Image showing the overview of a study site in the steep terrain of the Bridger Mountains of southwest Montanataken by an Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) while collecting data. The site’s complex terrain and topography are being studied to gain insights into snow depth and distribution in previously inaccessible areas.
Zachary Miller
My research is focused on snow and ice in mountain environments. I use modern remote sensing tools along with traditional manual measurement techniques to study snow distribution, avalanche processes, and mountain meteorology to better understand our frozen hydrological resources.
Biography:
My interest in snow science developed throughout my undergraduate studies, internships, professional avalanche work, and masters studies. My main research focus is snow distribution in mountain environments and is closely tied to avalanche science, meteorology, hydrology, ecology, and glaciology. I use modern remote sensing tools along with traditional manual measurement techniques to explore the interactions of these systems on the processes of snow accumulation, redistribution and ablation. I currently work with the Climate Change in Mountain Ecosystems group at Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center conducting research in and around Glacier National Park.
Education and Certifications
MS. Earth Sciences (Snow Science). 2021. Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
BA. Geography. 2011. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Science and Products
Remote Sensing Tools Advance Avalanche Research
USGS Snow and Avalanche Project
Going-to-the-Sun Road Avalanche Forecasting Program
Historical simulated snowpack and other hydrometeorology data at 30 m for the Crown of the Continent and vicinity, United States and Canada, water years 1981-2020
Historical simulated snowpack and other hydrometeorology data at 90 m for the Crown of the Continent and vicinity, United States and Canada, water years 1981-2020
USGS Benchmark Glacier Mass Balance and Project Data
2020 winter timeseries of UAS derived digital surface models (DSMs) from the Hourglass study site, Bridger Mountains, Montana, USA
Glacier-Wide Mass Balance and Compiled Data Inputs
Avalanche occurrence records along the Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana from 2003-2023 (ver. 3.0, July 2023)
Raw Ground Penetrating Radar Data on North American Glaciers
High Altitude Weather Station Data at USGS Benchmark Glaciers
Image showing the overview of a study site in the steep terrain of the Bridger Mountains of southwest Montanataken by an Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) while collecting data. The site’s complex terrain and topography are being studied to gain insights into snow depth and distribution in previously inaccessible areas.
The Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) landing zone with the study site in the background. Bridger Mountains, MT.
The Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) landing zone with the study site in the background. Bridger Mountains, MT.
Assessing snowpack stratigraphy accuracy based on different input data: Insights for operations avalanche forecasting
Comparing snowpack meteorological inputs to support regional wet snow avalanche forecasting
Mapping a glide avalanche with terrestrial lidar in Glacier National Park, USA
Spatial extent of forested avalanche terrain impacted by wildfire across the Sawtooth National Forest
Assessing the seasonal evolution of snow depth spatial variability and scaling in complex mountain terrain
Science and Products
- Science
Remote Sensing Tools Advance Avalanche Research
The USGS Snow and Avalanche Project (SNAP) uses remotely sensed technologies to understand snowpack changes that influence water storage, recreation, avalanche hazard and acts as a driver of landscape change. Satellites, uninhabited aerial systems (UAS), and structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry are some of the tools scientists use to collect high resolution imagery that supports ongoing snow...USGS Snow and Avalanche Project
Snow avalanches are a widespread natural hazard to humans and infrastructure as well as an important landscape disturbance affecting mountain ecosystems. Forecasting avalanche frequency is challenging on various spatial and temporal scales, and this project aims to fill a gap in snow science by focusing on reconstructing avalanche history on the continental mountain range scale - throughout the...Going-to-the-Sun Road Avalanche Forecasting Program
As the most popular attraction in Glacier National Park (GNP), the Going-to-the-Sun Road traverses scenic alpine zones and crosses the Continental Divide at Logan Pass (2026m or 6,647' elevation). The Park closes a 56km (34.8 mile) section of the road each winter due to inclement weather, heavy snowfall, and avalanche hazards. Annual spring opening of the road is a highly anticipated event for... - Data
Historical simulated snowpack and other hydrometeorology data at 30 m for the Crown of the Continent and vicinity, United States and Canada, water years 1981-2020
This data release contains historical SnowModel (Liston and Elder, 2006) output for the Crown of the Continent and surrounding areas in Montana, USA; and Alberta and British Columbia, Canada from September 1, 1981 through August 31, 2020. Fifteen daily variables were simulated or derived for this release: (1) snow water equivalent (swed), (2) liquid precipitation (rpre), (3) solid precipitation (sHistorical simulated snowpack and other hydrometeorology data at 90 m for the Crown of the Continent and vicinity, United States and Canada, water years 1981-2020
This data release contains historical SnowModel (Liston and Elder, 2006) output for the Crown of the Continent and surrounding areas in Montana and Idaho, USA; and Alberta and British Columbia, Canada from September 1, 1981 through August 31, 2020. Fifteen daily variables were simulated or derived for this release: (1) snow water equivalent (swed), (2) liquid precipitation (rpre), (3) solid precipUSGS Benchmark Glacier Mass Balance and Project Data
Since the late 1950s, the USGS has maintained a long-term glacier mass-balance program at three North American glaciers. Measurements began on South Cascade Glacier, WA in 1958, expanding to Gulkana and Wolverine glaciers, AK in 1966, and later Sperry Glacier, MT in 2005. Additional measurements have been made on Lemon Creek Glacier, AK to compliment data collected by the Juneau Icefield Research2020 winter timeseries of UAS derived digital surface models (DSMs) from the Hourglass study site, Bridger Mountains, Montana, USA
Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) flights were conducted over the headwaters of the South Fork of Brackett Creek in the Bridger Mountains of SW Montana during the winter of 2020. The flights collected overlapping imagery focused on a steep mountain couloir study site known locally as "the Hourglass." Structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry was used to process the collected imagery and create digitalGlacier-Wide Mass Balance and Compiled Data Inputs
Since the late 1950s, the USGS has maintained a long-term glacier mass-balance program at three North American glaciers. Measurements began on South Cascade Glacier, WA in 1958, expanding to Gulkana and Wolverine glaciers, AK in 1966, and later Sperry Glacier, MT in 2005. The Juneau Icefield Research Program has measured surface mass balance on Lemon Creek and Taku Glacier since the mid-1940s, witAvalanche occurrence records along the Going-to-the-Sun Road, Glacier National Park, Montana from 2003-2023 (ver. 3.0, July 2023)
Starting in 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center in West Glacier, MT, in collaboration with the National Park Service, collected avalanche observations along the Going to the Sun Road during the spring road-clearing operations. The spring road-clearing along Going to the Sun Road utilized a team of avalanche specialists from the USGS and Glacier National PRaw Ground Penetrating Radar Data on North American Glaciers
U.S. Geological Survey researchers conducted time-series ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys with a Sensors and Software 500-MHz Pulse Ekko Pro system. This data release contains ground-based (ski and snowmobile) as well as airborne common-offset profiles. All profiles are linked to coincident GPS observations. Additionally, common-midpoint data was collected at specific glacier locations. CoinHigh Altitude Weather Station Data at USGS Benchmark Glaciers
Since the late 1950s, the USGS has maintained a long-term glacier mass-balance program at three North American glaciers. Measurements began on South Cascade Glacier, WA in 1958, expanding to Gulkana and Wolverine glaciers, AK in 1966, and later Sperry Glacier, MT in 2005. Additional measurements have been made on Lemon Creek Glacier, AK to compliment data collected by the Juneau Icefield Research - Multimedia
Steep terrain of the Bridger Mountains, Montana
Image showing the overview of a study site in the steep terrain of the Bridger Mountains of southwest Montanataken by an Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) while collecting data. The site’s complex terrain and topography are being studied to gain insights into snow depth and distribution in previously inaccessible areas.
Image showing the overview of a study site in the steep terrain of the Bridger Mountains of southwest Montanataken by an Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) while collecting data. The site’s complex terrain and topography are being studied to gain insights into snow depth and distribution in previously inaccessible areas.
Uncrewed aircraft system landing zone in Bridger MountainsUncrewed aircraft system landing zone in Bridger MountainsThe Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) landing zone with the study site in the background. Bridger Mountains, MT.
The Uncrewed Aircraft System (UAS) landing zone with the study site in the background. Bridger Mountains, MT.
- Publications
Assessing snowpack stratigraphy accuracy based on different input data: Insights for operations avalanche forecasting
Avalanche forecasters and snow scientists use physically based snow stratigraphy models to fill spatial and temporal gaps in field-based snow profile observations. These models generate stratigraphy predictions using meteorological input from automated weather stations (AWS) or numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The choice of input data is often determined by data availability or convenienAuthorsRoss T. Palomaki, Zachary MillerComparing snowpack meteorological inputs to support regional wet snow avalanche forecasting
Wet snow avalanches are predicted to increase in frequency with climate change and are often difficult to forecast. Improving our understanding of wet snow avalanche timing will help with current forecasting challenges. The onset of wet snow avalanching is closely tied to the temporal progression of liquid water flow through the seasonal snowpack. Measuring the flow of water through the snowpack iAuthorsZachary Miller, Simon Horton, Christoph Mitterer, Erich PeitzschMapping a glide avalanche with terrestrial lidar in Glacier National Park, USA
Thorough documentation of large avalanche events is important for forecasting efforts, infrastructure planning, and investigating the processes involved in avalanche formation and release. However, due in part to the isolated and dangerous nature of avalanche terrain, collecting in-situ, spatially continuous, and quantitative information surrounding avalanches remains difficult. Advances in remoteAuthorsJames W. Dillon, Zachary Miller, Erich Peitzsch, Kevin D. HammondsSpatial extent of forested avalanche terrain impacted by wildfire across the Sawtooth National Forest
Forest structure is a major driver of mountain snowpacks and avalanche occurrence. Healthy forests can reduce the incidence of dangerous slab avalanches, slow avalanches when in motion, shorten their runout distances, and act as a safety buffer for backcountry users, infrastructure, and transportation corridors. Since 1984, wildfire area in the seasonal snow zone of the western United States has iAuthorsZachary Miller, John Sykes, Megan Guinn, Benjamin VandenBos, Scott Savage, Erich PeitzschAssessing the seasonal evolution of snow depth spatial variability and scaling in complex mountain terrain
Dynamic natural processes govern snow distribution in mountainous environments throughout the world. Interactions between these different processes create spatially variable patterns of snow depth across a landscape. Variations in accumulation and redistribution occur at a variety of spatial scales, which are well established for moderate mountain terrain. However, spatial patterns of snow depth vAuthorsZachary Miller, Erich Peitzsch, Eric A. Sproles, Karl W. Birkeland, Ross T. Palomaki - News