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Rosemary M Fanelli, Ph.D.

Rosemary Fanelli is a Hydrologist with the South Atlantic Water Science Center in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Rosemary is a Hydrologist with the USGS. Her research focuses on assessing the impacts of land use and management on freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Current projects include characterizing spatial and temporal patterns in water quality stressors, explaining trends in water quality, and assessing the effects of management and restoration activities on stream ecosystems.

Professional Experience

  • 2019 – Present     Hydrologist, USGS South Atlantic Water Science Center, Raleigh, NC

  • 2016 – 2019        Hydrologist, USGS MD-DE-DC Water Science Center, Baltimore, MD

  • 2014 - 2016        Pathways Career Hydrology Intern, USGS MD-DE-DC Water Science Center, Baltimore, MD

  • 2010 - 2016        Graduate Research Assistant, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

Education and Certifications

  • Ph.D., Marine, Estuarine, and Environmental Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD

  • M.S., Watershed Hydrology and Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY

  • B.S., Environmental Earth Science, SUNY College at Brockport, Brockport, NY

Science and Products

White Heron in Marsh

Tracking Status and Trends in Seven Key Indicators of River and Stream Condition in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Identifying and tracking the status of, and trends in, stream health within the Chesapeake Bay watershed is essential to understanding the past, present, and future trajectory of the watershed’s resources and ecological condition. A team of USGS scientists is meeting this need with an initiative to track the status of, and trends in, key indicators of the health of non-tidal freshwater streams...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, Pennsylvania Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC), Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center
Tracking Status and Trends in Seven Key Indicators of River and Stream Condition in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Tracking Status and Trends in Seven Key Indicators of River and Stream Condition in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Identifying and tracking the status of, and trends in, stream health within the Chesapeake Bay watershed is essential to understanding the past, present, and future trajectory of the watershed’s resources and ecological condition. A team of USGS scientists is meeting this need with an initiative to track the status of, and trends in, key indicators of the health of non-tidal freshwater streams...
Learn More

Compilation of multi-agency specific conductance observations for streams within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Compilation of multi-agency specific conductance observations for streams within the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Freshwater salinization is an emerging issue for freshwater environments in the Chesapeake Bay, USA region. Salinization is often described by measurements of specific conductance (SC). This data release contains specific conductance observations collected by multiple regional agencies for streams within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. This inventory compiles and harmonizes data from the...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Literature review results and regulatory summaries of freshwater stressors influencing biological impairment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA Literature review results and regulatory summaries of freshwater stressors influencing biological impairment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA

This data release contains relevant datasets used in the analysis for the Chesapeake Bay stressor identification project, for which results are described in Fanelli and others (in review). For this project, two existing information sources were compiled and summarized to identify key in-stream stressors reported by the scientific literature or through regulatory assessments to be likely...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Stream cross-section, benthic macroinvertebrate and fish taxa counts and abundance, and water chemistry data for the Clarksburg study area in Montgomery County, Maryland, 1992 - 2020 Stream cross-section, benthic macroinvertebrate and fish taxa counts and abundance, and water chemistry data for the Clarksburg study area in Montgomery County, Maryland, 1992 - 2020

Montgomery County, Maryland Department of Environmental Protection has collected datasets to assess the health of streams since the early 1990s. Datasets include geomorphic stream cross-sectional surveys, fish and benthic macroinvertebrate counts and taxa abundance, and water chemistry data collected at the time of benthic and fish sampling (dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, New Jersey Water Science Center

Discrete and high-frequency chloride (Cl) and specific conductance (SC) data sets and Cl-SC regression equations used for analysis of 93 USGS water quality monitoring stations in the eastern United States Discrete and high-frequency chloride (Cl) and specific conductance (SC) data sets and Cl-SC regression equations used for analysis of 93 USGS water quality monitoring stations in the eastern United States

High frequency estimated chloride (Cl) and observed specific conductance (SC) data sets, along with response variables derived from those data sets, were used in an analysis to quantify the extent to which deicer applications in winter affect water quality in 93 U.S. Geological Survey water quality monitoring stations across the eastern United States. The analysis was documented in the...
By
Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center

Streamflow and precipitation event statistics for treatment, urban control, and forested control watersheds in Clarksburg, MD USA (2004-2018) Streamflow and precipitation event statistics for treatment, urban control, and forested control watersheds in Clarksburg, MD USA (2004-2018)

This dataset describes streamflow and precipitation event statistics for four watersheds located in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA. Streamflow and precipitation events were identified from fourteen years of sub-daily (5- and 15-minute) monitoring data from October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2018. A 6-hour inter-event window was used to define discrete streamflow and precipitation events...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)
No results found.
Filter Total Items: 20

Connecting conservation practices to local stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed Connecting conservation practices to local stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

The Chesapeake Bay Partnership is implementing conservation practices (CPs) throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed to reduce nutrient and sediment delivery to the Bay. This study intends to provide an integrated and detailed understanding of how local streams respond to these CP-driven management efforts. Key issue: To what extent do CPs positively affect the health of local streams in...
Authors
Gregory E. Noe, Paul L. Angermeier, Larry B. Barber, Joe Buckwalter, Matthew J. Cashman, Olivia Devereux, Thomas Rossiter Doody, Sally Entrekin, Rosemary Margaret Fanelli, Nathaniel P. Hitt, Molly Elizabeth Huber, Jeramy Roland Jasmann, Kelly O. Maloney, Tristan Gregory Mohs, Sergio Sabat-Bonilla, Kelly Smalling, Tyler Wagner, John C. Wolf, Kenneth Hyer
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center

Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, North Carolina—Overview of hydrologic and water-quality monitoring activities and data quality assurance Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, North Carolina—Overview of hydrologic and water-quality monitoring activities and data quality assurance

Surface-water supplies are important sources of drinking water for residents in the Triangle area of North Carolina, which is located within the upper Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins. Since 1988, the U.S. Geological Survey and a consortium of local governments have participated in a cooperative effort, known as the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, to track water-quality...
Authors
J.C. Diaz, Rosemary Margaret Fanelli
By
Water Resources Mission Area, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Progress in reducing nutrient and sediment loads to Chesapeake Bay: Three decades of monitoring data and implications for restoring complex ecosystems Progress in reducing nutrient and sediment loads to Chesapeake Bay: Three decades of monitoring data and implications for restoring complex ecosystems

For over three decades, Chesapeake Bay (USA) has been the focal point of a coordinated restoration strategy implemented through a partnership of governmental and nongovernmental entities, which has been a classical model for coastal restoration worldwide. This synthesis aims to provide resource managers and estuarine scientists with a clearer perspective of the magnitude of changes in...
Authors
Qian Zhang, Joel D. Blomquist, Rosemary M. Fanelli, Jennifer L. Keisman, Douglas L. Moyer, Michael J. Langland
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center

Tracking status and trends in seven key indicators of stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed Tracking status and trends in seven key indicators of stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

“The Bay Connects us, the Bay reflects us” writes Tom Horton in the book “Turning the Tide—Saving the Chesapeake Bay”. The Chesapeake Bay watershed contains the largest estuary in the United States. The watershed stretches north to Cooperstown, New York, south to Lynchburg and Virginia Beach, Virginia, west to Pendleton County, West Virginia, and east to Seaford, Delaware, and Scranton
Authors
Samuel H. Austin, Matthew J. Cashman, John W. Clune, James E. Colgin, Rosemary M. Fanelli, Kevin P. Krause, Emily H. Majcher, Kelly O. Maloney, Christopher A. Mason, Douglas L. Moyer, Tammy M. Zimmerman
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Environmental Health Program, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, Pennsylvania Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC), Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center

Identifying key stressors driving biological impairment in freshwater streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA Identifying key stressors driving biological impairment in freshwater streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA

Biological communities in freshwater streams are often impaired by multiple stressors (e.g., flow or water quality) originating from anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, agriculture, or energy extraction. Restoration efforts in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA seek to improve biological conditions in 10% of freshwater tributaries and to protect the biological integrity of...
Authors
Rosemary M. Fanelli, Matthew J. Cashman, Aaron J. Porter
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Lessons learned from 20 y of monitoring suburban development with distributed stormwater management in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA Lessons learned from 20 y of monitoring suburban development with distributed stormwater management in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA

Urban development is a well-known stressor for stream ecosystems, presenting a challenge to managers tasked with mitigating its effects. For the past 20 y, streamflow, water quality, geomorphology, and benthic communities were monitored in 5 watersheds in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. This study presents a synthesis of multiple studies of monitoring efforts in the study area and new...
Authors
Kristina G. Hopkins, Sean Woznicki, Brianna Williams, Charles C. Stillwell, Eric Naibert, Marina J. Metes, Daniel K. Jones, Dianna M. Hogan, Natalie Celeste Hall, Rosemary M. Fanelli, Aditi S. Bhaskar
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Energy Resources Program, Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Non-USGS Publications**

Moore, J, R. Fanelli, and A. Sekellick. 2020. High-frequency data reveal deicing salts drive elevated conductivity and chloride along with pervasive and frequent exceedances of the EPA chloride aquatic life criteria in urban streams. Environ. Sci. Technology 54, 2, 778-789.
Fanelli, R, K. Prestegaard, and M. Palmer. 2019. Urban legacies: Aquatic stressors and low biodiversity persist despite regenerative stormwater conveyance implementation. Freshwater Science. DOI: 10.1086/706072.
Fanelli, R, J. Blomquist, and R. Hirsch. 2019. Point sources and agricultural practices control spatial-temporal patterns of orthophosphate in tributaries to Chesapeake Bay. Science of the Total Environment. 652: p 422-433. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.062
Fanelli, R., K. Prestegaard, and M. Palmer. 2017 Evaluation of infiltration-based stormwater management to restore hydrological processes in urban headwater streams. Hydrological Processes. doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11266
Palmer, M.A., S. Filoso and R. Fanelli. 2014. From ecosystems to ecosystem services: restoration as ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering. 65:62-70. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.059
Lautz, LK and R. Fanelli. 2008. Seasonal multivariate analysis of streambed biogeochemical hotspots around stream restoration structures. Biogeochemistry, 91(1): 85-104. doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9235-2
Fanelli, R. and LK Lautz. 2008. Patterns of water, heat and solute flux through streambeds around small dams. Ground Water 46(5): 671-687. doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00461.x

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

Science and Products

White Heron in Marsh

Tracking Status and Trends in Seven Key Indicators of River and Stream Condition in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Identifying and tracking the status of, and trends in, stream health within the Chesapeake Bay watershed is essential to understanding the past, present, and future trajectory of the watershed’s resources and ecological condition. A team of USGS scientists is meeting this need with an initiative to track the status of, and trends in, key indicators of the health of non-tidal freshwater streams...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, Pennsylvania Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC), Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center
Tracking Status and Trends in Seven Key Indicators of River and Stream Condition in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Tracking Status and Trends in Seven Key Indicators of River and Stream Condition in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Identifying and tracking the status of, and trends in, stream health within the Chesapeake Bay watershed is essential to understanding the past, present, and future trajectory of the watershed’s resources and ecological condition. A team of USGS scientists is meeting this need with an initiative to track the status of, and trends in, key indicators of the health of non-tidal freshwater streams...
Learn More

Compilation of multi-agency specific conductance observations for streams within the Chesapeake Bay watershed Compilation of multi-agency specific conductance observations for streams within the Chesapeake Bay watershed

Freshwater salinization is an emerging issue for freshwater environments in the Chesapeake Bay, USA region. Salinization is often described by measurements of specific conductance (SC). This data release contains specific conductance observations collected by multiple regional agencies for streams within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. This inventory compiles and harmonizes data from the...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Literature review results and regulatory summaries of freshwater stressors influencing biological impairment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA Literature review results and regulatory summaries of freshwater stressors influencing biological impairment in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA

This data release contains relevant datasets used in the analysis for the Chesapeake Bay stressor identification project, for which results are described in Fanelli and others (in review). For this project, two existing information sources were compiled and summarized to identify key in-stream stressors reported by the scientific literature or through regulatory assessments to be likely...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Stream cross-section, benthic macroinvertebrate and fish taxa counts and abundance, and water chemistry data for the Clarksburg study area in Montgomery County, Maryland, 1992 - 2020 Stream cross-section, benthic macroinvertebrate and fish taxa counts and abundance, and water chemistry data for the Clarksburg study area in Montgomery County, Maryland, 1992 - 2020

Montgomery County, Maryland Department of Environmental Protection has collected datasets to assess the health of streams since the early 1990s. Datasets include geomorphic stream cross-sectional surveys, fish and benthic macroinvertebrate counts and taxa abundance, and water chemistry data collected at the time of benthic and fish sampling (dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, New Jersey Water Science Center

Discrete and high-frequency chloride (Cl) and specific conductance (SC) data sets and Cl-SC regression equations used for analysis of 93 USGS water quality monitoring stations in the eastern United States Discrete and high-frequency chloride (Cl) and specific conductance (SC) data sets and Cl-SC regression equations used for analysis of 93 USGS water quality monitoring stations in the eastern United States

High frequency estimated chloride (Cl) and observed specific conductance (SC) data sets, along with response variables derived from those data sets, were used in an analysis to quantify the extent to which deicer applications in winter affect water quality in 93 U.S. Geological Survey water quality monitoring stations across the eastern United States. The analysis was documented in the...
By
Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center

Streamflow and precipitation event statistics for treatment, urban control, and forested control watersheds in Clarksburg, MD USA (2004-2018) Streamflow and precipitation event statistics for treatment, urban control, and forested control watersheds in Clarksburg, MD USA (2004-2018)

This dataset describes streamflow and precipitation event statistics for four watersheds located in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA. Streamflow and precipitation events were identified from fourteen years of sub-daily (5- and 15-minute) monitoring data from October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2018. A 6-hour inter-event window was used to define discrete streamflow and precipitation events...
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)
No results found.
Filter Total Items: 20

Connecting conservation practices to local stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed Connecting conservation practices to local stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

The Chesapeake Bay Partnership is implementing conservation practices (CPs) throughout the Chesapeake Bay watershed to reduce nutrient and sediment delivery to the Bay. This study intends to provide an integrated and detailed understanding of how local streams respond to these CP-driven management efforts. Key issue: To what extent do CPs positively affect the health of local streams in...
Authors
Gregory E. Noe, Paul L. Angermeier, Larry B. Barber, Joe Buckwalter, Matthew J. Cashman, Olivia Devereux, Thomas Rossiter Doody, Sally Entrekin, Rosemary Margaret Fanelli, Nathaniel P. Hitt, Molly Elizabeth Huber, Jeramy Roland Jasmann, Kelly O. Maloney, Tristan Gregory Mohs, Sergio Sabat-Bonilla, Kelly Smalling, Tyler Wagner, John C. Wolf, Kenneth Hyer
By
Chesapeake Bay Activities, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center

Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, North Carolina—Overview of hydrologic and water-quality monitoring activities and data quality assurance Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, North Carolina—Overview of hydrologic and water-quality monitoring activities and data quality assurance

Surface-water supplies are important sources of drinking water for residents in the Triangle area of North Carolina, which is located within the upper Cape Fear and Neuse River Basins. Since 1988, the U.S. Geological Survey and a consortium of local governments have participated in a cooperative effort, known as the Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project, to track water-quality...
Authors
J.C. Diaz, Rosemary Margaret Fanelli
By
Water Resources Mission Area, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Progress in reducing nutrient and sediment loads to Chesapeake Bay: Three decades of monitoring data and implications for restoring complex ecosystems Progress in reducing nutrient and sediment loads to Chesapeake Bay: Three decades of monitoring data and implications for restoring complex ecosystems

For over three decades, Chesapeake Bay (USA) has been the focal point of a coordinated restoration strategy implemented through a partnership of governmental and nongovernmental entities, which has been a classical model for coastal restoration worldwide. This synthesis aims to provide resource managers and estuarine scientists with a clearer perspective of the magnitude of changes in...
Authors
Qian Zhang, Joel D. Blomquist, Rosemary M. Fanelli, Jennifer L. Keisman, Douglas L. Moyer, Michael J. Langland
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center

Tracking status and trends in seven key indicators of stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed Tracking status and trends in seven key indicators of stream health in the Chesapeake Bay watershed

“The Bay Connects us, the Bay reflects us” writes Tom Horton in the book “Turning the Tide—Saving the Chesapeake Bay”. The Chesapeake Bay watershed contains the largest estuary in the United States. The watershed stretches north to Cooperstown, New York, south to Lynchburg and Virginia Beach, Virginia, west to Pendleton County, West Virginia, and east to Seaford, Delaware, and Scranton
Authors
Samuel H. Austin, Matthew J. Cashman, John W. Clune, James E. Colgin, Rosemary M. Fanelli, Kevin P. Krause, Emily H. Majcher, Kelly O. Maloney, Christopher A. Mason, Douglas L. Moyer, Tammy M. Zimmerman
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Environmental Health Program, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, Pennsylvania Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC), Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center

Identifying key stressors driving biological impairment in freshwater streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA Identifying key stressors driving biological impairment in freshwater streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA

Biological communities in freshwater streams are often impaired by multiple stressors (e.g., flow or water quality) originating from anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, agriculture, or energy extraction. Restoration efforts in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA seek to improve biological conditions in 10% of freshwater tributaries and to protect the biological integrity of...
Authors
Rosemary M. Fanelli, Matthew J. Cashman, Aaron J. Porter
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Lessons learned from 20 y of monitoring suburban development with distributed stormwater management in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA Lessons learned from 20 y of monitoring suburban development with distributed stormwater management in Clarksburg, Maryland, USA

Urban development is a well-known stressor for stream ecosystems, presenting a challenge to managers tasked with mitigating its effects. For the past 20 y, streamflow, water quality, geomorphology, and benthic communities were monitored in 5 watersheds in Montgomery County, Maryland, USA. This study presents a synthesis of multiple studies of monitoring efforts in the study area and new...
Authors
Kristina G. Hopkins, Sean Woznicki, Brianna Williams, Charles C. Stillwell, Eric Naibert, Marina J. Metes, Daniel K. Jones, Dianna M. Hogan, Natalie Celeste Hall, Rosemary M. Fanelli, Aditi S. Bhaskar
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Energy Resources Program, Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center, Chesapeake Bay Activities, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center, New Jersey Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Non-USGS Publications**

Moore, J, R. Fanelli, and A. Sekellick. 2020. High-frequency data reveal deicing salts drive elevated conductivity and chloride along with pervasive and frequent exceedances of the EPA chloride aquatic life criteria in urban streams. Environ. Sci. Technology 54, 2, 778-789.
Fanelli, R, K. Prestegaard, and M. Palmer. 2019. Urban legacies: Aquatic stressors and low biodiversity persist despite regenerative stormwater conveyance implementation. Freshwater Science. DOI: 10.1086/706072.
Fanelli, R, J. Blomquist, and R. Hirsch. 2019. Point sources and agricultural practices control spatial-temporal patterns of orthophosphate in tributaries to Chesapeake Bay. Science of the Total Environment. 652: p 422-433. doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.062
Fanelli, R., K. Prestegaard, and M. Palmer. 2017 Evaluation of infiltration-based stormwater management to restore hydrological processes in urban headwater streams. Hydrological Processes. doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11266
Palmer, M.A., S. Filoso and R. Fanelli. 2014. From ecosystems to ecosystem services: restoration as ecological engineering. Ecological Engineering. 65:62-70. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.059
Lautz, LK and R. Fanelli. 2008. Seasonal multivariate analysis of streambed biogeochemical hotspots around stream restoration structures. Biogeochemistry, 91(1): 85-104. doi.org/10.1007/s10533-008-9235-2
Fanelli, R. and LK Lautz. 2008. Patterns of water, heat and solute flux through streambeds around small dams. Ground Water 46(5): 671-687. doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2008.00461.x

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

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