Sandra Schultz
Sandy is a Biological Science Technician at the Eastern Ecological Science Center in Laurel, MD.
Sandy spends most of her time performing assays in support of environmental contaminant studies.
Science and Products
PFAS accumulation and effects in juvenile ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from Chesapeake and Delaware Bays PFAS accumulation and effects in juvenile ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from Chesapeake and Delaware Bays
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of ubiquitous, environmentally persistent compounds that pose a threat to human and wildlife health. Ospreys (Pandion halieatus) are a model avian species with a documented history of serving as effective bioindicators of contamination. Our study aims to provide a more thorough understanding of PFAS presence in the Chesapeake and...
Physiological Effects of Pesticide-coated Wheat Seed Exposure to the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Physiological Effects of Pesticide-coated Wheat Seed Exposure to the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
The most common application of neonicotinoid insecticides in agriculture is through the treatment of seeds before planting. Commercially formulated seed treatments are often sold as mixtures of various pesticides, fungicides and other treatments (e.g., plant growth regulators), the effects of which on non-target organisms are not well understood. To address this data gap, we assessed the...
Biomarker responses in American kestrels exposed in ovo to EHTBB and TBPH Biomarker responses in American kestrels exposed in ovo to EHTBB and TBPH
Observations of test subjects and hatching data - Body weight, organ/tissue weights Biomarker data (oxidative stress indicators, oxidative DNA damage, thyroid hormones, histological findings) in various tissues Chemical residues in tissues
Filter Total Items: 21
Tree swallows as indicators of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and effects at select Department of Defense sites along the East Coast and at sites with different sources in the Upper Midwest, United States Tree swallows as indicators of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and effects at select Department of Defense sites along the East Coast and at sites with different sources in the Upper Midwest, United States
Questions remain about the distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment, the sources and movement within and between ecosystems, and whether there are effects from such exposure. Information from the Upper Midwest and the mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, which have different PFAS sources, were investigated. Concentrations of Total40 (sum of 40...
Authors
Christine Custer, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Cole Matson
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Duluth, MN area: Exposure to and biomarker responses in tree swallows relative to known fire-fighting foam sources Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Duluth, MN area: Exposure to and biomarker responses in tree swallows relative to known fire-fighting foam sources
Tree swallow nest boxes were deployed at sites proximal to two putative aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources in the Duluth, MN area, as well as along the St. Louis River and a reference lake for comparative purposes in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The two AFFF sites were the current Duluth Air National Guard Base (ANG) and the Lake Superior College Emergency Response Training Center. Between...
Authors
Christine Custer, Paul Dummer, Matthew Etterson, Jonathan Haselman, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Cole W. Matson
Exposure to and biomarker responses from legacy and emerging contaminants along three drainages in the Milwaukee Estuary, Wisconsin, USA Exposure to and biomarker responses from legacy and emerging contaminants along three drainages in the Milwaukee Estuary, Wisconsin, USA
Legacy contaminants and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) were assessed in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) tissue and diet samples from three drainages in the Milwaukee estuary, Wisconsin, USA, to understand exposures and possible biomarker responses. Two remote Wisconsin lakes were assessed for comparative purposes. Bioaccumulative classes of contaminants, such as...
Authors
Christine Custer, Thomas Custer, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Chi Tseng, Cole W. Matson
Thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in American kestrels following embryonic exposure to the alternative flame retardants, EHTBB and TBPH Thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in American kestrels following embryonic exposure to the alternative flame retardants, EHTBB and TBPH
Brominated flame retardant chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) (CAS #: 183658–27-7) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (CAS #: 26040–51-7), have been detected in avian tissues and eggs from remote regions. Exposure to EHTBB and TBPH has been shown to cause oxidative stress and altered thyroid function in rodents and fish, yet no...
Authors
CHristopher Goodchild, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Paula Henry, Robert Letcher, Sandra Schultz, Catherine Maddox, Thomas Bean, Lisa Peters, Vince Palace, Kimberly Fernie
Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C10-13) Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C10-13)
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes, shown to bioaccumulate but with unknown effects in wild birds. The present study examined development-related effects of SCCPs on captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) treated in ovo on embryonic day (ED) 5 by injection with technical Chloroparaffin® (C10-13, 55.5% Cl) at environmentally...
Authors
Kim Fernie, Natalie Karouna-Renier, R. Letcher, Sandra Schultz, L. Peters, V. Palace, Paula Henry
Legacy and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in tree swallows along an agricultural to industrial gradient: Maumee River, OH Legacy and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in tree swallows along an agricultural to industrial gradient: Maumee River, OH
Exposure to multiple classes of contaminants, both legacy and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), were assessed in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) tissue and diet samples from 6 sites along the Maumee River, Ohio, USA, to understand both exposure and possible effects of exposure to those CECs for which there are little avian data. The 6 sites represented a gradient from intensive...
Authors
Christine Custer, Thomas Custer, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Chi Tseng, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Cole W. Matson
Arsenic-related oxidative stress in experimentally dosed wild great tit nestlings Arsenic-related oxidative stress in experimentally dosed wild great tit nestlings
Arsenic (As) is broadly distributed due to natural and anthropogenic sources, and it may cause adverse effects in birds. However, research on other elements (Pb, Hg and Cd) has been prioritized, resulting in scarce data on As exposure and related effects in wild birds. One of the mechanisms responsible for As toxicity is oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to...
Authors
Pablo Sanchez-Virosta, Silvia Espin, Sandra Ruiz, Bineet Panda, Petteri Ilmonen, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Antonio Garcia-Fernandez, Tapio Eeva
In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part II: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE on hatching success, morphometric and physiological endpoints in American kestrels In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part II: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE on hatching success, morphometric and physiological endpoints in American kestrels
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-BDBPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTPBE) are both brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that have been detected in birds; however, their potential biological effects are largely unknown. We assessed the effects of embryonic exposure to TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE in a model avian predator, the American kestrel (Falco...
Authors
Margaret Eng, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Paula Henry, Robert Letcher, Sandra Schultz, Thomas Bean, Lisa Peters, Vince Palace, Tony Williams, John E. Elliott, Kim Fernie
Perfluoroalkyl contaminant exposure in tree swallows nesting at Clarks Marsh, Oscoda, Michigan, USA Perfluoroalkyl contaminant exposure in tree swallows nesting at Clarks Marsh, Oscoda, Michigan, USA
A site in north eastern Michigan, Oscoda Township, has some of the highest recorded exposure in birds to perfluorinated substances (PFASs) in the U.S. Some egg and plasma concentrations at that location exceeded the lowest reproductive effect threshold established for two avian laboratory species. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there were reproductive effects or...
Authors
Christine Custer, Thomas Custer, Robert Delaney, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier
Toxicokinetics of imidacloprid-coated wheat seeds in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and an evaluation of hazard Toxicokinetics of imidacloprid-coated wheat seeds in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and an evaluation of hazard
Birds are potentially exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides by ingestion of coated seeds during crop planting. Adult male Japanese quail were orally dosed with wheat seeds coated with an imidacloprid (IMI) formulation at either 0.9 mg/kg body weight (BW) or 2.7 mg/kg BW (~3 and 9% of IMI LD50 for Japanese quail, respectively) for 1 or 10 days. Quail were euthanized between 1 and 24 h...
Authors
Thomas Bean, Michael Gross, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Paula Henry, Sandra Schultz, Michelle Hladik, Kathryn Kuivila, Barnett Rattner
Biomarker responses of Peromyscus leucopus exposed to lead and cadmium in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District Biomarker responses of Peromyscus leucopus exposed to lead and cadmium in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District
Biomarker responses and histopathological lesions have been documented in laboratory mammals exposed to elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium. The exposure of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to these metals and the potential associated toxic effects were examined at three contaminated sites in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District and at a reference site in MO, USA...
Authors
W. Beyer, Stan Casteel, Kristen Friedrichs, Eric Gramlich, Ruth Houseright, John Nichols, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Dae Kim, Kathleen Rangen, Barnett Rattner, Sandra Schultz
EROD activity, chromosomal damage, and oxidative stress in response to contaminants exposure in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings from Great Lakes Areas of Concern EROD activity, chromosomal damage, and oxidative stress in response to contaminants exposure in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings from Great Lakes Areas of Concern
Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, nestlings were collected from 60 sites in the Great Lakes, which included multiple sites within 27 Areas of Concern (AOCs) and six sites not listed as AOCs from 2010 to 2014. Nestlings, approximately 12 days-of-age, were evaluated for ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity, chromosomal damage, and six measures of oxidative stress. Data on each of...
Authors
Thomas Custer, Christine Custer, Paul Dummer, Emilie Bigorgne, Elias Oziolor, Natalie K. Karouna-Renier, Sandra Schultz, Richard Erickson, Kevin Aagaard, Cole W. Matson
Science and Products
PFAS accumulation and effects in juvenile ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from Chesapeake and Delaware Bays PFAS accumulation and effects in juvenile ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) from Chesapeake and Delaware Bays
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of ubiquitous, environmentally persistent compounds that pose a threat to human and wildlife health. Ospreys (Pandion halieatus) are a model avian species with a documented history of serving as effective bioindicators of contamination. Our study aims to provide a more thorough understanding of PFAS presence in the Chesapeake and...
Physiological Effects of Pesticide-coated Wheat Seed Exposure to the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris Physiological Effects of Pesticide-coated Wheat Seed Exposure to the Earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
The most common application of neonicotinoid insecticides in agriculture is through the treatment of seeds before planting. Commercially formulated seed treatments are often sold as mixtures of various pesticides, fungicides and other treatments (e.g., plant growth regulators), the effects of which on non-target organisms are not well understood. To address this data gap, we assessed the...
Biomarker responses in American kestrels exposed in ovo to EHTBB and TBPH Biomarker responses in American kestrels exposed in ovo to EHTBB and TBPH
Observations of test subjects and hatching data - Body weight, organ/tissue weights Biomarker data (oxidative stress indicators, oxidative DNA damage, thyroid hormones, histological findings) in various tissues Chemical residues in tissues
Filter Total Items: 21
Tree swallows as indicators of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and effects at select Department of Defense sites along the East Coast and at sites with different sources in the Upper Midwest, United States Tree swallows as indicators of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure and effects at select Department of Defense sites along the East Coast and at sites with different sources in the Upper Midwest, United States
Questions remain about the distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the environment, the sources and movement within and between ecosystems, and whether there are effects from such exposure. Information from the Upper Midwest and the mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, which have different PFAS sources, were investigated. Concentrations of Total40 (sum of 40...
Authors
Christine Custer, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Cole Matson
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Duluth, MN area: Exposure to and biomarker responses in tree swallows relative to known fire-fighting foam sources Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Duluth, MN area: Exposure to and biomarker responses in tree swallows relative to known fire-fighting foam sources
Tree swallow nest boxes were deployed at sites proximal to two putative aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) sources in the Duluth, MN area, as well as along the St. Louis River and a reference lake for comparative purposes in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The two AFFF sites were the current Duluth Air National Guard Base (ANG) and the Lake Superior College Emergency Response Training Center. Between...
Authors
Christine Custer, Paul Dummer, Matthew Etterson, Jonathan Haselman, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Cole W. Matson
Exposure to and biomarker responses from legacy and emerging contaminants along three drainages in the Milwaukee Estuary, Wisconsin, USA Exposure to and biomarker responses from legacy and emerging contaminants along three drainages in the Milwaukee Estuary, Wisconsin, USA
Legacy contaminants and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) were assessed in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) tissue and diet samples from three drainages in the Milwaukee estuary, Wisconsin, USA, to understand exposures and possible biomarker responses. Two remote Wisconsin lakes were assessed for comparative purposes. Bioaccumulative classes of contaminants, such as...
Authors
Christine Custer, Thomas Custer, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Chi Tseng, Cole W. Matson
Thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in American kestrels following embryonic exposure to the alternative flame retardants, EHTBB and TBPH Thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in American kestrels following embryonic exposure to the alternative flame retardants, EHTBB and TBPH
Brominated flame retardant chemicals, such as 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EHTBB) (CAS #: 183658–27-7) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (CAS #: 26040–51-7), have been detected in avian tissues and eggs from remote regions. Exposure to EHTBB and TBPH has been shown to cause oxidative stress and altered thyroid function in rodents and fish, yet no...
Authors
CHristopher Goodchild, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Paula Henry, Robert Letcher, Sandra Schultz, Catherine Maddox, Thomas Bean, Lisa Peters, Vince Palace, Kimberly Fernie
Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C10-13) Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C10-13)
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes, shown to bioaccumulate but with unknown effects in wild birds. The present study examined development-related effects of SCCPs on captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) treated in ovo on embryonic day (ED) 5 by injection with technical Chloroparaffin® (C10-13, 55.5% Cl) at environmentally...
Authors
Kim Fernie, Natalie Karouna-Renier, R. Letcher, Sandra Schultz, L. Peters, V. Palace, Paula Henry
Legacy and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in tree swallows along an agricultural to industrial gradient: Maumee River, OH Legacy and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in tree swallows along an agricultural to industrial gradient: Maumee River, OH
Exposure to multiple classes of contaminants, both legacy and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), were assessed in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) tissue and diet samples from 6 sites along the Maumee River, Ohio, USA, to understand both exposure and possible effects of exposure to those CECs for which there are little avian data. The 6 sites represented a gradient from intensive...
Authors
Christine Custer, Thomas Custer, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Chi Tseng, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Cole W. Matson
Arsenic-related oxidative stress in experimentally dosed wild great tit nestlings Arsenic-related oxidative stress in experimentally dosed wild great tit nestlings
Arsenic (As) is broadly distributed due to natural and anthropogenic sources, and it may cause adverse effects in birds. However, research on other elements (Pb, Hg and Cd) has been prioritized, resulting in scarce data on As exposure and related effects in wild birds. One of the mechanisms responsible for As toxicity is oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to...
Authors
Pablo Sanchez-Virosta, Silvia Espin, Sandra Ruiz, Bineet Panda, Petteri Ilmonen, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Antonio Garcia-Fernandez, Tapio Eeva
In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part II: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE on hatching success, morphometric and physiological endpoints in American kestrels In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part II: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE on hatching success, morphometric and physiological endpoints in American kestrels
Tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-BDBPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTPBE) are both brominated flame retardants (BFRs) that have been detected in birds; however, their potential biological effects are largely unknown. We assessed the effects of embryonic exposure to TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE in a model avian predator, the American kestrel (Falco...
Authors
Margaret Eng, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Paula Henry, Robert Letcher, Sandra Schultz, Thomas Bean, Lisa Peters, Vince Palace, Tony Williams, John E. Elliott, Kim Fernie
Perfluoroalkyl contaminant exposure in tree swallows nesting at Clarks Marsh, Oscoda, Michigan, USA Perfluoroalkyl contaminant exposure in tree swallows nesting at Clarks Marsh, Oscoda, Michigan, USA
A site in north eastern Michigan, Oscoda Township, has some of the highest recorded exposure in birds to perfluorinated substances (PFASs) in the U.S. Some egg and plasma concentrations at that location exceeded the lowest reproductive effect threshold established for two avian laboratory species. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there were reproductive effects or...
Authors
Christine Custer, Thomas Custer, Robert Delaney, Paul Dummer, Sandra Schultz, Natalie Karouna-Renier
Toxicokinetics of imidacloprid-coated wheat seeds in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and an evaluation of hazard Toxicokinetics of imidacloprid-coated wheat seeds in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and an evaluation of hazard
Birds are potentially exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides by ingestion of coated seeds during crop planting. Adult male Japanese quail were orally dosed with wheat seeds coated with an imidacloprid (IMI) formulation at either 0.9 mg/kg body weight (BW) or 2.7 mg/kg BW (~3 and 9% of IMI LD50 for Japanese quail, respectively) for 1 or 10 days. Quail were euthanized between 1 and 24 h...
Authors
Thomas Bean, Michael Gross, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Paula Henry, Sandra Schultz, Michelle Hladik, Kathryn Kuivila, Barnett Rattner
Biomarker responses of Peromyscus leucopus exposed to lead and cadmium in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District Biomarker responses of Peromyscus leucopus exposed to lead and cadmium in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District
Biomarker responses and histopathological lesions have been documented in laboratory mammals exposed to elevated concentrations of lead and cadmium. The exposure of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to these metals and the potential associated toxic effects were examined at three contaminated sites in the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District and at a reference site in MO, USA...
Authors
W. Beyer, Stan Casteel, Kristen Friedrichs, Eric Gramlich, Ruth Houseright, John Nichols, Natalie Karouna-Renier, Dae Kim, Kathleen Rangen, Barnett Rattner, Sandra Schultz
EROD activity, chromosomal damage, and oxidative stress in response to contaminants exposure in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings from Great Lakes Areas of Concern EROD activity, chromosomal damage, and oxidative stress in response to contaminants exposure in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) nestlings from Great Lakes Areas of Concern
Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, nestlings were collected from 60 sites in the Great Lakes, which included multiple sites within 27 Areas of Concern (AOCs) and six sites not listed as AOCs from 2010 to 2014. Nestlings, approximately 12 days-of-age, were evaluated for ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) activity, chromosomal damage, and six measures of oxidative stress. Data on each of...
Authors
Thomas Custer, Christine Custer, Paul Dummer, Emilie Bigorgne, Elias Oziolor, Natalie K. Karouna-Renier, Sandra Schultz, Richard Erickson, Kevin Aagaard, Cole W. Matson