Rob Runkel
Biography
EDUCATION
Bachelor of Science, Summa Cum Laude, 1985, Computer Science and Environmental Studies, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Master of Environmental Management, 1987, Water Resources, Duke University: Monte Carlo Analysis of the Surface Water Component for Land Disposal Restriction Determinations
Doctor of Philosophy, 1993, Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado: Development and Application of an Equilibrium-based Simulation Model for Reactive Solute Transport in Small Streams
EMPLOYMENT
1987-1989 Hydrologist, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Detroit Lakes, Minnesota
1989-1992 Research Engineer, University of Colorado, Center for Advanced Decision Support in Water and Environmental Systems (CADSWES), Boulder, Colorado
1992-Present Research Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
MISC.
Associate Editor, Water Resources Research, 2006–2014
Member, American Geophysical Union
Member, Society for Freshwater Science
GOOGLE SCHOLAR (click to view)
SOFTWARE
OTIS — https://water.usgs.gov/software/OTIS
Runkel, R.L., 1998, One dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS): A solute transport model for streams and rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigation Report 98-4018, 73 p.
Runkel, R.L., 2000, Using OTIS to model solute transport in streams and rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-138-99, 4 p.
OTEQ — https://water.usgs.gov/software/OTEQ
Runkel, R.L., 2010, One-Dimensional Transport with Equilibrium Chemistry (OTEQ): A Reactive Transport Model for Streams and Rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Book 6, Chapter B6, 101 p.
LOADEST — https://water.usgs.gov/software/loadest
Runkel, R.L., Crawford, C.G., and Cohn, T.A., 2004, Load Estimator (LOADEST): A FORTRAN Program for Estimating Constituent Loads in Streams and Rivers: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods Book 4, Chapter A5, 69 p.
PRIMARY PUBLICATIONS
(list of additional publications available upon request)
Runkel, R.L., and Chapra, S.C., 1993, An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams: Water Resources Research, v. 29, no. 1, p. 211- 215.
Runkel, R.L., and Chapra, S.C., 1994, Reply to "Comment on An efficient numerical solution of the transient storage equations for solute transport in small streams by Dawes and Short": Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 10, p. 2863-2865.
Runkel, R.L., and Bencala, K.E., 1995, Chapter 5: Transport of reacting solutes in rivers and streams, in Singh, V.P., editor: Environmental Hydrology, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 137-164.
Runkel, R.L., 1996, Solution of the advection-dispersion equation: continuous load of finite duration: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 122, no. 9, p. 830-832.
Runkel, R.L., Bencala, K.E., Broshears, R.E., and Chapra, S.C., 1996, Reactive solute transport in streams 1. Development of an equilibrium-based model: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 409-418.
Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., and Chapra, S.C., 1996, Reactive solute transport in streams 2. Simulation of a pH-modification experiment: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 419-430.
Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M. and Andrews, E.D., 1998, Analysis of transient storage subject to unsteady flow: Diel flow variation in an Antarctic stream: Journal of North American Benthological Society (now known as Freshwater Science), v. 17, no. 2, p. 143-154.
Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M. and Bencala, K.E., 1999, Reactive solute transport in streams: A surface complexation approach for trace metal sorption: Water Resources Research, v. 35, no. 12, p. 3829-3840.
Runkel, R.L., and Kimball, B.A., 2002, Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage stream: Application of a reactive transport model: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 36, no. 5, p. 1093-1101.
Runkel, R.L., 2002, A new metric for determining the importance of transient storage: Journal of the North American Benthological Society (now known as Freshwater Science), v. 21, no. 4, p. 529-543.
Runkel R.L., McKnight, D.M., and Rajaram, H., 2003, Modeling hyporheic zone processes: Advances in Water Resources, v. 26, no. 9, p. 901-905.
Runkel, R., 2003, Review of 'Ecohydrology, Darwinian Expression of Vegetative Form and Function, by Peter S. Eagleson': Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 39, no. 4, p. 987-988.
Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., and Verplanck, P.L., 2005, Geochemistry of Red Mountain Creek, Colorado, under low-flow conditions, August 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5101, 78 p.
Runkel, R.L., 2007, Toward a transport-based analysis of nutrient spiraling and uptake in streams: Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, v. 5, p. 50-62.
Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., and Verplanck, P.L., 2007, A simulation-based approach for estimating premining water quality: Red Mountain Creek, Colorado: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 9, p. 1899-1918.
Runkel, R.L., Bencala, K.E., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., and Verplanck, P.L., 2009, A comparison of pre- and post-remediation water quality, Mineral Creek, Colorado: Hydrological Processes, v. 23, p. 3319-3333.
Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Steiger, J.I., and Walton-Day, K., 2009, Geochemical data for upper Mineral Creek, Colorado, under existing ambient conditions and during an experimental pH modification, August 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 442, 41p.
Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., Verplanck, P.L., and Broshears R.E., 2012, Evaluating Remedial Alternatives for an Acid Mine Drainage Stream: A Model Post Audit: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 46, no. 1, p. 340-347. DOI: 10.1021/es2038504
Runkel, R.L., Walton-Day, K., Kimball, B.A., Verplanck, P.L., and Nimick, D.A., 2013, Estimating instream constituent loads using replicate synoptic sampling, Peru Creek, Colorado, Journal of Hydrology, v. 489, p. 26-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.031
Runkel, R. L., 2015, On the use of rhodamine WT for the characterization of stream hydrodynamics and transient storage: Water Resources Research, v. 51, p. 6125–6142, DOI:10.1002/2015WR017201
Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., Nimick, D.A., and Walton-Day, K., 2016, Effects of flow regime on metal concentrations and the attainment of water quality standards in a remediated stream reach, Butte, Montana: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 50, no. 23, p. 12641-12649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03190
Runkel, R.L., and McCleskey, R.B., 2018, Minnesota Mine Shaft tracer data, Lion Creek Watershed near Empire, Colorado, July-November, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release, DOI: 10.5066/F7SJ1JWX
Runkel, R.L., Verplanck, P.L., Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., 2018, Cinnamon Gulch revisited: Another look at separating natural and mining-impacted contributions to instream metal load: Applied Geochemistry, v. 95, p. 206-217, DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.04.010
Runkel, R.L., Verplanck, P.L., McCleskey, R.B., Walton-Day, K., and Byrne, P., 2019, Synoptic sampling data from Illinois Gulch and Iron Springs near Breckenridge, Colorado, August 2016 and September 2017: U.S. Geological Survey data release, DOI: 10.5066/P9VNIGJZ
Broshears, R.E., Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K.E., 1996, Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum and iron: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 30, no. 10, p. 3016-3024.
Chapra, S.C., and Runkel, R.L., 1999, Modeling impact of storage zones on stream dissolved oxygen: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 125, no. 5, p. 415-419.
Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., and Gerner, L.J., 2001, Quantification of mine-drainage inflows to Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah, using a tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling study: Environmental Geology (now known as Environmental Earth Sciences), v. 40, p. 1390-1404.
McKnight, D.M., Kimball, B.A., and Runkel, R.L., 2001, pH dependence of iron photoreduction in a Rocky Mountain stream affected by acid mine drainage: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, p. 1979-1992.
Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., Walton-Day, K., and Bencala, K.E., 2002, Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, Colorado, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1183-1207.
Gooseff, M.N., McKnight, D.M., Runkel, R.L., and Vaughn, B.H., 2003, Determining long time- scale hyporheic zone flow paths in Antarctic streams: Hydrological Processes, v. 17, no. 9, p. 1691-1710.
Scott, D.T., Gooseff, M.N., Bencala, K.E., and Runkel, R.L., 2003, Automated calibration of a stream solute transport model: implications for interpretation of biogeochemical parameters: Journal of the North American Benthological Society (now known as Freshwater Science), v. 22, no. 4, p. 492-510.
Scott, D.T., Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., Voelker, B.M., Kimball, B.A., and Carraway, E.R., 2003, Transport and cycling of iron and hydrogen peroxide in a freshwater stream: Influence of organic acids: Water Resources Research, v. 39, no. 11, 1308.
Gooseff, M.N., McKnight, D.M., Runkel, R.L., and Duff, J.H., 2004, Denitrification and hydrologic transient storage in a glacial meltwater stream, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 49, no. 5, p. 1884-1895.
Gooseff, M.N., McKnight, D.M., and Runkel, R.L., 2004, Reach-Scale cation exchange controls on major ion chemistry of an Antarctic glacial meltwater stream: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 10, p. 221-238.
Keefe, S.H., Barber, L.B., Runkel, R.L., Ryan, J.N., McKnight, D.M., and Wass, R.D., 2004, Conservative and reactive solute transport in constructed wetlands: Water Resources Research, v. 40, W01201.
Keefe, S.H., Barber, L.B., Runkel, R.L., and Ryan, J.N., 2004, Fate of volatile organic compounds in constructed wastewater treatment wetlands: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 7, p. 2209-2216.
McKnight, D.M., Runkel, R.L., Tate, C.M., Duff, J.H., and Moorhead, D.L., 2004, Inorganic N and P dynamics of Antarctic glacial meltwater streams as controlled by hyporheic exchange and benthic autotrophic communities: Journal of the North American Benthological Society (now known as Freshwater Science), v. 23, no. 2, p. 171-188.
Gooseff, M.N., Bencala, K.E., Scott, D.T., Runkel, R.L., and McKnight, D.M., 2005, Sensitivity analysis of conservative and reactive stream transient storage models applied to field data from multiple-reach experiments: Advances in Water Resources, v. 28, p. 479-492.
Miller, M.P., McKnight, D.M., Cory, R.M., Williams, M.W., and Runkel, R.L., 2006, Hyporheic exchange and fulvic acid redox reactions in an alpine stream/wetland ecosystem, Colorado Front Range: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, p. 5943-5949.
Schemel, L.E., Cox, M.H., Runkel, R.L., and Kimball, B.A., 2006, Multiple injected and natural conservative tracers quantify mixing in a stream confluence affected by acid mine drainage near Silverton, Colorado: Hydrological Processes, v. 20, p. 2727-2743.
Kimball, B.A., Bianchi, F., Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., Nannucci, M., and Salvadori, A., 2007, Quantification of changes in metal loading from storm runoff, Merse River (Tuscany, Italy): Mine Water and the Environment, v. 26, no. 4, p. 209-216.
Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K. and Runkel, R.L., 2007, Quantification of metal loading by tracer injection and synoptic sampling, 1996-2000, chap. E9 of Church, S.E., von Guerard, P., and Finger, S.E., eds., Integrated investigations of environmental effects of historical mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651, p. 417–495.
Schemel, L.E., Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., and Cox, M.H., 2007, Formation of mixed Al-Fe colloidal sorbent and dissolved-colloidal partitioning of Cu and Zn in the Cement Creek- Animas River Confluence, Silverton, Colorado: Applied Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 7, p. 1467- 1484.
Caruso, B.S., Cox, T.J., Runkel, R.L., Velleux, M.L., Bencala, K.E., Nordstrom, D.K., Julien, P.Y., Butler, B.A., Alpers, C.N., Marion, A., and Smith, K.S., 2008, Metals fate and transport modelling in streams and watersheds -- state of the science and USEPA workshop review: Hydrological Processes, v. 22, p. 4011-4021.
Cox, T.J., and Runkel, R.L., 2008, Eulerian-Lagrangian Numerical Scheme for Simulating Advection, Dispersion, and Transient Storage in Streams and a Comparison of Numerical Methods: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 134, no. 12, p. 996-1005.
Borrok, D.M., Wanty, R.B., Ridley, W.I., Lamothe, P.J., Kimball, B.A., Verplanck, P.L., and Runkel, R.L., 2009, Application of iron and zinc isotopes to track the sources and mechanisms of metal loading in a mountain watershed: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 7, p. 1270-1277.
Kimball, B.E. (Bryn), Mathur, R., Dohnalkova, A.C., Wall, A.J., Runkel, R.L., and Brantley, S.L., 2009, Copper isotope fractionation in acid mine drainage: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 73, p. 1247-1263.
Kimball, B.A., and Runkel, R.L., 2009, Spatially detailed quantification of metal loading for decision making: Metal mass loading to American Fork and Mary Ellen Gulch, Utah: Mine Water and the Environment, v. 28, p. 274-290.
Verplanck, P.L., Nordstrom, D.K., Bove, D.J., Plumlee, G.S., and Runkel, R.L., 2009, Naturally acidic surface and ground waters draining porphyry-related mineralized areas of the Southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado and New Mexico: Applied Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 2, p. 255-267.
Keefe, S. H., Daniels (Thullen), J.S., Runkel, R.L., Wass, R.D., Stiles, E.A., and Barber, L.B., 2010, Influence of hummocks and emergent vegetation on hydraulic performance in a surface flow wastewater treatment wetland: Water Resources Research, v. 46, W11518, DOI:10.1029/2010WR009512
Kimball, B.A., and Runkel, R.L., 2010, Evaluating remediation alternatives for mine drainage, Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah, USA: Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 60, no. 5, p. 1021-1036, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-009-0240-0.
Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., and Walton-Day, K., 2010, An approach to quantify sources, seasonal change, and biogeochemical processes affecting metal loading in streams: Facilitating decisions for remediation of mine drainage: Applied Geochemistry, v. 25, no. 5, p. 728-740, DOI:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2010.02.005
Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., Wanty, R.B., and Verplanck, P.L., 2010, Reactive solute-transport simulation of pre-mining metal concentrations in mine-impacted catchments: Redwell Basin, Colorado, USA: Chemical Geology, v. 269, p. 124-136, DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.05.024
Walton-Day, K., Runkel, R.L., and Kimball, B.A., 2012, Using spatially detailed water-quality data and solute-transport modeling to support Total Maximum Daily Load Development: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 48, no. 5, p. 949-969, DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00662.x
Koch, J.C., Runkel, R.L., Striegl, R., and McKnight, D.M., 2013, Hydrologic controls on the transport and cycling of carbon and nitrogen in a boreal catchment underlain by continuous permafrost: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 118, no.2, p. 698-712. DOI: 10.1002/jgrg.20058
Cowie, R., Williams, M.W., Wireman, M., and Runkel, R.L., 2014, Use of natural and applied tracers to guide targeted remediation efforts in an acid mine drainage system, Colorado Rockies, USA: Water v. 6, no. 4, p. 745-777. DOI: 10.3390/w6040745
Bethune, J., Randell, J., Runkel, R.L., and Singha, K., 2015, Non-invasive flow path characterization in a mining-impacted wetland: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology: v. 183, p. 29-39. DOI:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.10.002
Byrne, P., Runkel, R.L., Walton-Day, K., 2017, Synoptic sampling and principal components analysis to identify sources of water and metals to an acid mine drainage stream: Environmental Science and Pollution Research, v. 24, no. 20, p. 17220-17240. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9038-x
Johnston, A., Runkel, R.L., Navarre-Sitchler, A., Singha, K., 2017, Exploration of diffuse and discrete sources of acid mine drainage to a headwater mountain stream in Colorado, USA: Mine Water and the Environment, v.36, no. 4, p. 463-478. DOI: 10.1007/s10230-017-0452-6
Ward, A.S., Kelleher, C.A., Mason, S.J.K., Wagener, T., McIntyre, N., McGlynn, B., Runkel, R.L., Payn, R.A., 2017, A software tool to assess uncertainty in transient-storage model parameters using Monte Carlo simulations: Freshwater Science, v. 36, no. 1, p. 195-217. DOI: 10.1086/690444
White, S.O., Hussain, F.A., Hemond, H.F., Sacco, S.A., Shine, J.P., Runkel, R.L., Walton-Day, K., Kimball, B.A., 2017, The precipitation of indium at elevated pH in a stream influenced by acid mine drainage: Science of The Total Environment, v. 574, p. 1484-1491, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.136
De Giudici, G., Medas, D., Cidu, R., Lattanzi, P., Rigonat, N., Frau, I., Podda, F., Marras, P.A., Dore, E., Frau, F., Rimondi, V., Runkel, R.L., Wanty, R.B., Kimball, B., 2019, Assessment of origin and fate of contaminants along mining-affected Rio Montevecchio (SW Sardinia, Italy): A hydrologic-tracer and environmental mineralogy study, v. 109, 104420, DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104420
Dore, E., Fancello, D., Rigonat, N., Medas, D., Cidu, R., Da Pelo, S., Frau, F., Lattanzi, P., Marras, P.A., Meneghini, C., Podda, F., Rimondi, V., Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B., Wanty, R.B., De Giudici, G., 2020, Natural attenuation can lead to environmental resilience in mine environment, Applied Geochemistry, v. 117, 104597, DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2020.104597
Science and Products
Principal locations of metal loading from flood-plain tailings, Lower Silver Creek, Utah, April 2004
Because of the historical deposition of mill tailings in flood plains, the process of determining total maximum daily loads for streams in an area like the Park City mining district of Utah is complicated. Understanding the locations of metal loading to Silver Creek and the relative importance of these locations is necessary to make science-based...
Kimball, Briant A.; Runkel, Robert L.; Walton-Day, Katherine
A simulation-based approach for estimating premining water quality: Red Mountain Creek, Colorado
Regulatory agencies are often charged with the task of setting site-specific numeric water quality standards for impaired streams. This task is particularly difficult for streams draining highly mineralized watersheds with past mining activity. Baseline water quality data obtained prior to mining are often non-existent and application of generic...
Runkel, Robert L.; Kimball, Briant A; Walton-Day, Katherine; Verplanck, Philip L. Formation of mixed Al-Fe colloidal sorbent and dissolved-colloidal partitioning of Cu and Zn in the Cement Creek - Animas River Confluence, Silverton, Colorado
Transport and chemical transformations of dissolved and colloidal Al, Fe, Cu and Zn were studied by detailed sampling in the mixing zone downstream from the confluence of Cement Creek (pH 4.1) with the Animas River (pH 7.6). Complete mixing resulted in circumneutral pH in the downstream reach of the 1300 m study area. All four metals were...
Schemel, Laurence E.; Kimball, Briant A.; Runkel, Robert L.; Cox, Marisa H. Quantification of changes in metal loading from storm runoff, Merse River (Tuscany, Italy)
The Merse River in Tuscany is affected by mine drainage and the weathering of mine wastes along several kilometres of its catchment. The metal loading to the stream was quantified by defining detailed profiles of discharge and concentration, using tracer-dilution and synoptic-sampling techniques. During the course of a field experiment to evaluate...
Kimball, Briant A.; Bianchi, F.; Walton-Day, Katherine; Runkel, Robert L.; Nannucci, M.; Salvadori, A. Toward a transport-based analysis of nutrient spiraling and uptake in streams
Nutrient addition experiments are designed to study the cycling of nutrients in stream ecosystems where hydrologic and nonhydrologic processes determine nutrient fate. Because of the importance of hydrologic processes in stream ecosystems, a conceptual model known as nutrient spiraling is frequently employed. A central part of the nutrient...
Runkel, Robert L. Quantification of mass loading to Strawberry Creek near the Gilt Edge mine, Lawrence County, South Dakota, June 2003
Although remedial actions have taken place at the Gilt Edge mine in the Black Hills of South Dakota, questions remain about a possible hydrologic connection along shear zones between some of the pit lakes at the mine site and Strawberry Creek. Spatially detailed chemical sampling of stream and inflow sites occurred during low-flow conditions in...
Kimball, Briant A.; Runkel, Robert L.; Walton-Day, Katherine; Williamson, Joyce E. Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 23. Quantification of mass loading from mined and unmined areas along the Red River, New Mexico
Along the course of the Red River, between the town of Red River, New Mexico, and the U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station near Questa, New Mexico, there are several catchments that contain hydrothermally altered bedrock. Some of these alteration zones have been mined and others have not, presenting an opportunity to evaluate...
Kimball, Briant A.; Nordstrom, D. Kirk; Runkel, Robert L.; Vincent, Kirk R.; Verplanck, Phillip L. Hyporheic exchange and fulvic acid redox reactions in an alpine stream/wetland ecosystem, Colorado front range
The influence of hyporheic zone interactions on the redox state of fulvic acids and other redox active species was investigated in an alpine stream and adjacent wetland, which is a more reducing environment. A tracer injection experiment using bromide (Br-) was conducted in the stream system. Simulations with a transport model showed that rates of...
Miller, Matthew P.; McKnight, Diane M.; Cory, R.M.; Williams, Mark W.; Runkel, Robert L. Mass loading of selected major and trace elements in Lake Fork Creek near Leadville, Colorado, September-October 2001
A mass-loading study of Lake Fork Creek of the Arkansas River between Sugarloaf Dam and the mouth was completed in September-October 2001 to help ascertain the following: (1) variation of pH and aqueous constituent concentrations (calcium, sulfate, alkalinity, aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, lead, and zinc) and their relation to...
Walton-Day, Katherine; Flynn, Jennifer L.; Kimball, Briant A.; Runkel, Robert L. Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation. 12. Geochemical and reactive-transport modeling based on tracer injection-synoptic sampling studies for the Red River, New Mexico, 2001-2002
Reactive-transport processes in the Red River, downstream from the town of Red River in north-central New Mexico, were simulated using the OTEQ reactive-transport model. The simulations were calibrated using physical and chemical data from synoptic studies conducted during low-flow conditions in August 2001 and during March/April 2002. Discharge...
Ball, James W.; Runkel, Robert L.; Nordstrom, D. Kirk Quantification and simulation of metal loading to the Upper Animas River, Eureka to Silverton, San Juan County, Colorado, September 1997 and August 1998
Drainage from abandoned and inactive mines and from naturally mineralized areas in the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado contributes metals to the upper Animas River near Silverton, Colorado. Tracer-injection studies and associated synoptic sampling were performed along two reaches of the upper Animas River to develop detailed profiles of...
Paschke, Suzanne S.; Kimball, Briant A.; Runkel, Robert L. Geochemistry of Red Mountain Creek, Colorado, under low-flow conditions, August 2002
Red Mountain Creek, an acid mine drainage stream in southwestern Colorado, was the subject of a synoptic study conducted in August 2002. During the synoptic study, a solution containing lithium chloride was injected continuously to allow for the calculation of streamflow using the tracer-dilution method. Synoptic water-quality samples were...
Runkel, Robert L.; Kimball, Briant A.; Walton-Day, Katherine; Verplanck, Philip L.