Larry G. Mastin, Ph.D. (Former Employee)
Science and Products
Model simulations of the January 15, 2022 Hunga Volcano eruption plume and deposit
This data release accompanies the publication below, and contains the data used in that publication. Mastin, L.G., Van Eaton, Alexa R., and Cronin, Shane, in press, Did steam boost the height and growth rate of the giant Hunga eruption plume? Bulletin of Volcanology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01749-1 Within this data release are two zip files: --Supplementary_tables.zip contains...
Plumeria Simulations of 20 December 2020 Kīlauea Volcano Eruption Plume
This data release contains results of model simulations of a plume at Kilauea volcano that occurred on 20 December 2020. The ash-poor plume was produced when lava flowed into a water lake at the summit of Kilauea volcano. Simulations were conducted to constrain the conditions under which the plume rose to its observed height. The analysis and results are described in the accompanying...
Model simulation output from a magnitude 7 eruption: the distal Mazama tephra
This data release contains model input and output for 57 simulations of tephra dispersal during the 7.8 ka Mazama eruption. Data were generated during in preparation of the following paper: Buckland HM, Mastin L, Engwell S, Cashman K (2022 (in pess)) Modelling the transport and deposition of ash following a Magnitude 7 eruption: the distal Mazama tephra. Bull Volcanol. 84(9):87. https:/...
Data used to develop a probabilistic assessment of tephra-fall hazards at Hanford, Washington
Data in this data release contain Model input and output for simulations used to estimate the amount of tephra that could fall on the Hanford nuclear waste repository. The results of that study were written up in the report: Mastin, L.G., Van Eaton, A.E., and Schwaiger, H.F., 2020 A Probabilistic Assessment of Tephra-Fall Hazards at Hanford, Washington, from a Future Eruption of Mount St...
Observations and model simulations of umbrella-cloud growth during eruptions of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines, June 15, 1991), Kelud Volcano (Indonesia, February 14, 2014), and Calbuco Volcano (Chile, April 22-23, 2015)
Model output to accompany the paper "Comparing Simulations of Umbrella-Cloud Growth and Ash Transport with Observations from Pinatubo, Kelud, and Calbuco Volcanoes", by L.G. Mastin and Alexa Van Eaton, published by the journal Atmosphere. The data release includes model input and output used to generate figures in the paper. Reference: Mastin, L.G., and Van Eaton, A.R., 2020, Comparing...
Plots of Wind Patterns of the World's Volcanoes
This product includes rose diagrams and tables of wind patterns at volcanoes listed in the Smithsonian Institution's Volcanoes of the World Database. At each volcano, the speed and direction of wind above the volcano were read from output of the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 model, at twice-daily intervals from January 1, 1990 to December 28, 2009. These results were then plotted as 20 wind...
Filter Total Items: 58
Dynamics, monitoring and forecasting of tephra in the atmosphere
Explosive volcanic eruptions inject hot mixtures of solid particles (tephra) and gasses into the atmosphere. Entraining ambient air, these mixtures can form plumes rising tens of kilometers until they spread laterally, forming umbrella clouds. While the largest clasts tend to settle in proximity to the volcano, the smallest fragments, commonly referred to as ash (≤2 mm in diameter), can...
Authors
Federica Pardini, Sara Barsotti, Contanza Bonadonna, Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Arnau Folch, Larry G. Mastin, Soledad Osores, Andrew T. Prata
Characterising, quantifying, and accessing eruption source parameters of explosive volcanic eruptions for operational simulation of tephra dispersion: A current view and future perspectives
Eruption source parameters (ESPs) are crucial for characterising volcanic eruptions and are essential inputs to numerical models used for hazard assessment. Key ESPs of explosive volcanic eruptions include plume height, mass eruption rate, eruption duration, and grain-size distribution. Some of these ESPs can be directly observed during an eruption, but others are difficult to measure in...
Authors
Samantha Engwell, Larry G. Mastin, Contanza Bonadonna, Sara Barsotti, Natalia I. Deligne, Bergrun A. Oladottir
Did steam boost the height and growth rate of the giant Hunga eruption plume?
The eruption of Hunga volcano on 15 January 2022 produced a higher plume and faster-growing umbrella cloud than has ever been previously recorded. The plume height exceeded 58 km, and the umbrella grew to 450 km in diameter within 50 min. Assuming an umbrella thickness of 10 km, this growth rate implied an average volume injection rate into the umbrella of 330–500 km3 s−1. Conventional...
Authors
Larry G. Mastin, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Shane Cronin
A one-dimensional volcanic plume model for predicting ash aggregation
During explosive volcanic eruptions, volcanic ash is ejected into the atmosphere, impacting aircraft safety and downwind communities. These volcanic clouds tend to be dominated by fine ash (
Authors
Davis W. Hoffman, Larry G. Mastin, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Stephen A. Solovitz, Raul B. Cal, John K. Eaton
New insights into the relationship between mass eruption rate and volcanic column height based on the IVESPA dataset
Rapid and simple estimation of the mass eruption rate (MER) from column height is essential for real-time volcanic hazard management and reconstruction of past explosive eruptions. Using 134 eruptive events from the new Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive (IVESPA, v1.0), we explore empirical MER-height relationships for four measures of column height: spreading level...
Authors
Thomas J. Aubry, Samantha Engwell, Costanza Bonadonna, Larry G. Mastin, Guillaume Carazzo, Alexa R. Van Eaton, David E. Jessop, Roy G. Grainger, Simona Scollo, Isabelle A Taylor, A. Mark Jellinek, Anja Schmidt, Sebastien Biass, Mathieu Gouhier
Flow development and entrainment in turbulent particle-laden jets
Explosive eruptions expel volcanic gases and particles at high pressures and velocities. Within this multiphase fluid, small ash particles affect the flow dynamics, impacting mixing, entrainment, turbulence, and aggregation. To examine the role of turbulent particle behavior, we conducted an analogue experiment using a particle-laden jet. We used compressed air as the carrier fluid...
Authors
Laura K. Shannon, Bianca Viggiano, Raul Bayoan Cal, Larry G. Mastin, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Stephen A. Solovitz
Asteroid impacts and cascading hazards
The initial effects from an asteroid impact are generally well characterized and include thermal radiation and blast waves. If the impactor is sufficiently large, either an earthquake or tsunami can also result, depending on whether the impact occurs over land or water. However, the longer-term effects that extend beyond the area initially affected are less well characterized. Because...
Authors
Timothy N. Titus, D. G. Robertson, Joel B. Sankey, Larry G. Mastin
A review of common natural disasters as analogs for asteroid impact effects and cascading hazards
Modern civilization has no collective experience with possible wide-ranging effects from a medium-sized asteroid impactor. Currently, modeling efforts that predict initial effects from a meteor impact or airburst provide needed information for initial preparation and evacuation plans, but longer-term cascading hazards are not typically considered. However, more common natural disasters...
Authors
Timothy N. Titus, D. G. Robertson, Joel B. Sankey, Larry G. Mastin, Francis K. Rengers
Understanding and modeling tephra transport: Lessons learned from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
Discoveries made during the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens advanced our understanding of tephra transport and deposition in fundamental ways. The eruption enabled detailed, quantitative observations of downwind cloud movement and particle sedimentation, along with the dynamics of co-pyroclastic-density current (PDC) clouds lofted from ground-hugging currents. The deposit was...
Authors
Larry G. Mastin, Steven Carey, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Julia Eychenne, R.S.J. Sparks
Spatial analysis of globally detected volcanic lightning from the June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, Kuril Islands
The 21–22 June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, Russia, provided an opportunity to explore how spatial trends in volcanic lightning locations provide insights into pulsatory eruption dynamics. Using satellite-derived plume heights, we examine the development of lightning detected by Vaisala’s Global Lightning Dataset (GLD360) from eleven, closely spaced eruptive pulses. Results from one...
Authors
Cassandra M. Smith, Alexa R. Van Eaton, David J. Schneider, Larry G. Mastin, Robin S. Matoza, Kathleen McKee, Sean Maher
Modelling the transport and deposition of ash following a magnitude 7 eruption: The distal Mazama tephra
Volcanic ash transport and dispersion models (VATDMs) are necessary for forecasting tephra dispersal during volcanic eruptions and are a useful tool for estimating the eruption source parameters (ESPs) of prehistoric eruptions. Here we use Ash3D, an Eulerian VATDM, to simulate the tephra deposition from the ~ 7.7 ka climactic eruption of Mount Mazama. We investigate how best to apply a...
Authors
Hannah Maeve Buckland, Larry G. Mastin, Samantha Engwell, Katharine V. Cashman
Forecasting and communicating the dispersion and fallout of ash during volcanic eruptions: lessons from the September 20, 2020 eruptive pulse at Sangay volcano, Ecuador
Volcanic ash is a hazard to human health and activities. Accurate and timely forecasts coupled with effective communication about the dispersion and fallout of volcanic ash during explosive events are essential to reduce impacts on local communities and limit economic losses. In this study, we present the first detailed description of an eruptive pulse at Sangay volcano and its eruption...
Authors
Benjamin Bernard, Pablo Samaniego, Larry G. Mastin, Stephen Hernandez, Gerardo Pino, Jamie Kibler, Marjorie Encalada, Silvano Hidalgo, Nicole Vizuete
Ash3d (Version 1.0.0)
Ash3d: Volcanic ash advection/dispersion/sedimentation model
plumeria_wd software v3.0.0
Plumeria is a one-dimensional model for wind-driven volcanic plumes. It was originally written in 2007 in Visual Basic to analyze plumes during the 2004-2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The version in this repository, Plumeria_wd, has been modified for crosswinds, translated to Fortran, and tested by comparing predicted with observed plume heights from multiple eruptions. It was...
plumeria PMAP software release 1.0.3
The PMAP tool is a one-dimensional plume model that predicts ash aggregation within an erupting volcanic plume. The tool was developed by D. W. Hoffman at Stanford, extending from the Plumeria model written by L. G. Mastin at USGS CVO. The code operates using Matlab. The purpose of this repository is to present the code used in the following publication, currently under review at Journal...
Ash3D provides forecasts of ash clouds and ashfall.
Ash 3D is a three-dimensional simulation of volcanic-ash dispersion that uses time-varying wind fields and other meteorological properties to calculate where airborne ash is transported under current or historical atmospheric conditions
Science and Products
Model simulations of the January 15, 2022 Hunga Volcano eruption plume and deposit
This data release accompanies the publication below, and contains the data used in that publication. Mastin, L.G., Van Eaton, Alexa R., and Cronin, Shane, in press, Did steam boost the height and growth rate of the giant Hunga eruption plume? Bulletin of Volcanology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-024-01749-1 Within this data release are two zip files: --Supplementary_tables.zip contains...
Plumeria Simulations of 20 December 2020 Kīlauea Volcano Eruption Plume
This data release contains results of model simulations of a plume at Kilauea volcano that occurred on 20 December 2020. The ash-poor plume was produced when lava flowed into a water lake at the summit of Kilauea volcano. Simulations were conducted to constrain the conditions under which the plume rose to its observed height. The analysis and results are described in the accompanying...
Model simulation output from a magnitude 7 eruption: the distal Mazama tephra
This data release contains model input and output for 57 simulations of tephra dispersal during the 7.8 ka Mazama eruption. Data were generated during in preparation of the following paper: Buckland HM, Mastin L, Engwell S, Cashman K (2022 (in pess)) Modelling the transport and deposition of ash following a Magnitude 7 eruption: the distal Mazama tephra. Bull Volcanol. 84(9):87. https:/...
Data used to develop a probabilistic assessment of tephra-fall hazards at Hanford, Washington
Data in this data release contain Model input and output for simulations used to estimate the amount of tephra that could fall on the Hanford nuclear waste repository. The results of that study were written up in the report: Mastin, L.G., Van Eaton, A.E., and Schwaiger, H.F., 2020 A Probabilistic Assessment of Tephra-Fall Hazards at Hanford, Washington, from a Future Eruption of Mount St...
Observations and model simulations of umbrella-cloud growth during eruptions of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines, June 15, 1991), Kelud Volcano (Indonesia, February 14, 2014), and Calbuco Volcano (Chile, April 22-23, 2015)
Model output to accompany the paper "Comparing Simulations of Umbrella-Cloud Growth and Ash Transport with Observations from Pinatubo, Kelud, and Calbuco Volcanoes", by L.G. Mastin and Alexa Van Eaton, published by the journal Atmosphere. The data release includes model input and output used to generate figures in the paper. Reference: Mastin, L.G., and Van Eaton, A.R., 2020, Comparing...
Plots of Wind Patterns of the World's Volcanoes
This product includes rose diagrams and tables of wind patterns at volcanoes listed in the Smithsonian Institution's Volcanoes of the World Database. At each volcano, the speed and direction of wind above the volcano were read from output of the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 model, at twice-daily intervals from January 1, 1990 to December 28, 2009. These results were then plotted as 20 wind...
Filter Total Items: 58
Dynamics, monitoring and forecasting of tephra in the atmosphere
Explosive volcanic eruptions inject hot mixtures of solid particles (tephra) and gasses into the atmosphere. Entraining ambient air, these mixtures can form plumes rising tens of kilometers until they spread laterally, forming umbrella clouds. While the largest clasts tend to settle in proximity to the volcano, the smallest fragments, commonly referred to as ash (≤2 mm in diameter), can...
Authors
Federica Pardini, Sara Barsotti, Contanza Bonadonna, Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Arnau Folch, Larry G. Mastin, Soledad Osores, Andrew T. Prata
Characterising, quantifying, and accessing eruption source parameters of explosive volcanic eruptions for operational simulation of tephra dispersion: A current view and future perspectives
Eruption source parameters (ESPs) are crucial for characterising volcanic eruptions and are essential inputs to numerical models used for hazard assessment. Key ESPs of explosive volcanic eruptions include plume height, mass eruption rate, eruption duration, and grain-size distribution. Some of these ESPs can be directly observed during an eruption, but others are difficult to measure in...
Authors
Samantha Engwell, Larry G. Mastin, Contanza Bonadonna, Sara Barsotti, Natalia I. Deligne, Bergrun A. Oladottir
Did steam boost the height and growth rate of the giant Hunga eruption plume?
The eruption of Hunga volcano on 15 January 2022 produced a higher plume and faster-growing umbrella cloud than has ever been previously recorded. The plume height exceeded 58 km, and the umbrella grew to 450 km in diameter within 50 min. Assuming an umbrella thickness of 10 km, this growth rate implied an average volume injection rate into the umbrella of 330–500 km3 s−1. Conventional...
Authors
Larry G. Mastin, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Shane Cronin
A one-dimensional volcanic plume model for predicting ash aggregation
During explosive volcanic eruptions, volcanic ash is ejected into the atmosphere, impacting aircraft safety and downwind communities. These volcanic clouds tend to be dominated by fine ash (
Authors
Davis W. Hoffman, Larry G. Mastin, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Stephen A. Solovitz, Raul B. Cal, John K. Eaton
New insights into the relationship between mass eruption rate and volcanic column height based on the IVESPA dataset
Rapid and simple estimation of the mass eruption rate (MER) from column height is essential for real-time volcanic hazard management and reconstruction of past explosive eruptions. Using 134 eruptive events from the new Independent Volcanic Eruption Source Parameter Archive (IVESPA, v1.0), we explore empirical MER-height relationships for four measures of column height: spreading level...
Authors
Thomas J. Aubry, Samantha Engwell, Costanza Bonadonna, Larry G. Mastin, Guillaume Carazzo, Alexa R. Van Eaton, David E. Jessop, Roy G. Grainger, Simona Scollo, Isabelle A Taylor, A. Mark Jellinek, Anja Schmidt, Sebastien Biass, Mathieu Gouhier
Flow development and entrainment in turbulent particle-laden jets
Explosive eruptions expel volcanic gases and particles at high pressures and velocities. Within this multiphase fluid, small ash particles affect the flow dynamics, impacting mixing, entrainment, turbulence, and aggregation. To examine the role of turbulent particle behavior, we conducted an analogue experiment using a particle-laden jet. We used compressed air as the carrier fluid...
Authors
Laura K. Shannon, Bianca Viggiano, Raul Bayoan Cal, Larry G. Mastin, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Stephen A. Solovitz
Asteroid impacts and cascading hazards
The initial effects from an asteroid impact are generally well characterized and include thermal radiation and blast waves. If the impactor is sufficiently large, either an earthquake or tsunami can also result, depending on whether the impact occurs over land or water. However, the longer-term effects that extend beyond the area initially affected are less well characterized. Because...
Authors
Timothy N. Titus, D. G. Robertson, Joel B. Sankey, Larry G. Mastin
A review of common natural disasters as analogs for asteroid impact effects and cascading hazards
Modern civilization has no collective experience with possible wide-ranging effects from a medium-sized asteroid impactor. Currently, modeling efforts that predict initial effects from a meteor impact or airburst provide needed information for initial preparation and evacuation plans, but longer-term cascading hazards are not typically considered. However, more common natural disasters...
Authors
Timothy N. Titus, D. G. Robertson, Joel B. Sankey, Larry G. Mastin, Francis K. Rengers
Understanding and modeling tephra transport: Lessons learned from the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
Discoveries made during the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens advanced our understanding of tephra transport and deposition in fundamental ways. The eruption enabled detailed, quantitative observations of downwind cloud movement and particle sedimentation, along with the dynamics of co-pyroclastic-density current (PDC) clouds lofted from ground-hugging currents. The deposit was...
Authors
Larry G. Mastin, Steven Carey, Alexa R. Van Eaton, Julia Eychenne, R.S.J. Sparks
Spatial analysis of globally detected volcanic lightning from the June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, Kuril Islands
The 21–22 June 2019 eruption of Raikoke volcano, Russia, provided an opportunity to explore how spatial trends in volcanic lightning locations provide insights into pulsatory eruption dynamics. Using satellite-derived plume heights, we examine the development of lightning detected by Vaisala’s Global Lightning Dataset (GLD360) from eleven, closely spaced eruptive pulses. Results from one...
Authors
Cassandra M. Smith, Alexa R. Van Eaton, David J. Schneider, Larry G. Mastin, Robin S. Matoza, Kathleen McKee, Sean Maher
Modelling the transport and deposition of ash following a magnitude 7 eruption: The distal Mazama tephra
Volcanic ash transport and dispersion models (VATDMs) are necessary for forecasting tephra dispersal during volcanic eruptions and are a useful tool for estimating the eruption source parameters (ESPs) of prehistoric eruptions. Here we use Ash3D, an Eulerian VATDM, to simulate the tephra deposition from the ~ 7.7 ka climactic eruption of Mount Mazama. We investigate how best to apply a...
Authors
Hannah Maeve Buckland, Larry G. Mastin, Samantha Engwell, Katharine V. Cashman
Forecasting and communicating the dispersion and fallout of ash during volcanic eruptions: lessons from the September 20, 2020 eruptive pulse at Sangay volcano, Ecuador
Volcanic ash is a hazard to human health and activities. Accurate and timely forecasts coupled with effective communication about the dispersion and fallout of volcanic ash during explosive events are essential to reduce impacts on local communities and limit economic losses. In this study, we present the first detailed description of an eruptive pulse at Sangay volcano and its eruption...
Authors
Benjamin Bernard, Pablo Samaniego, Larry G. Mastin, Stephen Hernandez, Gerardo Pino, Jamie Kibler, Marjorie Encalada, Silvano Hidalgo, Nicole Vizuete
Ash3d (Version 1.0.0)
Ash3d: Volcanic ash advection/dispersion/sedimentation model
plumeria_wd software v3.0.0
Plumeria is a one-dimensional model for wind-driven volcanic plumes. It was originally written in 2007 in Visual Basic to analyze plumes during the 2004-2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The version in this repository, Plumeria_wd, has been modified for crosswinds, translated to Fortran, and tested by comparing predicted with observed plume heights from multiple eruptions. It was...
plumeria PMAP software release 1.0.3
The PMAP tool is a one-dimensional plume model that predicts ash aggregation within an erupting volcanic plume. The tool was developed by D. W. Hoffman at Stanford, extending from the Plumeria model written by L. G. Mastin at USGS CVO. The code operates using Matlab. The purpose of this repository is to present the code used in the following publication, currently under review at Journal...
Ash3D provides forecasts of ash clouds and ashfall.
Ash 3D is a three-dimensional simulation of volcanic-ash dispersion that uses time-varying wind fields and other meteorological properties to calculate where airborne ash is transported under current or historical atmospheric conditions
*Disclaimer: Listing outside positions with professional scientific organizations on this Staff Profile are for informational purposes only and do not constitute an endorsement of those professional scientific organizations or their activities by the USGS, Department of the Interior, or U.S. Government