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Northern gannet flying with mountains in background.

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
Avian Influenza

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.
Learn More
Mosquito, species not verified

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.
Learn More

Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) weights and Ct values for SARS-CoV-2 Infection challenge Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) weights and Ct values for SARS-CoV-2 Infection challenge

Little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) weights and SARS-CoV2 test results were collected as part of study to assess transmission potential of SARS-CoV2 in North American bat populations. It has been proposed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in Asian bats and subsequently spread through human populations as a pandemic. There is concern that infected humans could transmit the virus to...
By
National Wildlife Health Center

Dataset: Sero-surveillance for avian influenza exposure in wild birds in Iceland, 2012-2017 Dataset: Sero-surveillance for avian influenza exposure in wild birds in Iceland, 2012-2017

From 2010-2018 we investigated the occurrence of avian influenza antibody in wild birds in Iceland. A total of 2453 serum samples were collected from wild birds. We tested all samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for evidence of previous exposure to avian influenza virus with 1302 testing positive.
By
National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2 Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2

We experimentally challenged wild Mexican free-tailed bats (TABR) with SARS-CoV-2 to determine the susceptibility, reservoir potential, and population impacts of infection in this species. Of nine bats oronasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, five became infected and orally excreted moderate amounts of virus for up to 18 days post inoculation. These five subjects all seroconverted and...
By
Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Dataset: Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Iceland, 2010 - 2018 Dataset: Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Iceland, 2010 - 2018

From 2010-2018 we investigated the occurrence of avian influenza virus in wild birds in Iceland. A total of 6635 swabs samples were collected from wild birds or fecal material directly associated with wild birds. We screened all samples by a real time - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test with 381 testing positive. Further testing of all RT-PCR positive samples and all negative...
By
Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Dataset: Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Dataset: Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

This data set is composed of data collected from an experimental study inoculating mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) with Saxitoxin and associated control ducks. Data includes the specific of inoculation, observational behavioral data, daily weights, dosing, results of inoculation, testing of samples collected throughout the study, and necropsy results.
By
Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Influenza A Virus Data from Migratory Birds, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska Influenza A Virus Data from Migratory Birds, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

Dataset containing avian influenza screening results for waterfowl and gulls sampled during autumn in (or near) Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Alaska, 2011-2024. These data contain information on species, age, and sex of birds sampled, collection dates, and laboratory testing information used to determine the presence and absence of influenza A viruses (IAVs).
By
Alaska Science Center
Filter Total Items: 50

Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection

It has been proposed that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that spread through human populations as a pandemic originated in Asian bats. There is concern that infected humans could transmit the virus to native North American bats; therefore, the susceptibility of several North American bat species to the pandemic virus has been experimentally...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Sean Nashold, Erik Hofmeister, Ariel Leon, Elizabeth Falendysz, Hon S. Ip, Carly Malave, Tonie Rocke, Mariano Carossino, Udeni Balasuriya, Susan Knowles
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Sero-epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza viruses among wild birds in subarctic intercontinental transition zones Sero-epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza viruses among wild birds in subarctic intercontinental transition zones

Background: The geographic expansion and evolution of A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1) (Gs/GD) lineage H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses since 1996 have raised awareness of enzootic circulation among migratory birds and the potential for intercontinental transport and spread. Recent Pacific- and Atlantic-route introductions of HPAI to North America were facilitated by...
Authors
Jonathon Gass, Robert Dusek, Nichola Hill, Laura Borkenhagen, Jeffrey Hall, Gunnar Hallgrimsson, Mary Anne Bishop, Andrew Ramey, Timothy J. Spivey, Solvi Vignisson, Sunna Ragnarsdottir, Halldor Halldorsson, Jon Jonsson, Alexa Simulynas, Felicia Nutter, Wendy B. Puryear, Jonathan Runstadler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2 Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is thought to have originated in wild bats from Asia, and as the resulting pandemic continues into its third year, concerns have been raised that the virus will expand its host range and infect North American wildlife species, including bats. Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) live in large colonies in...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Erik Hofmeister, Hon S. Ip, Sean Nashold, Ariel Leon, Carly Malave, Elizabeth Falendysz, Tonie Rocke, M. Carossino, U. Balasuriya, Susan Knowles
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Global dissemination of Influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones Global dissemination of Influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones

Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges along the perimeter of the circumpolar arctic. Arctic and subarctic zones are hypothesized to serve as ecologic drivers of the intercontinental movement and reassortment of IAVs due to high densities of...
Authors
Jonathan Gass, Robert Dusek, Jeffrey Hall, Gunnar Hallgrimsson, Halldor Halldorsson, Solvi Vignisson, Sunna Ragnarsdottir, Jon Jonsson, Scott Krauss, Wong. Sook-San, Xiu-Feng Wan, Sadia Akter, Srinand Sreevatsan, Nidia S. Trovão, Felicia Nutter, Jonathan Runstadler, Nichola Hill
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Spatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle Spatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle

Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is important to informing surveillance programs, risk models, and potential population impacts for vulnerable species. Although it is recognized that influenza A virus prevalence peaks in reservoir waterfowl in...
Authors
Cody Kent, Andrew Ramey, Josh Ackerman, Justin Bahl, Sarah Bevins, Andrew Bowman, Walter Boyce, Carol Cardona, Michael Casazza, Troy Cline, Susan De La Cruz, Jeffrey Hall, Nichola Hill, Hon S. Ip, Scott Krauss, Jennifer Mullinax, Jacqueline Nolting, Magdalena Plancarte, Rebecca L. Poulson, Jonathan Runstadler, Richard Slemons, David E. Stallknecht, Jeffery Sullivan, John Y. Takekawa, Richard Webby, Robert G. Webster, Diann Prosser
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Eastern Ecological Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Western Ecological Research Center (WERC)

Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread

The diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) is primarily hosted by two highly divergent avian orders: Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and shorebirds). Studies of IAV have historically focused on Anseriformes, specifically dabbling ducks, overlooking the diversity of hosts in nature, including gull and goose species that have successfully adapted to...
Authors
Nichola Hill, Mary Anne Bishop, Nidia Trovao, Katherine Ineson, Anne Schaefer, Wendy B. Puryear, Katherine Zhou, Alexa Foss, Dan Clark, Ken McKenzie, Jonathan Gass, Laura Borkenhagen, Jeffrey Hall, Jonathan Runstadler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

Since 2014, widespread, annual mortality events involving multiple species of seabirds have occurred in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Chukchi Sea. Among these die-offs, emaciation was a common finding with starvation often identified as the cause of death. However, saxitoxin (STX) was detected in many carcasses, indicating exposure of these seabirds to STX in the marine environment...
Authors
Robert Dusek, Matthew Smith, Caroline Van Hemert, Valerie Shearn-Bochsler, Sherwood Hall, Clark Ridge, Ransome Hardison, Robert Kaler, Barbara Bodenstein, Erik Hofmeister, Jeffrey Hall
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, National Wildlife Health Center

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 (Clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 (Clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak

BackgroundThe 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 outbreak in upper midwestern U.S. poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any great degree during the outbreak, despite wild waterfowl being implicated in the introduction, reassortment, and movement of the virus into North America from Asia. This outbreak led to the demise of over 50...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Daniel Grear, Scott Krauss, Patrick Seiler, Robert Dusek, Sean Nashold, Robert G. Webster
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental challenge of a North American bat species, big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), with SARS-CoV-2 Experimental challenge of a North American bat species, big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), with SARS-CoV-2

The recently emerged novel coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, is phylogenetically related to bat coronaviruses (CoVs), specifically SARS‐related CoVs from the Eurasian bat family Rhinolophidae. As this human pandemic virus has spread across the world, the potential impacts of SARS‐CoV‐2 on native North American bat populations are unknown, as is the ability of North American bats to serve as...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Susan Knowles, Sean Nashold, Hon S. Ip, Ariel Leon, Tonie Rocke, Saskia Keller, Mariano Carossino, Udeni Balasuriya, Erik Hofmeister
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Serosurvey of coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza A viruses in the USA Serosurvey of coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza A viruses in the USA

We tested coyote (Canis latrans), fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) sera for influenza A virus (IAV) exposure. We found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had IAV antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 H1N1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal H1N1 virus.
Authors
Marit Bakken, Sean Nashold, Jeffrey Hall
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Inactivation of viable surrogates for the select agents virulent Newcastle disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus using either commercial lysis buffer or heat Inactivation of viable surrogates for the select agents virulent Newcastle disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus using either commercial lysis buffer or heat

Introduction:Federal Select Agent Program regulations require laboratories to document a validated procedure for inactivating select agents prior to movement outside registered space. Avian influenza viruses and virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) are cultured in chicken amnio-allantoic fluid (AAF), but the efficacy of commercial lysis buffers to inactivate viruses in protein-rich...
Authors
Katrina Alger, S. Ip, Jeffrey Hall, Sean Nashold, Katherine Richgels, Carrie Smith
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Avian influenza virus prevalence in marine birds is dependent on ocean temperatures Avian influenza virus prevalence in marine birds is dependent on ocean temperatures

Waterfowl and shorebirds are the primary hosts of influenza A virus (IAV), however, in most surveillance efforts, large populations of birds are not routinely examined; specifically marine ducks and other birds that reside predominately on or near the ocean. We conducted a long-term study sampling sea ducks and gulls in coastal Maine for IAV and found a virus prevalence (1.7%) much lower...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Robert Dusek, Sean Nashold, Joshua L. TeSlaa, Bradford Allen, Daniel Grear
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Kaci K. VanDalen, Jeffrey S. Hall, Larry Clark, Robert G. McLean, Cynthia Smeraski. (2013) West Nile virus infection in American robins: New insights on dose response. PLoS One. 10.1371/journal.pone.0068537.
Paul Oesterle, Nicole Nemeth, Ginger Young, Nicole Mooers, Stacey Elmore, Richard Bowen, Paul Doherty, Jeffrey Hall, Robert McLean and Larry Clark. (2010) Cliff swallows, swallow bugs, and West Nile virus: an unlikely transmission mechanism. Vec. Borne Zoon. Dis. 10(5): 507-513.
Oesterle P, Nemeth N, VanDalen K, Sullivan H, Bentler K, Young G, McLean R, Clark L, Smeraski C and Hall JS. (2009) Experimental infection of cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with varying doses of West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:1159-1164.
10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0136
Jeffrey S. Hall, Kevin Bentler, Gabrielle Landolt, Richard B. Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott C. Barras, J. Jeffrey Root, Stacy Elmore, John Pilon, Kristy Pabilonia, Cindy Driscoll, Dennis Slate, Heather Sullivan and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza infection in wild raccoons. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 14:1842-1848.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.071371
Jeffrey S. Hall, Rich Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott Barras, Randy W. DeYoung, Kristy Pabilonia, Michael Avery, Heather Sullivan, Larry Clark and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza exposure in United States feral swine populations. J. Wildlife Dis. 44:362-368.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.362
Britch, SC, Linthicum KJ, and Rift Valley Fever Working Group. (2007) Developing a research agenda and a comprehensive national prevention and response plan for Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerg. Inf. Dis. [serial on the Internet] Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/8/e1.htm.
McLean, R.G., J.S. Hall, A.B. Franklin, H. Sullivan, K. VanDalen, S. Shriner, M. Farnsworth, P. Oesterle, G. Young, J. Carlson, K. Cobble, T. Deliberto, S. Swafford, S. Elmore, T. Anderson, S. Hauser, K. Bentler, N. Mooers and K. Huyvaert . (2007) Avian influenza in wild birds: environmental sampling strategy for the rapid detection of avian influenza viruses. Proceedings of the 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Corpus Christi, TX.
Root, J., P. Oesterle, H. Sullivan, J.S. Hall, N. Marlenee, R.G. McLean, J.A. Montenieri and L. Clark. Fox squirrel (Sciuris niger) associations with West Nile virus. (2007) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:782-784.
Bentler, K., J.S. Hall, J. Root, K. Klenk, B. Schmitt and L. Clark. (2007) West Nile Virus seroprevalence in North American mesopredators. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:173-179.
Root, J.Jeffrey, P. Oesterle, N. Nemeth, K. Klenk, D.H. Gould, R.G. McLean, L. Clark and J.S. Hall. (2006) Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:697-701.
Clark, L., J.S. Hall, R. McLean, M. Dunbar, K. Klenk, Richard Bowen and C.A. Smeraski. (2006) Susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to experimental infection with West Nile virus. J. Wildlife Dis. 42:14-22.
L. Clark and J. S. Hall. (2006) Avian influenza in wild birds: status as reservoirs and risks posed to humans and agriculture. Ornithological Monographs 60:3-29.
Santaella-Tenorio, J., R. McLean, J.S. Gill, R. Bowen, J. S. Hall and L. Clark. (2005) West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999-2003). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 1038-1042).
Root, J.J., Hall J.S., McLean, R.G., Marlenee, N.L., Beaty, B.J., Gansowski, J. and Clark, L. (2005) Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to Flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72: 622-630.
Hall J.S., French R., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Structure and temporal dynamics of populations within wheat streak mosaic virus isolates. J. Virol. 75: 10231-10243.
Hall J.S., French R., Hein G.L., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Three distinct mechanisms facilitate genetic isolation of sympatric wheat streak mosaic virus lineages. Virology 282: 230-236.
Choi I.-R., Hall J.S., Henry M., Zhang L., Hein G.L., French R. and Stenger D.C. (2000) Contributions of genetic drift and negative selection on the evolution of three strains of wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus. Arch. Virol. 146: 619-628.
Hall J.S., Adams B., Parsons T.J., French R., Lane L.C. and Jensen S.G. (1998) Molecular cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic relationships of a new Potyvirus: sugarcane streak mosaic virus, and a reevaluation of the classification of the Potyviridae. Mol. Phylo. Evol. 10: 323-332.
Stenger D.C., Hall J.S., Choi I.-R. and French R. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships within the family Potyviridae: Wheat streak mosaic virus and brome streak mosaic virus are not members of the genus Rymovirus. Phytopathology 88: 782-787.
Marcon, A., Kaeppler, S.M. Jensen, S.G. and Hall, J.S. 1996. Characteristics of the High Plains Virus (HPV) and breeding for resistance in maize. Proceedings of the Latin American Workshop on Maize Diseases. Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil May 20-24, 1996. Publisher EMBRAPA, E. de Oliveira Editor.
S.G. Jensen and J.S. Hall. (1993) Characterization of a Krish-sorghum infecting potyvirus. Sorghum Newsletter 34:17
F.L. Smith, S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall, B.J. Gilligan, E.L. Madsen and F.K. Storm. (1992) Cellular effects of piezoelectric versus electrohydraulic high energy shock waves. J. Urology 147:491-495.
S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall and F.K. Storm. (1992) Thermal protection by prostaglandin E1, a preclinical study. Reg. Cancer Treatment 4:156-158.

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

Science and Products

Northern gannet flying with mountains in background.

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
Avian Influenza

Avian Influenza

Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.
Learn More
Mosquito, species not verified

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center
Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.
Learn More

Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) weights and Ct values for SARS-CoV-2 Infection challenge Little Brown Bats (Myotis lucifugus) weights and Ct values for SARS-CoV-2 Infection challenge

Little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) weights and SARS-CoV2 test results were collected as part of study to assess transmission potential of SARS-CoV2 in North American bat populations. It has been proposed that the SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in Asian bats and subsequently spread through human populations as a pandemic. There is concern that infected humans could transmit the virus to...
By
National Wildlife Health Center

Dataset: Sero-surveillance for avian influenza exposure in wild birds in Iceland, 2012-2017 Dataset: Sero-surveillance for avian influenza exposure in wild birds in Iceland, 2012-2017

From 2010-2018 we investigated the occurrence of avian influenza antibody in wild birds in Iceland. A total of 2453 serum samples were collected from wild birds. We tested all samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for evidence of previous exposure to avian influenza virus with 1302 testing positive.
By
National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2 Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2

We experimentally challenged wild Mexican free-tailed bats (TABR) with SARS-CoV-2 to determine the susceptibility, reservoir potential, and population impacts of infection in this species. Of nine bats oronasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, five became infected and orally excreted moderate amounts of virus for up to 18 days post inoculation. These five subjects all seroconverted and...
By
Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Dataset: Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Iceland, 2010 - 2018 Dataset: Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Iceland, 2010 - 2018

From 2010-2018 we investigated the occurrence of avian influenza virus in wild birds in Iceland. A total of 6635 swabs samples were collected from wild birds or fecal material directly associated with wild birds. We screened all samples by a real time - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test with 381 testing positive. Further testing of all RT-PCR positive samples and all negative...
By
Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Dataset: Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Dataset: Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

This data set is composed of data collected from an experimental study inoculating mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) with Saxitoxin and associated control ducks. Data includes the specific of inoculation, observational behavioral data, daily weights, dosing, results of inoculation, testing of samples collected throughout the study, and necropsy results.
By
Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Influenza A Virus Data from Migratory Birds, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska Influenza A Virus Data from Migratory Birds, Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska

Dataset containing avian influenza screening results for waterfowl and gulls sampled during autumn in (or near) Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Alaska, 2011-2024. These data contain information on species, age, and sex of birds sampled, collection dates, and laboratory testing information used to determine the presence and absence of influenza A viruses (IAVs).
By
Alaska Science Center
Filter Total Items: 50

Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) are resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection

It has been proposed that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus that spread through human populations as a pandemic originated in Asian bats. There is concern that infected humans could transmit the virus to native North American bats; therefore, the susceptibility of several North American bat species to the pandemic virus has been experimentally...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Sean Nashold, Erik Hofmeister, Ariel Leon, Elizabeth Falendysz, Hon S. Ip, Carly Malave, Tonie Rocke, Mariano Carossino, Udeni Balasuriya, Susan Knowles
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Sero-epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza viruses among wild birds in subarctic intercontinental transition zones Sero-epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza viruses among wild birds in subarctic intercontinental transition zones

Background: The geographic expansion and evolution of A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996(H5N1) (Gs/GD) lineage H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses since 1996 have raised awareness of enzootic circulation among migratory birds and the potential for intercontinental transport and spread. Recent Pacific- and Atlantic-route introductions of HPAI to North America were facilitated by...
Authors
Jonathon Gass, Robert Dusek, Nichola Hill, Laura Borkenhagen, Jeffrey Hall, Gunnar Hallgrimsson, Mary Anne Bishop, Andrew Ramey, Timothy J. Spivey, Solvi Vignisson, Sunna Ragnarsdottir, Halldor Halldorsson, Jon Jonsson, Alexa Simulynas, Felicia Nutter, Wendy B. Puryear, Jonathan Runstadler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2 Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is thought to have originated in wild bats from Asia, and as the resulting pandemic continues into its third year, concerns have been raised that the virus will expand its host range and infect North American wildlife species, including bats. Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) live in large colonies in...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Erik Hofmeister, Hon S. Ip, Sean Nashold, Ariel Leon, Carly Malave, Elizabeth Falendysz, Tonie Rocke, M. Carossino, U. Balasuriya, Susan Knowles
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Global dissemination of Influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones Global dissemination of Influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones

Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges along the perimeter of the circumpolar arctic. Arctic and subarctic zones are hypothesized to serve as ecologic drivers of the intercontinental movement and reassortment of IAVs due to high densities of...
Authors
Jonathan Gass, Robert Dusek, Jeffrey Hall, Gunnar Hallgrimsson, Halldor Halldorsson, Solvi Vignisson, Sunna Ragnarsdottir, Jon Jonsson, Scott Krauss, Wong. Sook-San, Xiu-Feng Wan, Sadia Akter, Srinand Sreevatsan, Nidia S. Trovão, Felicia Nutter, Jonathan Runstadler, Nichola Hill
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Spatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle Spatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle

Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is important to informing surveillance programs, risk models, and potential population impacts for vulnerable species. Although it is recognized that influenza A virus prevalence peaks in reservoir waterfowl in...
Authors
Cody Kent, Andrew Ramey, Josh Ackerman, Justin Bahl, Sarah Bevins, Andrew Bowman, Walter Boyce, Carol Cardona, Michael Casazza, Troy Cline, Susan De La Cruz, Jeffrey Hall, Nichola Hill, Hon S. Ip, Scott Krauss, Jennifer Mullinax, Jacqueline Nolting, Magdalena Plancarte, Rebecca L. Poulson, Jonathan Runstadler, Richard Slemons, David E. Stallknecht, Jeffery Sullivan, John Y. Takekawa, Richard Webby, Robert G. Webster, Diann Prosser
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Eastern Ecological Science Center, National Wildlife Health Center, Western Ecological Research Center (WERC)

Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread

The diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) is primarily hosted by two highly divergent avian orders: Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and shorebirds). Studies of IAV have historically focused on Anseriformes, specifically dabbling ducks, overlooking the diversity of hosts in nature, including gull and goose species that have successfully adapted to...
Authors
Nichola Hill, Mary Anne Bishop, Nidia Trovao, Katherine Ineson, Anne Schaefer, Wendy B. Puryear, Katherine Zhou, Alexa Foss, Dan Clark, Ken McKenzie, Jonathan Gass, Laura Borkenhagen, Jeffrey Hall, Jonathan Runstadler
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

Since 2014, widespread, annual mortality events involving multiple species of seabirds have occurred in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Chukchi Sea. Among these die-offs, emaciation was a common finding with starvation often identified as the cause of death. However, saxitoxin (STX) was detected in many carcasses, indicating exposure of these seabirds to STX in the marine environment...
Authors
Robert Dusek, Matthew Smith, Caroline Van Hemert, Valerie Shearn-Bochsler, Sherwood Hall, Clark Ridge, Ransome Hardison, Robert Kaler, Barbara Bodenstein, Erik Hofmeister, Jeffrey Hall
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, National Wildlife Health Center

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 (Clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 (Clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak

BackgroundThe 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 outbreak in upper midwestern U.S. poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any great degree during the outbreak, despite wild waterfowl being implicated in the introduction, reassortment, and movement of the virus into North America from Asia. This outbreak led to the demise of over 50...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Daniel Grear, Scott Krauss, Patrick Seiler, Robert Dusek, Sean Nashold, Robert G. Webster
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Experimental challenge of a North American bat species, big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), with SARS-CoV-2 Experimental challenge of a North American bat species, big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), with SARS-CoV-2

The recently emerged novel coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, is phylogenetically related to bat coronaviruses (CoVs), specifically SARS‐related CoVs from the Eurasian bat family Rhinolophidae. As this human pandemic virus has spread across the world, the potential impacts of SARS‐CoV‐2 on native North American bat populations are unknown, as is the ability of North American bats to serve as...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Susan Knowles, Sean Nashold, Hon S. Ip, Ariel Leon, Tonie Rocke, Saskia Keller, Mariano Carossino, Udeni Balasuriya, Erik Hofmeister
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Serosurvey of coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza A viruses in the USA Serosurvey of coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza A viruses in the USA

We tested coyote (Canis latrans), fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) sera for influenza A virus (IAV) exposure. We found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had IAV antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 H1N1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal H1N1 virus.
Authors
Marit Bakken, Sean Nashold, Jeffrey Hall
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Inactivation of viable surrogates for the select agents virulent Newcastle disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus using either commercial lysis buffer or heat Inactivation of viable surrogates for the select agents virulent Newcastle disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus using either commercial lysis buffer or heat

Introduction:Federal Select Agent Program regulations require laboratories to document a validated procedure for inactivating select agents prior to movement outside registered space. Avian influenza viruses and virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) are cultured in chicken amnio-allantoic fluid (AAF), but the efficacy of commercial lysis buffers to inactivate viruses in protein-rich...
Authors
Katrina Alger, S. Ip, Jeffrey Hall, Sean Nashold, Katherine Richgels, Carrie Smith
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Avian influenza virus prevalence in marine birds is dependent on ocean temperatures Avian influenza virus prevalence in marine birds is dependent on ocean temperatures

Waterfowl and shorebirds are the primary hosts of influenza A virus (IAV), however, in most surveillance efforts, large populations of birds are not routinely examined; specifically marine ducks and other birds that reside predominately on or near the ocean. We conducted a long-term study sampling sea ducks and gulls in coastal Maine for IAV and found a virus prevalence (1.7%) much lower...
Authors
Jeffrey Hall, Robert Dusek, Sean Nashold, Joshua L. TeSlaa, Bradford Allen, Daniel Grear
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Kaci K. VanDalen, Jeffrey S. Hall, Larry Clark, Robert G. McLean, Cynthia Smeraski. (2013) West Nile virus infection in American robins: New insights on dose response. PLoS One. 10.1371/journal.pone.0068537.
Paul Oesterle, Nicole Nemeth, Ginger Young, Nicole Mooers, Stacey Elmore, Richard Bowen, Paul Doherty, Jeffrey Hall, Robert McLean and Larry Clark. (2010) Cliff swallows, swallow bugs, and West Nile virus: an unlikely transmission mechanism. Vec. Borne Zoon. Dis. 10(5): 507-513.
Oesterle P, Nemeth N, VanDalen K, Sullivan H, Bentler K, Young G, McLean R, Clark L, Smeraski C and Hall JS. (2009) Experimental infection of cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with varying doses of West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:1159-1164.
10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0136
Jeffrey S. Hall, Kevin Bentler, Gabrielle Landolt, Richard B. Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott C. Barras, J. Jeffrey Root, Stacy Elmore, John Pilon, Kristy Pabilonia, Cindy Driscoll, Dennis Slate, Heather Sullivan and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza infection in wild raccoons. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 14:1842-1848.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.071371
Jeffrey S. Hall, Rich Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott Barras, Randy W. DeYoung, Kristy Pabilonia, Michael Avery, Heather Sullivan, Larry Clark and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza exposure in United States feral swine populations. J. Wildlife Dis. 44:362-368.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.362
Britch, SC, Linthicum KJ, and Rift Valley Fever Working Group. (2007) Developing a research agenda and a comprehensive national prevention and response plan for Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerg. Inf. Dis. [serial on the Internet] Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/8/e1.htm.
McLean, R.G., J.S. Hall, A.B. Franklin, H. Sullivan, K. VanDalen, S. Shriner, M. Farnsworth, P. Oesterle, G. Young, J. Carlson, K. Cobble, T. Deliberto, S. Swafford, S. Elmore, T. Anderson, S. Hauser, K. Bentler, N. Mooers and K. Huyvaert . (2007) Avian influenza in wild birds: environmental sampling strategy for the rapid detection of avian influenza viruses. Proceedings of the 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Corpus Christi, TX.
Root, J., P. Oesterle, H. Sullivan, J.S. Hall, N. Marlenee, R.G. McLean, J.A. Montenieri and L. Clark. Fox squirrel (Sciuris niger) associations with West Nile virus. (2007) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:782-784.
Bentler, K., J.S. Hall, J. Root, K. Klenk, B. Schmitt and L. Clark. (2007) West Nile Virus seroprevalence in North American mesopredators. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:173-179.
Root, J.Jeffrey, P. Oesterle, N. Nemeth, K. Klenk, D.H. Gould, R.G. McLean, L. Clark and J.S. Hall. (2006) Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:697-701.
Clark, L., J.S. Hall, R. McLean, M. Dunbar, K. Klenk, Richard Bowen and C.A. Smeraski. (2006) Susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to experimental infection with West Nile virus. J. Wildlife Dis. 42:14-22.
L. Clark and J. S. Hall. (2006) Avian influenza in wild birds: status as reservoirs and risks posed to humans and agriculture. Ornithological Monographs 60:3-29.
Santaella-Tenorio, J., R. McLean, J.S. Gill, R. Bowen, J. S. Hall and L. Clark. (2005) West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999-2003). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 1038-1042).
Root, J.J., Hall J.S., McLean, R.G., Marlenee, N.L., Beaty, B.J., Gansowski, J. and Clark, L. (2005) Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to Flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72: 622-630.
Hall J.S., French R., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Structure and temporal dynamics of populations within wheat streak mosaic virus isolates. J. Virol. 75: 10231-10243.
Hall J.S., French R., Hein G.L., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Three distinct mechanisms facilitate genetic isolation of sympatric wheat streak mosaic virus lineages. Virology 282: 230-236.
Choi I.-R., Hall J.S., Henry M., Zhang L., Hein G.L., French R. and Stenger D.C. (2000) Contributions of genetic drift and negative selection on the evolution of three strains of wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus. Arch. Virol. 146: 619-628.
Hall J.S., Adams B., Parsons T.J., French R., Lane L.C. and Jensen S.G. (1998) Molecular cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic relationships of a new Potyvirus: sugarcane streak mosaic virus, and a reevaluation of the classification of the Potyviridae. Mol. Phylo. Evol. 10: 323-332.
Stenger D.C., Hall J.S., Choi I.-R. and French R. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships within the family Potyviridae: Wheat streak mosaic virus and brome streak mosaic virus are not members of the genus Rymovirus. Phytopathology 88: 782-787.
Marcon, A., Kaeppler, S.M. Jensen, S.G. and Hall, J.S. 1996. Characteristics of the High Plains Virus (HPV) and breeding for resistance in maize. Proceedings of the Latin American Workshop on Maize Diseases. Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil May 20-24, 1996. Publisher EMBRAPA, E. de Oliveira Editor.
S.G. Jensen and J.S. Hall. (1993) Characterization of a Krish-sorghum infecting potyvirus. Sorghum Newsletter 34:17
F.L. Smith, S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall, B.J. Gilligan, E.L. Madsen and F.K. Storm. (1992) Cellular effects of piezoelectric versus electrohydraulic high energy shock waves. J. Urology 147:491-495.
S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall and F.K. Storm. (1992) Thermal protection by prostaglandin E1, a preclinical study. Reg. Cancer Treatment 4:156-158.

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

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