Jeffrey Hall is a Research Virologist at the National Wildlife Health Center.
Professional Experience
Sept. 2007 - Present Research Virologist USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI
Sept. 2003 - Sept. 2007 Virologist/ Laboratory Manager USDA-APHIS-NWRC. Ft. Collins, CO
July 1997 - Sept. 2003 Microbiologist USDA-ARS. Lincoln, NE
March 1991 - July 1997 Research Associate Department of Plant Pathology. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
Education and Certifications
2001 Doctor of Philosophy, Comparative Pathobiology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE
Science and Products
Avian Influenza
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.
Vector-Borne Diseases
Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.
Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
We experimentally challenged wild Mexican free-tailed bats (TABR) with SARS-CoV-2 to determine the susceptibility, reservoir potential, and population impacts of infection in this species. Of nine bats oronasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, five became infected and orally excreted moderate amounts of virus for up to 18 days post inoculation. These five subjects all seroconverted and cleared the vi
Dataset: Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Iceland, 2010 - 2018
From 2010-2018 we investigated the occurrence of avian influenza virus in wild birds in Iceland. A total of 6635 swabs samples were collected from wild birds or fecal material directly associated with wild birds. We screened all samples by a real time - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test with 381 testing positive. Further testing of all RT-PCR positive samples and all negative samples collect
Dataset: Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
This data set is composed of data collected from an experimental study inoculating mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) with Saxitoxin and associated control ducks. Data includes the specific of inoculation, observational behavioral data, daily weights, dosing, results of inoculation, testing of samples collected throughout the study, and necropsy results.
Filter Total Items: 48
Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is thought to have originated in wild bats from Asia, and as the resulting pandemic continues into its third year, concerns have been raised that the virus will expand its host range and infect North American wildlife species, including bats. Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) live in large colonies in the souther
Global dissemination of Influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones
Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges along the perimeter of the circumpolar arctic. Arctic and subarctic zones are hypothesized to serve as ecologic drivers of the intercontinental movement and reassortment of IAVs due to high densities of disparate populat
Spatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle
Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is important to informing surveillance programs, risk models, and potential population impacts for vulnerable species. Although it is recognized that influenza A virus prevalence peaks in reservoir waterfowl in late summe
Ecological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread
The diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) is primarily hosted by two highly divergent avian orders: Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and shorebirds). Studies of IAV have historically focused on Anseriformes, specifically dabbling ducks, overlooking the diversity of hosts in nature, including gull and goose species that have successfully adapted to human habi
Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
Since 2014, widespread, annual mortality events involving multiple species of seabirds have occurred in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Chukchi Sea. Among these die-offs, emaciation was a common finding with starvation often identified as the cause of death. However, saxitoxin (STX) was detected in many carcasses, indicating exposure of these seabirds to STX in the marine environment. Few data
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 (Clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak
BackgroundThe 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 outbreak in upper midwestern U.S. poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any great degree during the outbreak, despite wild waterfowl being implicated in the introduction, reassortment, and movement of the virus into North America from Asia. This outbreak led to the demise of over 50 million domesti
Experimental challenge of a North American bat species, big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), with SARS-CoV-2
The recently emerged novel coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, is phylogenetically related to bat coronaviruses (CoVs), specifically SARS‐related CoVs from the Eurasian bat family Rhinolophidae. As this human pandemic virus has spread across the world, the potential impacts of SARS‐CoV‐2 on native North American bat populations are unknown, as is the ability of North American bats to serve as reservoirs or i
Serosurvey of coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza A viruses in the USA
We tested coyote (Canis latrans), fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) sera for influenza A virus (IAV) exposure. We found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had IAV antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 H1N1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal H1N1 virus.
Inactivation of viable surrogates for the select agents virulent Newcastle disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus using either commercial lysis buffer or heat
Introduction:Federal Select Agent Program regulations require laboratories to document a validated procedure for inactivating select agents prior to movement outside registered space. Avian influenza viruses and virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) are cultured in chicken amnio-allantoic fluid (AAF), but the efficacy of commercial lysis buffers to inactivate viruses in protein-rich media has no
Avian influenza virus prevalence in marine birds is dependent on ocean temperatures
Waterfowl and shorebirds are the primary hosts of influenza A virus (IAV), however, in most surveillance efforts, large populations of birds are not routinely examined; specifically marine ducks and other birds that reside predominately on or near the ocean. We conducted a long-term study sampling sea ducks and gulls in coastal Maine for IAV and found a virus prevalence (1.7%) much lower than is t
Aerosol transmission of gull-origin Iceland subtype H10N7 influenza A virus in ferrets
Subtype H10 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been recovered from domestic poultry and various aquatic bird species, and sporadic transmission of these IAVs from avian species to mammals (i.e., human, seal, and mink) are well documented. In 2015, we isolated four H10N7 viruses from gulls in Iceland. Genomic analyses showed four gene segments in the viruses were genetically associated with H10 IAVs t
Influenza A virus recovery, diversity, and intercontinental exchange: A multi-year assessment of wild bird sampling at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
Western Alaska is a potential point-of-entry for foreign-origin influenza A viruses (IAVs) into North America via migratory birds. We sampled waterfowl and gulls for IAVs at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in western Alaska, USA, during late summer and autumn months of 2011–2015, to evaluate the abundance and diversity of viruses at this site. We collected 4842 samples across five years fro
Non-USGS Publications**
Kaci K. VanDalen, Jeffrey S. Hall, Larry Clark, Robert G. McLean, Cynthia Smeraski. (2013) West Nile virus infection in American robins: New insights on dose response. PLoS One. 10.1371/journal.pone.0068537.
Paul Oesterle, Nicole Nemeth, Ginger Young, Nicole Mooers, Stacey Elmore, Richard Bowen, Paul Doherty, Jeffrey Hall, Robert McLean and Larry Clark. (2010) Cliff swallows, swallow bugs, and West Nile virus: an unlikely transmission mechanism. Vec. Borne Zoon. Dis. 10(5): 507-513.
Oesterle P, Nemeth N, VanDalen K, Sullivan H, Bentler K, Young G, McLean R, Clark L, Smeraski C and Hall JS. (2009) Experimental infection of cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with varying doses of West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:1159-1164.
10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0136
10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0136
Jeffrey S. Hall, Kevin Bentler, Gabrielle Landolt, Richard B. Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott C. Barras, J. Jeffrey Root, Stacy Elmore, John Pilon, Kristy Pabilonia, Cindy Driscoll, Dennis Slate, Heather Sullivan and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza infection in wild raccoons. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 14:1842-1848.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.071371
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.071371
Jeffrey S. Hall, Rich Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott Barras, Randy W. DeYoung, Kristy Pabilonia, Michael Avery, Heather Sullivan, Larry Clark and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza exposure in United States feral swine populations. J. Wildlife Dis. 44:362-368.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.362
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.362
Britch, SC, Linthicum KJ, and Rift Valley Fever Working Group. (2007) Developing a research agenda and a comprehensive national prevention and response plan for Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerg. Inf. Dis. [serial on the Internet] Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/8/e1.htm.
McLean, R.G., J.S. Hall, A.B. Franklin, H. Sullivan, K. VanDalen, S. Shriner, M. Farnsworth, P. Oesterle, G. Young, J. Carlson, K. Cobble, T. Deliberto, S. Swafford, S. Elmore, T. Anderson, S. Hauser, K. Bentler, N. Mooers and K. Huyvaert . (2007) Avian influenza in wild birds: environmental sampling strategy for the rapid detection of avian influenza viruses. Proceedings of the 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Corpus Christi, TX.
Root, J., P. Oesterle, H. Sullivan, J.S. Hall, N. Marlenee, R.G. McLean, J.A. Montenieri and L. Clark. Fox squirrel (Sciuris niger) associations with West Nile virus. (2007) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:782-784.
Bentler, K., J.S. Hall, J. Root, K. Klenk, B. Schmitt and L. Clark. (2007) West Nile Virus seroprevalence in North American mesopredators. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:173-179.
Root, J.Jeffrey, P. Oesterle, N. Nemeth, K. Klenk, D.H. Gould, R.G. McLean, L. Clark and J.S. Hall. (2006) Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:697-701.
Clark, L., J.S. Hall, R. McLean, M. Dunbar, K. Klenk, Richard Bowen and C.A. Smeraski. (2006) Susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to experimental infection with West Nile virus. J. Wildlife Dis. 42:14-22.
L. Clark and J. S. Hall. (2006) Avian influenza in wild birds: status as reservoirs and risks posed to humans and agriculture. Ornithological Monographs 60:3-29.
Santaella-Tenorio, J., R. McLean, J.S. Gill, R. Bowen, J. S. Hall and L. Clark. (2005) West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999-2003). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 1038-1042).
Root, J.J., Hall J.S., McLean, R.G., Marlenee, N.L., Beaty, B.J., Gansowski, J. and Clark, L. (2005) Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to Flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72: 622-630.
Hall J.S., French R., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Structure and temporal dynamics of populations within wheat streak mosaic virus isolates. J. Virol. 75: 10231-10243.
Hall J.S., French R., Hein G.L., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Three distinct mechanisms facilitate genetic isolation of sympatric wheat streak mosaic virus lineages. Virology 282: 230-236.
Choi I.-R., Hall J.S., Henry M., Zhang L., Hein G.L., French R. and Stenger D.C. (2000) Contributions of genetic drift and negative selection on the evolution of three strains of wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus. Arch. Virol. 146: 619-628.
Hall J.S., Adams B., Parsons T.J., French R., Lane L.C. and Jensen S.G. (1998) Molecular cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic relationships of a new Potyvirus: sugarcane streak mosaic virus, and a reevaluation of the classification of the Potyviridae. Mol. Phylo. Evol. 10: 323-332.
Stenger D.C., Hall J.S., Choi I.-R. and French R. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships within the family Potyviridae: Wheat streak mosaic virus and brome streak mosaic virus are not members of the genus Rymovirus. Phytopathology 88: 782-787.
Marcon, A., Kaeppler, S.M. Jensen, S.G. and Hall, J.S. 1996. Characteristics of the High Plains Virus (HPV) and breeding for resistance in maize. Proceedings of the Latin American Workshop on Maize Diseases. Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil May 20-24, 1996. Publisher EMBRAPA, E. de Oliveira Editor.
S.G. Jensen and J.S. Hall. (1993) Characterization of a Krish-sorghum infecting potyvirus. Sorghum Newsletter 34:17
F.L. Smith, S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall, B.J. Gilligan, E.L. Madsen and F.K. Storm. (1992) Cellular effects of piezoelectric versus electrohydraulic high energy shock waves. J. Urology 147:491-495.
S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall and F.K. Storm. (1992) Thermal protection by prostaglandin E1, a preclinical study. Reg. Cancer Treatment 4:156-158.
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
- Science
Avian Influenza
Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by various strains of avian influenza viruses that can be classified as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). It remains a global disease with potential high consequence with the potential to threaten wildlife, agriculture, and human health.Vector-Borne Diseases
Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague. - Data
Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
We experimentally challenged wild Mexican free-tailed bats (TABR) with SARS-CoV-2 to determine the susceptibility, reservoir potential, and population impacts of infection in this species. Of nine bats oronasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, five became infected and orally excreted moderate amounts of virus for up to 18 days post inoculation. These five subjects all seroconverted and cleared the viDataset: Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus in Iceland, 2010 - 2018
From 2010-2018 we investigated the occurrence of avian influenza virus in wild birds in Iceland. A total of 6635 swabs samples were collected from wild birds or fecal material directly associated with wild birds. We screened all samples by a real time - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test with 381 testing positive. Further testing of all RT-PCR positive samples and all negative samples collectDataset: Acute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
This data set is composed of data collected from an experimental study inoculating mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) with Saxitoxin and associated control ducks. Data includes the specific of inoculation, observational behavioral data, daily weights, dosing, results of inoculation, testing of samples collected throughout the study, and necropsy results. - Publications
Filter Total Items: 48
Experimental infection of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) with SARS-CoV-2
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is thought to have originated in wild bats from Asia, and as the resulting pandemic continues into its third year, concerns have been raised that the virus will expand its host range and infect North American wildlife species, including bats. Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) live in large colonies in the southerGlobal dissemination of Influenza A virus is driven by wild bird migration through arctic and subarctic zones
Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate endemically among many wild aquatic bird populations that seasonally migrate between wintering grounds in southern latitudes to breeding ranges along the perimeter of the circumpolar arctic. Arctic and subarctic zones are hypothesized to serve as ecologic drivers of the intercontinental movement and reassortment of IAVs due to high densities of disparate populatSpatiotemporal changes in influenza A virus prevalence among wild waterfowl inhabiting the continental United States throughout the annual cycle
Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is important to informing surveillance programs, risk models, and potential population impacts for vulnerable species. Although it is recognized that influenza A virus prevalence peaks in reservoir waterfowl in late summeEcological divergence of wild birds drives avian influenza spillover and global spread
The diversity of influenza A viruses (IAV) is primarily hosted by two highly divergent avian orders: Anseriformes (ducks, swans and geese) and Charadriiformes (gulls, terns and shorebirds). Studies of IAV have historically focused on Anseriformes, specifically dabbling ducks, overlooking the diversity of hosts in nature, including gull and goose species that have successfully adapted to human habiAcute oral toxicity and tissue residues of saxitoxin in the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)
Since 2014, widespread, annual mortality events involving multiple species of seabirds have occurred in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Chukchi Sea. Among these die-offs, emaciation was a common finding with starvation often identified as the cause of death. However, saxitoxin (STX) was detected in many carcasses, indicating exposure of these seabirds to STX in the marine environment. Few dataHighly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N2 (Clade 2.3.4.4) challenge of mallards age appropriate to the 2015 midwestern poultry outbreak
BackgroundThe 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 outbreak in upper midwestern U.S. poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any great degree during the outbreak, despite wild waterfowl being implicated in the introduction, reassortment, and movement of the virus into North America from Asia. This outbreak led to the demise of over 50 million domestiExperimental challenge of a North American bat species, big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), with SARS-CoV-2
The recently emerged novel coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, is phylogenetically related to bat coronaviruses (CoVs), specifically SARS‐related CoVs from the Eurasian bat family Rhinolophidae. As this human pandemic virus has spread across the world, the potential impacts of SARS‐CoV‐2 on native North American bat populations are unknown, as is the ability of North American bats to serve as reservoirs or iSerosurvey of coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza A viruses in the USA
We tested coyote (Canis latrans), fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) sera for influenza A virus (IAV) exposure. We found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had IAV antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 H1N1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal H1N1 virus.Inactivation of viable surrogates for the select agents virulent Newcastle disease virus and highly pathogenic avian influenza virus using either commercial lysis buffer or heat
Introduction:Federal Select Agent Program regulations require laboratories to document a validated procedure for inactivating select agents prior to movement outside registered space. Avian influenza viruses and virulent Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) are cultured in chicken amnio-allantoic fluid (AAF), but the efficacy of commercial lysis buffers to inactivate viruses in protein-rich media has noAvian influenza virus prevalence in marine birds is dependent on ocean temperatures
Waterfowl and shorebirds are the primary hosts of influenza A virus (IAV), however, in most surveillance efforts, large populations of birds are not routinely examined; specifically marine ducks and other birds that reside predominately on or near the ocean. We conducted a long-term study sampling sea ducks and gulls in coastal Maine for IAV and found a virus prevalence (1.7%) much lower than is tAerosol transmission of gull-origin Iceland subtype H10N7 influenza A virus in ferrets
Subtype H10 influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been recovered from domestic poultry and various aquatic bird species, and sporadic transmission of these IAVs from avian species to mammals (i.e., human, seal, and mink) are well documented. In 2015, we isolated four H10N7 viruses from gulls in Iceland. Genomic analyses showed four gene segments in the viruses were genetically associated with H10 IAVs tInfluenza A virus recovery, diversity, and intercontinental exchange: A multi-year assessment of wild bird sampling at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska
Western Alaska is a potential point-of-entry for foreign-origin influenza A viruses (IAVs) into North America via migratory birds. We sampled waterfowl and gulls for IAVs at Izembek National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in western Alaska, USA, during late summer and autumn months of 2011–2015, to evaluate the abundance and diversity of viruses at this site. We collected 4842 samples across five years froNon-USGS Publications**
Kaci K. VanDalen, Jeffrey S. Hall, Larry Clark, Robert G. McLean, Cynthia Smeraski. (2013) West Nile virus infection in American robins: New insights on dose response. PLoS One. 10.1371/journal.pone.0068537.Paul Oesterle, Nicole Nemeth, Ginger Young, Nicole Mooers, Stacey Elmore, Richard Bowen, Paul Doherty, Jeffrey Hall, Robert McLean and Larry Clark. (2010) Cliff swallows, swallow bugs, and West Nile virus: an unlikely transmission mechanism. Vec. Borne Zoon. Dis. 10(5): 507-513.Oesterle P, Nemeth N, VanDalen K, Sullivan H, Bentler K, Young G, McLean R, Clark L, Smeraski C and Hall JS. (2009) Experimental infection of cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with varying doses of West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81:1159-1164.
10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0136Jeffrey S. Hall, Kevin Bentler, Gabrielle Landolt, Richard B. Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott C. Barras, J. Jeffrey Root, Stacy Elmore, John Pilon, Kristy Pabilonia, Cindy Driscoll, Dennis Slate, Heather Sullivan and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza infection in wild raccoons. Emerg. Inf. Dis. 14:1842-1848.
https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1412.071371Jeffrey S. Hall, Rich Minnis, Tyler A. Campbell, Scott Barras, Randy W. DeYoung, Kristy Pabilonia, Michael Avery, Heather Sullivan, Larry Clark and Robert G. McLean. (2008) Influenza exposure in United States feral swine populations. J. Wildlife Dis. 44:362-368.
https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-44.2.362Britch, SC, Linthicum KJ, and Rift Valley Fever Working Group. (2007) Developing a research agenda and a comprehensive national prevention and response plan for Rift Valley fever in the United States. Emerg. Inf. Dis. [serial on the Internet] Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/8/e1.htm.McLean, R.G., J.S. Hall, A.B. Franklin, H. Sullivan, K. VanDalen, S. Shriner, M. Farnsworth, P. Oesterle, G. Young, J. Carlson, K. Cobble, T. Deliberto, S. Swafford, S. Elmore, T. Anderson, S. Hauser, K. Bentler, N. Mooers and K. Huyvaert . (2007) Avian influenza in wild birds: environmental sampling strategy for the rapid detection of avian influenza viruses. Proceedings of the 12th Wildlife Damage Management Conference, Corpus Christi, TX.Root, J., P. Oesterle, H. Sullivan, J.S. Hall, N. Marlenee, R.G. McLean, J.A. Montenieri and L. Clark. Fox squirrel (Sciuris niger) associations with West Nile virus. (2007) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:782-784.Bentler, K., J.S. Hall, J. Root, K. Klenk, B. Schmitt and L. Clark. (2007) West Nile Virus seroprevalence in North American mesopredators. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 76:173-179.Root, J.Jeffrey, P. Oesterle, N. Nemeth, K. Klenk, D.H. Gould, R.G. McLean, L. Clark and J.S. Hall. (2006) Experimental infection of fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) with West Nile virus. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:697-701.Clark, L., J.S. Hall, R. McLean, M. Dunbar, K. Klenk, Richard Bowen and C.A. Smeraski. (2006) Susceptibility of greater sage-grouse to experimental infection with West Nile virus. J. Wildlife Dis. 42:14-22.L. Clark and J. S. Hall. (2006) Avian influenza in wild birds: status as reservoirs and risks posed to humans and agriculture. Ornithological Monographs 60:3-29.Santaella-Tenorio, J., R. McLean, J.S. Gill, R. Bowen, J. S. Hall and L. Clark. (2005) West Nile virus serosurveillance in Iowa white-tailed deer (1999-2003). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73: 1038-1042).Root, J.J., Hall J.S., McLean, R.G., Marlenee, N.L., Beaty, B.J., Gansowski, J. and Clark, L. (2005) Serologic evidence of exposure of wild mammals to Flaviviruses in the central and eastern United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72: 622-630.Hall J.S., French R., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Structure and temporal dynamics of populations within wheat streak mosaic virus isolates. J. Virol. 75: 10231-10243.Hall J.S., French R., Hein G.L., Morris T.J. and Stenger D.C. (2001) Three distinct mechanisms facilitate genetic isolation of sympatric wheat streak mosaic virus lineages. Virology 282: 230-236.Choi I.-R., Hall J.S., Henry M., Zhang L., Hein G.L., French R. and Stenger D.C. (2000) Contributions of genetic drift and negative selection on the evolution of three strains of wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus. Arch. Virol. 146: 619-628.Hall J.S., Adams B., Parsons T.J., French R., Lane L.C. and Jensen S.G. (1998) Molecular cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic relationships of a new Potyvirus: sugarcane streak mosaic virus, and a reevaluation of the classification of the Potyviridae. Mol. Phylo. Evol. 10: 323-332.Stenger D.C., Hall J.S., Choi I.-R. and French R. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships within the family Potyviridae: Wheat streak mosaic virus and brome streak mosaic virus are not members of the genus Rymovirus. Phytopathology 88: 782-787.Marcon, A., Kaeppler, S.M. Jensen, S.G. and Hall, J.S. 1996. Characteristics of the High Plains Virus (HPV) and breeding for resistance in maize. Proceedings of the Latin American Workshop on Maize Diseases. Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil May 20-24, 1996. Publisher EMBRAPA, E. de Oliveira Editor.S.G. Jensen and J.S. Hall. (1993) Characterization of a Krish-sorghum infecting potyvirus. Sorghum Newsletter 34:17F.L. Smith, S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall, B.J. Gilligan, E.L. Madsen and F.K. Storm. (1992) Cellular effects of piezoelectric versus electrohydraulic high energy shock waves. J. Urology 147:491-495.S.W. Carper, J.S. Hall and F.K. Storm. (1992) Thermal protection by prostaglandin E1, a preclinical study. Reg. Cancer Treatment 4:156-158.**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.