David J Soucek, PhD

Science and Products

• Data
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  March 8, 2023

  Acute and chronic toxicity of two perfluoroalkyl substances to Neocloeon triangulifer

  Dataset consists of 4-day, 14-day, and full life responses of laboratory cultured mayflies (Neocloeon triangulifer) to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).  Responses were measured as survival at 4 days, 14 days, pre-emergent nymph (PEN) stage, and emergence; 14-day length; number of days to PEN stage, and imago live weight.  Water quality and analytical chemistry re

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  Columbia Environmental Research Center

  August 19, 2022

  Survival, and growth of Neocloeon triangulifer under different test conditions in effluent style evaluations

  Dataset consists of 4, 7, 10, and 14-day responses of laboratory cultured mayflies (Neocloeon triangulifer) to sodium chloride exposure under different test condition scenarios. Responses were measured as mortality and growth (length). Water quality and analytical chemistry results associated with toxicity data are included. Experiments included 1) testing the influence of organism age on mortalit

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  Columbia Environmental Research Center

  February 8, 2022

  Survival, reproduction, and weight of Neocloeon triangulifer after short and long-term exposures to nickel and zinc

  Dataset consists of 4-day, 14-day, and full life responses of laboratory cultured mayflies (Neocloeon triangulifer) to nickel and zinc exposure. Responses were measured as mortality, body weight, development time, and reproduction. Water quality and analytical chemistry results associated with toxicity data are included. Additional data included are results of experiments assessing proportion of d

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  Columbia Environmental Research Center

  August 20, 2021

  Survival, growth and reproduction of C. dubia and N. triangulifer to nickel and zinc exposure in natural waters

  Survival, growth and reproduction of Ceriodaphnia dubia and Neocloeon triangulifer, metal concentrations and water quality parameters from nickel and zinc exposures in natural waters

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  May 6, 2020

  Chemical and biological data from acute and chronic exposure to sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate for several freshwater organisms in water-only bioassays

  The responses (survival, growth, and/or reproduction) of test organisms in six concentrations of toxicants in several test waters with different water quality characteristics. In addition to the individual biological data, chemical, and water quality measurements from each toxicity test are also reported. Test organisms include unionid mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea, Villosa iris), a midge (Chi

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Columbia Environmental Research Center
• Publications
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  March 2, 2023

  Perfluorooctanesulfonate adversely affects a mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) at environmentally realistic concentrations

  Of the emerging contaminant types thought to threaten freshwater biota, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances appear to be particularly widespread, and limited studies conducted with these compounds thus far indicate insects may be particularly sensitive to them. This study investigated the short- and long-term effects of two commonly detected compounds on the laboratory-reared mayfly Neocloeon tria

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  January 4, 2023

  Guide for benthic invertebrate studies in support of Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration

  This guide is intended to assist with characterizing injury to freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs) in Natural Resource Damage Assessment and Restoration (NRDAR) cases. The contents are narrowly focused on insects, crustaceans, snails, and other invertebrate fauna that are typically considered part of BMI communities and are not intended to address studies of injury to larger benthic taxa

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  November 1, 2022

  Influence of test method variables on sensitivity of Neocloeon triangulifer to a reference toxicant in short-term, effluent style evaluations

  Recent literature has demonstrated the sensitivity of mayflies to environmental contaminants. However, to date, there are no methods approved by the US Environmental Protection Agency for using sensitive insects like mayflies in whole-effluent toxicity or receiving water toxicity tests. The parthenogenetic mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer has been shown to be amenable to continuous culture in the lab

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  July 23, 2021

  Modeling the bioavailability of nickel and zinc to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Neocloeon triangulifer in toxicity tests with Natural Waters

  We studied biotic ligand model (BLM) predictions of toxicity of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in natural waters from Illinois and Minnesota USA which had combinations of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) more extreme than 99.7% of waters in a nationwide database. We conducted 7-d chronic tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia, and 96-hr acute test and 14-d chronic tests with Neocloeon triangulif

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  August 25, 2020

  Acute and chronic toxicity of nickel and zinc to a laboratory cultured mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) in aqueous but fed exposures

  Aquatic insects are poorly represented in water quality criteria, and previous studies have suggested a lack of sensitivity in acute toxicity tests despite observational studies demonstrating the contrary. Our objectives were to determine the toxicity of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) to the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer in fed acute (96-h) and chronic exposures to estimate aqueous effect concentration

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  February 29, 2020

  Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate to several freshwater organisms in water-only exposures

  Elevated nitrate (NO3) and sulfate (SO4) in surface water are of global concern, and studies are needed to generate toxicity data to develop environmental guideline values for NO3 and SO4. The present study was designed to fill existing gaps in toxicity databases by determining the acute and/or chronic toxicity of NO3 (tested as NaNO3) to a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea), a midge (Chironom

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  October 4, 2016

  Using an interlaboratory study to revise methods for conducting 10-d to 42-d water or sediment toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca

  Studies have been conducted to refine US Environmental Protection Agency, ASTM International, and Environment Canada standard methods for conducting 42-d reproduction tests with Hyalella azteca in water or in sediment. Modifications to the H. azteca method include better-defined ionic composition requirements for exposure water (i.e., >15 mg/L of chloride and >0.02 mg/L of bromide) and improved su

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  Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Columbia Environmental Research Center

  Non-USGS Publications**

  Cianciolo, T.R., McLaughlin, D.L., Zipper, C.E., Timpano, A.J., Soucek, D.J., and Schoenholtz, S.H., 2020, Impacts to water quality and biota persist in mining-influenced Appalachian streams: Science of The Total Environment, v. 717, p. 137216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137216

  Lepine, C., Christianson, L., Soucek, D., McIsaac, G., and Summerfelt, S., 2021, Metal leaching and toxicity of denitrifying woodchip bioreactor outflow—Potential reuse application: Aquacultural Engineering, v. 93, p. 102129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102129.

  Sibley, P., Lagadic, L., McCoole, M., Norberg-King, T., Roessink, I., Soucek, D., Watson-Leung, T., and Wirtz, J., 2020, Mayflies in ecotoxicity testing: Methodological needs and knowledge gaps: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 16, no. 2, p. 292-293. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4245.
  
  

  Cianciolo, T.R., McLaughlin, D.L., Zipper, C.E., Timpano, A.J., Soucek, D.J., Whitmore, K.M., and Schoenholtz, S.H., 2020, Selenium Bioaccumulation Across Trophic Levels and Along a Longitudinal Gradient in Headwater Streams: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 39, no. 3, p. 692-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4660.
  

  Drover, D.R., Schoenholtz, S.H., Soucek, D.J., and Zipper, C.E., 2020, Multiple stressors influence benthic macroinvertebrate communities in central Appalachian coalfield streams: Hydrobiologia, v. 847, no. 1, p. 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-04081-4.
  
  

  Drover, D.R., Zipper, C.E., Soucek, D.J., and Schoenholtz, S.H., 2019, Using density, dissimilarity, and taxonomic replacement to characterize mining-influenced benthic macroinvertebrate community alterations in central Appalachia: Ecological Indicators, v. 106, p. 105535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105535.
  
  

  Buchwalter, D., Scheibener, S., Chou, H., Soucek, D., and Elphick, J., 2019, Are sulfate effects in the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer driven by the cost of ion regulation?: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 374, no. 1764, p. 20180013. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0013.
  
  

  Whitmore, K.M., Schoenholtz, S.H., Soucek, D.J., Hopkins, W.A., and Zipper, C.E., 2018, Selenium dynamics in headwater streams of the central Appalachian coalfield: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 37, no. 10, p. 2714-2726. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4245.
  

  Timpano, A.J., Schoenholtz, S.H., Soucek, D.J., and Zipper, C.E., 2018, Benthic macroinvertebrate community response to salinization in headwater streams in Appalachia USA over multiple years: Ecological Indicators, v. 91, p. 645-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.031.
  
  

  Timpano, A.J., Zipper, C.E., Soucek, D.J., and Schoenholtz, S.H., 2018, Seasonal pattern of anthropogenic salinization in temperate forested headwater streams: Water Research, v. 133, p. 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.012.
  

  Soucek, D.J., Mount, D.R., Dickinson, A., and Hockett, J.R., 2018, Influence of dilution water ionic composition on acute major ion toxicity to the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1330-1339. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4072.
  
  

  Soucek, D.J., and Dickinson, A., 2016, Influence of chloride on the chronic toxicity of sodium nitrate to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca: Ecotoxicology, v. 25, no. 7, p. 1406-1416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-016-1691-1.
  
  

  Soucek, D.J., Dickinson, A., and Major, K.M., 2016, Selection of food combinations to optimize survival, growth, and reproduction of the amphipod Hyalella azteca in static-renewal, water-only laboratory exposures: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 35, no. 10, p. 2407-2415. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3387.
  

  Boehme, E.A., Zipper, C.E., Schoenholtz, S.H., Soucek, D.J., and Timpano, A.J., 2016, Temporal dynamics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and their response to elevated specific conductance in Appalachian coalfield headwater streams: Ecological Indicators, v. 64, p. 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.12.020.

  Soucek, D.J., Lazo-Wasem, E.A., Taylor, C.A., and Major, K.M., 2015, Description of Two New Species of Hyalella (Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from Eastern North America with a Revised Key to North American Members of the Genus: Journal of Crustacean Biology, v. 35, no. 6, p. 814-829. https://doi.org/10.1163/1937240X-00002373.
  
  

  Levengood, J,M., Soucek, D.J., Sass, G.G., and Epifanio, J.M., 2015, Interspecific and Spatial Comparisons of Perfluorinated Compounds in Bighead and Silver Carp in the Illinois River, Illinois, USA: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 95, no. 5, p. 561-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-015-1646-x.
  

  Soucek, D.J., Mount, D.R., Dickinson, A., Hockett, J.R., and McEwen, A.R., 2015, Contrasting effects of chloride on growth, reproduction, and toxicant sensitivity in two genetically distinct strains of Hyalella azteca: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 34, no. 10, p. 2354-2362. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3070
  
  

  Ciparis, S., Phipps, A., Soucek, D.J., Zipper, C.E., and Jones, J.W., 2015, Effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of major ions on a freshwater mussel: Environmental Pollution, v. 207, p. 280-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.023
  
  

  Soucek, D.J., and Dickinson, A., 2015, Full-life chronic toxicity of sodium salts to the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer in tests with laboratory cultured food: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 34, no. 9, p. 2126-2137.
  https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3038
  
  

  Timpano, A.J., Schoenholtz, S.H., Soucek, D.J., and Zipper, C.E., 2015, Salinity as a Limiting Factor for Biological Condition in Mining-Influenced Central Appalachian Headwater Streams: JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 51, no. 1, p. 240-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12247
  
  

  Levengood, J.M., Soucek, D.J., Sass, G.G., Dickinson, A., and Epifanio, J.M., 2014, Elements of concern in fillets of bighead and silver carp from the Illinois River, Illinois: Chemosphere, v. 104, p. 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.058
  

  Matlaga, T.H., Phillips, C.A., and Soucek, D.J., 2014, Insensitivity to road salt: an advantage for the American bullfrog?: Hydrobiologia, v. 721, no. 1, p. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-013-1626-2.

  Ryan, T.A., Kohl, A.N., Soucek, D.J., Smith, T.S., Brandt, T.M., Bonner, T.H., and Cropek, D.M., 2013, Short-Term Effects of Military Fog Oil on the Fountain Darter (Etheostoma fonticola): Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 65, no. 4, p. 790-797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-013-9958-5.
  

  Major, K., Soucek, D.J., Giordano, R., Wetzel, M.J., and Soto-Adames, F., 2013, The common ecotoxicology laboratory strain of Hyalella azteca is genetically distinct from most wild strains sampled in Eastern North America: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 32, no. 11, p. 2637-2647. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2355
  

  Soucek, D.J., Dickinson, A., Major, K.M., and McEwen, A.R., 2013, Effect of test duration and feeding on relative sensitivity of genetically distinct clades of Hyalella azteca: Ecotoxicology, v. 22, no. 9, p. 1359-1366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1122-5.

  Levengood, J.M., Soucek, D.J., Dickinson, A., Sass, G.G., and Epifanio, J.M., 2013, Spatial and interspecific patterns in persistent contaminant loads in bighead and silver carp from the Illinois River: Ecotoxicology, v. 22, no. 7, p. 1174-1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1105-6.

  Levengood, J.M., Soucek, D.J., Taylor, C.A., and Gay, D.A., 2013, Mercury in small Illinois fishes: historical perspectives and current issues: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 185, no. 8, p. 6485-6494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-3040-z.

  Soucek, D.J., and Dickinson, A., 2012, Acute Toxicity of Nitrate and Nitrite to Sensitive Freshwater Insects, Mollusks, and a Crustacean: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 62, no. 2, p. 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-011-9705-8.

  Soucek, D.J., Dickinson, A., and Koch, B.T., 2011, Acute and chronic toxicity of boron to a variety of freshwater organisms: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 30, no. 8, p. 1906-1914. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.578

  Soucek, D.J., Linton, T.K., Tarr, C.D., Dickinson, A., Wickramanayake, N., Delos, C.G., and Cruz, L.A., 2011, Influence of water hardness and sulfate on the acute toxicity of chloride to sensitive freshwater invertebrates: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 30, no. 4, p. 930-938. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.454
  
  

  Yi, S.A., Francis, B.M., Jarrell, W.M., and Soucek, D.J., 2011, Toxicological effects of the aquatic herbicide, fluridone, on male water mites (Hydrachnidiae: Arrenurus: Megaluracarus): Ecotoxicology, v. 20, no. 1, p. 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-010-0558-0.

  Ward, M.P., Jablonski, C., Semel, B., and Soucek, D., 2010, The biological pathway and effect of PCBs on common terns in Lake Michigan: Ecotoxicology, v. 19, no. 8, p. 1513-1522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-010-0536-6.

  Soucek, D.J., Dickinson, A., and Cropek, D.M., 2010, Effects of millimeter wave carbon fibers on filter-feeding freshwater invertebrates: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 73, no. 4, p. 500-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.10.015

  Taylor, C.A., and Soucek, D.J., 2010, Re-examining the Importance of Fish in the Diets of Stream-dwelling Crayfishes: Implications for Food Web Analyses and Conservation: The American Midland Naturalist, v. 163, no. 2, p. 280-293, 214. https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-163.2.280.

  Rogowski, D.L., Soucek, D.J., Levengood, J.M., Johnson, S.R., Chick, J.H., Dettmers, J.M., Pegg, M.A., and Epifanio, J.M., 2009, Contaminant concentrations in Asian carps, invasive species in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 157, no. 1, p. 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0529-6.

  Esarey JC, Levengood JM, Soucek DJ, Hudson R, Halbrook R., 2008, Contaminants in unionid mussels from the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers confluence area: IL Natural History Survey Bulletin, v. 39, no. 5, p. 197-214.

  Cropek, D.M., Esarey, J.C., Conner, C.L., Goran, J.M., Smith, T., and Soucek, D.J., 2008, Toxicological effects of military fog oil obscurant on Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia in field and laboratory exposures: Ecotoxicology, v. 17, no. 6, p. 517-525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-008-0207-z.

  Soucek, D.J., 2007, Sodium sulfate impacts feeding, specific dynamic action, and growth rate in the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 315-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.05.006

  Soucek, D.J., 2007, Bioenergetic effects of sodium sulfate on the freshwater crustacean, Ceriodaphnia dubia: Ecotoxicology, v. 16, no. 3, p. 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-007-0133-5.

  Soucek, D.J., 2007, Comparison of hardness- and chloride-regulated acute effects of sodium sulfate on two freshwater crustaceans: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 26, no. 4, p. 773-779. https://doi.org/10.1897/06-229R.1

  Taylor, C.A., Soucek, D.J., and Organ, E.L., 2006, A new crayfish of the genus Cambarus Erichson, 1846 (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from an under-sampled habitat type in central Tennessee, USA: Zootaxa, v. 1200, no. 1, p. 29–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1200.1.3

  Soucek, D.J., 2006, Effects of Freshly Neutralized Aluminum on Oxygen Consumption by Freshwater Invertebrates: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 50, no. 3, p. 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-005-5053-x.

  Soucek, D.J., and Kennedy, A.J., 2005, Effects of hardness, chloride, and acclimation on the acute toxicity of sulfate to freshwater invertebrates: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1204-1210. https://doi.org/10.1897/04-142.1
  

  Soucek, D.J., Cherry, D.S., and Zipper, C.E., 2003, Impacts of Mine Drainage and Other Nonpoint Source Pollutants on Aquatic Biota in the Upper Powell River System, Virginia: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, v. 9, no. 4, p. 1059-1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/713610023.

  Hull, M.S., Cherry, D.S., Soucek, D.J., Currie, R.J., and Neves, R.J., 2002, Comparison of Asian clam field bioassays and benthic community surveys in quantifying effects of a coal-fired power plant effluent on Clinch River biota: Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, v. 9, no. 4, p. 271-283. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024020216459.

  Schmidt, T.S., Soucek, D.J., and Cherry, D.S., 2002, Integrative assessment of benthic macroinvertebrate community impairment from metal-contaminated waters in tributaries of the upper Powell River, Virginia, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 21, no. 10, p. 2233-2241. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620211030.

  Cherry, D.S., Van Hassel, J.H., Farris, J.L., Soucek, D.J., and Neves, R.J., 2002, Site-Specific Derivation of the Acute Copper Criteria for the Clinch River, Virginia: Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, v. 8, no. 3, p. 591-601. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807030290879844.

  Soucek, D.J., Denson, B.C., Schmidt, T.S., Cherry, D.S., and Zipper, C.E., 2002, Impaired Acroneuria sp. (Plecoptera, Perlidae) Populations Associated with Aluminum Contamination in Neutral pH Surface Waters: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 42, no. 4, p. 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0049-7.

  Schmidt, T.S., Soucek, D.J., and Cherry, D.S., 2002, Modification of an ecotoxicological rating to bioassess small acid mine drainage-impacted watersheds exclusive of benthic macroinvertebrate analysis: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 21, no. 5, p. 1091-1097. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210527.

  Soucek, D.J., Cherry, D.S., and Zipper, C.E., 2001, Aluminum-dominated acute toxicity to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia in neutral waters downstream of an acid mine drainage discharge: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 58, no. 12, p. 2396-2404. https://doi.org/10.1139/f01-185.

  Soucek, D.J., Cherry, D.S., and Zipper, C.E., 2001, Aluminum-dominated acute toxicity to the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia in neutral waters downstream of an acid mine drainage discharge: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 58, no. 12, p. 2396-2404. https://doi.org/10.1139/f01-185.

  Cherry, D.S., Currie, R.J., Soucek, D.J., Latimer, H.A., and Trent, G.C., 2001, An integrative assessment of a watershed impacted by abandoned mined land discharges: Environmental Pollution, v. 111, no. 3, p. 377-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00093-2.
  

  Soucek, D.J., Cherry, D.S., Currie, R.J., Latimer, H.A., and Trent, G.C., 2000, Laboratory to field validation in an integrative assessment of an acid mine drainage–impacted watershed: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 19, no. 4, p. 1036-1043.
  https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190433.

  Soucek, D.J., Cherry, D.S., and Trent, G.C., 2000, Relative Acute Toxicity of Acid Mine Drainage Water Column and Sediments to Daphnia magna in the Puckett's Creek Watershed, Virginia, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 38, no. 3, p. 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002449910040.

  Soucek, D.J., and Noblet, G.P., 1998, Copper toxicity to the endoparasitic trematode (Posthodiplostomum minimum) relative to physid snail and bluegill sunfish intermediate hosts: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 17, no. 12, p. 2512-2516. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620171219.
  

  **Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.