Images

Map of Yellowstone region showing the backbone (triangles) and dense 2020 (yellow squares) seismic networks, and based on Wu et al. (2023).

Four examples of vertical ground shaking during Steamboat Geyser eruptions as recorded by seismic station YNM. The vertical scale is the same for each seismogram.

Comparison between the velocity structures outlining the Yellowstone’s upper-crustal magma reservoir at 5 km (3 mi) depth based on sparse (left) and dense (right) seismic networks. The open squares denote the locations of seismic sensors. Warmer color indicates lower velocity, representing higher melt fraction within the medium.

Earthquake Lake, which formed when the Madison River was blocked by a landslide that occurred as a consequence of the Hebgen Lake earthquake in 1959.  The lake inundated existing forest, now marked by standing dead trees in the lake water. The landslide scar is visible on the side of the mountain at the far end of the lake.

Map of Geyser Hill, Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, showing selected thermal features, including new and reactivated features that were active during the May-June 2023 thermal unrest.  Map prepared by by Kiernan Folz-Donahue, Yellowstone National Park.

A garter snake along Violet Creek near the Mary Mountain Trail in Hayden Valley, Yellowstone National Park. This snake used the geothermally warmed creek to thermoregulate during near-freezing overnight conditions. USGS photo by Stanley Mordensky, June 2023.

Hydrothermal explosion crater that has existed since at least 1954 located just southwest of The Gap in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park. Photo taken in June 2023 by Lauren Harrison.

A garter snake along Violet Creek near the Mary Mountain Trail in Hayden Valley, Yellowstone National Park. This snake used the geothermally warmed creek to thermoregulate during near-freezing overnight conditions. USGS photo by Stanley Mordensky, June 2023.

Map of continuous Global Positioning System (GPS), semipermanent GPS, borehole strainmeters, and borehole tiltmeters that provide surface deformation monitoring capability in and around Yellowstone National Park. Red line denotes boundary of Yellowstone Caldera.

Thermal feature UNNG-GHG-17a, not far from Sponge Geyser on Geyser Hill in Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park.  The feature formed during a period of thermal unrest that began in May 2023 and threw debris and hot water onto the adjacent boardwalk, which was closed for safety.  National Park Service photo by Kiernan Folz-Donahue, May 31, 2023.

A corner reflector, designed to reflect satellite radar signals and useful for calibrating radar data, with GPS station PEA1 (and the San Andreas fault) in the background. Photo by Scott Johnson, EarthScope Consortium, on May 2, 2023.

Borehole station B945, near Panther Meadow between Mammoth Hot Springs and Norris Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park.  Left (“before”) panel shows old VSAT satellite communication network, with a large, round antenna (photo by Scott Johnson, EarthScope Consortium, on May 13, 2022).  Right (“after”) panel shows the station with a new Starlink antenna

Distribution of hydrothermal features in Yellowstone as a function of their pH (modified and updated from Nordstrom et al., 2009). There are two distinct groupings: one is more acidic, and the other neutral to basic.

Front cover of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory 2022 annual report, which includes a summary of earthquake, deformation, and geyser activity, as well as research investigations and other information.

Soil carbon dioxide concentration and temperature measured at a new thermal area near Tern Lake in Yellowstone National Park on the east side of Yellowstone Caldera. A, Map of soil carbon dioxide flux simulated based on measurements made at the black dots in September 2022. B, Map of soil temperature at a depth of 20 centimeters (8 inches).

Simplified map of the Wyoming Province—a craton composed of Archean-age continental crust. Archean- and Proterozoic-age rocks outcrop in many places within the Wyoming Province and are shown as dark grey blobs. The yellow blob highlights the location of the Hellroaring and Crevice plutons, a small portion of which are exposed in northern Yellowstone National Park.

Map of the northwestern U.S., showing the approximate locations of the Yellowstone hotspot volcanic fields (orange) and Columbia River Basalts (gray).  Boundary of Yellowstone National Park is shown in yellow.  Inset shows physiographic map of southwest Montana and central Idaho.

Simplified geologic map of the Timber Hill basalt and underlying geology in the Sweetwater Hills. The Sweetwater Road is shown by red. Note the basalt flow generally rests on poorly cemented sediments of the Sixmile Creek Formation shown in orange.  Map by Jesse Mosolof (Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology).

USGS scientists work to recover sediment cores from Henrys Lake, Idaho. (Left): geologists traverse frozen Henrys Lake with coring supplies. USGS photo by Sylvia Nicovich, March 30, 2023.  (Right) Geologists lower the corer into the lake through a hole augured through the ice. USGS photo by Chris DuRoss, March 31, 2023.

Frying Pan Lake (also called Waimangu Cauldron), in New Zealand, sits within Echo Crater, which formed during the 1886 eruption of Tarawera.  A hydrothermal explosion from the crater in 1917 resulted in the formation of the hot spring "lake" by 1918.

Map of the distribution of pH for thermal pools within Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park.  Cool colors are acidic, and warm colors are neutral to slightly basic.  These data were collected and organized using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. Map by Jefferson Hungerford and Kiernan Folz-Donahue, Yellowstone National Park.