherwood Granite (granodiorite) and Silurian Rich Acres Formation (diorite). The host rock was metamorphosed to orAuthorsSusan M. Hall, J.S. Beard, Christopher J. Potter, R.J. Bodnar, Leonid A. Neymark, James B. Paces, Craig A. Johnson, G.N. Breit, Robert A. Zielinski, G. J. AylorGeology and genesis of the Shalipayco evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type Zn–Pb deposit, Central Peru: 3D geological modeling and C–O–S–Sr isotope constraints
The Shalipayco Zn–Pb deposit, in central Peru, is composed of several stratabound orebodies, the largest of which are the Resurgidora and Intermedios, contained in carbonate rocks of the Upper Triassic Chambará Formation, Pucará group. Petrography suggests that a single ore-forming episode formed sphalerite and galena within vugs, open spaces, and fractures. Three-dimensional (3D) geological modelAuthorsSaulo B de Oliveira, Craig A. Johnson, Caetano Juliani, Lena VS Monteiro, David L Leach, Marianna G.N. CaranUsing gis and image processing technology to assist wetland planning, protection, and restoration in coastal Louisiana
No abstract available.AuthorsJohn Barras, James B. Johnston, Craig JohnsonReconstruction of an early Permian, sublacustrine magmatic-hydrothermal system: Mount Carlton epithermal Au-Ag-Cu deposit, northeastern Australia
The Mt. Carlton Au-Ag-Cu deposit, northern Bowen basin, northeastern Australia, is an uncommon example of a sublacustrine hydrothermal system containing economic high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization. The deposit formed in the early Permian and comprises vein- and hydrothermal breccia-hosted Au-Cu mineralization within a massive rhyodacite porphyry (V2 open pit) and stratabound Ag-barite mineAuthorsFredrik Sahlstrom, Zhaoshan Chang, Antonio Arribas, Paul Dirks, Craig A. Johnson, Jan M Huizenga, Isaac CorralThe Zn–Pb mineralization of Florida Canyon, an evaporite-related Mississippi Valley-type deposit in Bongará district, northern Peru
The Florida Canyon evaporite-related Zn–Pb sulfide deposit, in northern Peru, is one of the largest Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) deposits in South America. Triassic carbonate and former evaporite-bearing rocks of the Pucará Group host the ore bodies that comprise two different styles: (i) predominantly stratabound ore associated with hydrocarbon-rich porous dolostones and evaporite dissolution brAuthorsSaulo B de Oliveira, David L Leach, Caetano Juliani, Lena VS Monteiro, Craig A. JohnsonMagmatic-hydrothermal gold mineralization at the Lone Tree Mine, Battle Mountain district, Nevada
The Lone Tree deposit is located in the northern Battle Mountain mining district, Nevada. Prior to mine closure in 2006, Santa Fe Pacific Gold and Newmont produced 4.2 Moz of gold at an average grade of 2.06 g/t at Lone Tree, primarily from the N-S– to NNW-SSE–striking Wayne zone. The ore is located between the Roberts Mountain and Golconda thrusts in siliciclastic rocks of the Ordovician Valmy FoAuthorsElizabeth A. Holley, Justin Lowe, Craig A. Johnson, Michael PribilTiming and genesis of ore formation in the Qarachilar Cu-Mo-Au deposit, Ahar-Arasbaran metallogenic zone, NW Iran: Evidence from geology, fluid inclusions, O–S isotopes and Re–Os geochronology
In the Qarachilar Cu-Mo-Au deposit of the Ahar–Arasbaran metallogenic zone (AAMZ), northwest Iran, mineralization occurs as three quartz-sulfide veins that cut granodiorite-quartz monzodiorite rocks of the Qaradagh batholith (QDB). Ore formation can be divided into three stages, with chalcopyrite, molybdenite, and gold-bearing pyrite appearing mainly in the first two stages. The main wall-rock altAuthorsHossein Kouhestani, Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari, Zhaoshan Chang, Holly J. Stein, Craig A. JohnsonSulfur isotopes of host strata for Howards Pass (Yukon–Northwest Territories) Zn-Pb deposits implicate anaerobic oxidation of methane, not basin stagnation
A new sulfur isotope stratigraphic profile has been developed for Ordovician-Silurian mudstones that host the Howards Pass Zn-Pb deposits (Canada) in an attempt to reconcile the traditional model of a stagnant euxinic basin setting with new contradictory findings. Our analyses of pyrite confirm the up-section 34S enrichment reported previously, but additional observations show parallel depletion oAuthorsCraig A. Johnson, John F. Slack, Julie A. Dumoulin, Karen Duttweiler Kelley, Hendrik FalckNon-USGS Publications**
Riciputi, L.R., McSween, H.Y., Jr., Johnson, C.A., and Prinz, M., 1994, Minor and trace element concentrations in carbonates of carbonaceous chondrites, and implications for the compositions of coexisting fluids: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58 (4), p. 1343–1351, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90386-7.Johnson, C.A., and Prinz, M., 1993, Carbonate compositions in CM and CI chondrites, and implications for aqueous alteration: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57 (12), p. 2843–2852, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90393-B.Johnson, C.A., Cardellach, E., Tritlla, J., and Hanan, B.B., 1993, Origin of the Cierco Pb-Zn vein system (central Pyrenees, Spain): evidence from stable isotopes, Sr isotopes and fluid inclusions, in Fenoll Hach-Ali, P., Torrez-Ruiz, J., and Gervilla, F., eds., Current research in geology applied to ore deposits. Proceedings of the 2nd SGA Biennial Meeting, Granada, Spain, 9-11 September 1993, p. 135-138.Johnson, C.A., and Prinz, M., 1991, Chromite and olivine in type II chondrules in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites: implications for thermal histories and group differences: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55 (3), p. 893–904, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(91)90349-A.Johnson, C.A., Rye, D.M., and Skinner, B.J., 1990, Unusual oxygen isotopic compositions in and around the Sterling Hill and Franklin Furnace ore deposits, in Proceedings for conference on character and origin of the Franklin and Sterling Hill orebodies: Bethlehem, PA, Lehigh University, p. 63–76.Johnson, C.A., Rye, D.M., and Skinner, B.J., 1990, Petrology and stable isotope geochemistry of the metamorphosed zinc-iron-manganese deposit at Sterling Hill, New Jersey: Economic Geology, 85 (6), p. 1133–1161, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.85.6.1133.Johnson, C.A., Prinz, M., Weisberg, M.K., Clayton, R.N., and Mayeda, T.K., 1990, Dark inclusions in Allende, Leoville and Vigarano: evidence for nebular oxidation of CV3 constituents: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54 (3), p.819–830, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90376-V.Skinner, B.J. and Johnson, C.A., 1987, Evidence for movement of ore materials during high grade metamorphism: Ore Geology Reviews, 2 (1-3), p. 191–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(87)90028-X.Johnson, C.A., Bohlen, S.R., and Essene, E.J., 1983, An evaluation of garnet-clinopyroxene geothermometry in granulites: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 84 (2-3), p. 191-198, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371285.Johnson, C.A., and Essene, E. J., 1982, The formation of garnet in olivine-bearing metagabbros in the Adirondack Mountains, New York: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 81 (3), p. 240-251, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371301.**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.