TJ Zenzal is a Research Ecologist at the USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center.
My research interests include the movement and behavioral ecology of wildlife, particularly birds, with an emphasis on conservation. My research integrates traditional field methods (e.g., bird banding, surveys) with technological advancements (e.g., radio telemetry, weather surveillance radar, isotopes, RFID) to better understand the ecology of avian species as they face severe weather events, habitat/land use change, climate change, and the migratory journey. My dissertation work focused on the stopover ecology of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird in coastal Alabama. My post-doctoral work focused on 1) the integration of weather surveillance radar and traditional field methods to determine how landbirds use stopover habitat as well as react to hurricanes along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast during migration, and 2) the use of wetland habitat created via drainage water management by shorebirds in the mid-West.
Education
Ph.D., Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi
B.S., Environmental Science, University of Scranton
Background
2019-Present: Research Ecologist, US Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center (formerly National Wetland Research Center), Lafayette, LA, USA
2017-2019: Research Scientist, School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
2017: Postdoctoral Research Associate in Avian Ecology, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
2016: Visiting Scholar, Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
2016-2017: Postdoctoral Research Associate in Radar Ornithology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
2009-2016: Ph.D. Biological Sciences; NSF GK-12 Teaching Fellow/Graduate Teaching Assistant/Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
2008-2009: Various avian field technician positions
2005-2008: B.S. Environmental Science, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA
Science and Products
Use of Portable Radar to Monitor Flying Animals in the Offshore Environment
Non-breeding Habitat Use of Flooded Agricultural Fields by Shorebirds within the Mississippi Delta
Monitoring Impacts of U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier and Lighting on Migratory Birds
Seasonal Surveys of Shorebird and Coastal Waterbird Utilization of Dredged Material Islands in the Baptiste Collette Bayou, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) New Orleans District, Louisiana
Understanding Avian Habitat Availability and Use After Barrier Island Restoration in Coastal Louisiana
A Multiscale Approach to Understanding Migratory Landbird Habitat Use of Functional Stopover Habitat Types and Management Efforts
Adapting to Climate Change: Trends and Severe Storm Responses by Migratory Landbirds and Their Habitats
Adapting to Climate Change: Trends and Severe Storm Responses by Migratory Landbirds and Their Habitats
Monitoring Effects of Barrier Island Restoration on Piping Plovers in Louisiana
Evaluating if abundance and behavior of shorebird species are related to restoration and habitat at Whiskey Island and Caminada Headland, Louisiana from 2012 to 2020
Local weather and endogenous factors affect the initiation of migration in short- and medium-distance songbird migrants
Structured decision making to prioritize regional bird monitoring needs
Potential effect of low-rise, downcast artificial lights on nocturnally migrating land birds
Retreat, detour or advance? Understanding the movements of birds confronting the Gulf of Mexico
A Tennessee Warbler (Leiothlypis peregrina) captured in the web of a golden silk orb-weaver (Trichonephila clavipes)
A multiscale approach to understanding migratory land bird habitat use of functional stopover habitat types and management efforts
GoMAMN Strategic Bird Monitoring Guidelines: Landbirds
Migratory hummingbirds make their own rules: The decision to resume migration along a barrier
Songbirds are resilient to hurricane disturbed habitats during spring migration
Fat, weather, and date affect migratory songbirds’ departure decisions, routes, and time it takes to cross the Gulf of Mexico
Spring resource phenology and timing of songbird migration across the Gulf of Mexico
Migratory songbirds are advancing their arrival to breeding areas in response to climatic warming at temperate latitudes. Less is understood about the impacts of climate changes outside the breeding period. Every spring, millions of migrating songbirds that overwinter in the Caribbean and Central and South America stop to rest and refuel in the first available habitats after crossing the Gulf of M
Non-USGS Publications**
**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.
Science and Products
- Science
Use of Portable Radar to Monitor Flying Animals in the Offshore Environment
USGS will deploy a small, portable radar aboard a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research vessel to measure the abundance, geographic distribution, and flight altitude of birds migrating across the continental shelf of the northern Gulf.Non-breeding Habitat Use of Flooded Agricultural Fields by Shorebirds within the Mississippi Delta
Researchers are capturing and banding birds within flooded agricultural sites to understand habitat use of these artificial wetland habitats.Monitoring Impacts of U.S.-Mexico Border Barrier and Lighting on Migratory Birds
Researchers will use a multi-scale approach to determine how barrier construction and lighting may impact migratory birds in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.Seasonal Surveys of Shorebird and Coastal Waterbird Utilization of Dredged Material Islands in the Baptiste Collette Bayou, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) New Orleans District, Louisiana
To assess use of dredge material areas, avian ecologists from USGS WARC are conducting bird surveys across the annual life cycle.Understanding Avian Habitat Availability and Use After Barrier Island Restoration in Coastal Louisiana
Using ecological and geographical data, WARC researchers and their partners are analyzing avian and benthic sampling on Whiskey Island and Caminda Headland to compare pre- and post-restoration aspects of habitat occupancy, habitat availability, habitat use, and kernal density estimation.A Multiscale Approach to Understanding Migratory Landbird Habitat Use of Functional Stopover Habitat Types and Management Efforts
USGS scientists are using a spatially-explicit Bayesian network model to predict the difference between energetic value and energetic demand for stopover habitats for migrating landbirds.Adapting to Climate Change: Trends and Severe Storm Responses by Migratory Landbirds and Their Habitats
USGS scientists will be analyzing weather surveillance radar observations of birds departing stopover habitats to measure responses to climate change.Adapting to Climate Change: Trends and Severe Storm Responses by Migratory Landbirds and Their Habitats
Over two-thirds of all landbirds (i.e. birds that spend the majority of their lives in terrestrial environments) in North America migrate long-distances to areas in Mexico, Central and South America and the Caribbean islands. Habitats within Texas and Louisiana support high numbers of birds when they interrupt their migratory journeys through the Gulf of Mexico region to “stopover” for resting and...Monitoring Effects of Barrier Island Restoration on Piping Plovers in Louisiana
The federally threatened piping plover relies on sand-beach habitat year-round for nesting, foraging, and roosting, habitat that is particularly vulnerable to loss and degradation from coastal development, recreation activities, erosion, and sea-level rise. - Data
Evaluating if abundance and behavior of shorebird species are related to restoration and habitat at Whiskey Island and Caminada Headland, Louisiana from 2012 to 2020
Barrier islands provide resources and ecological services that are integral to economic and environmental interests, such as protection of coastal infrastructure and providing habitat for wildlife. Over time, barrier islands may become eroded and experience land loss, which require management actions to restore island integrity. The process of restoring barrier islands can create new habitats but - Multimedia
- Publications
Local weather and endogenous factors affect the initiation of migration in short- and medium-distance songbird migrants
Migratory birds employ a variety of mechanisms to ensure appropriate timing of migration based on integration of endogenous and exogenous information. The cues to fatten and depart from the non-breeding area are often linked to exogenous cues such as temperature or precipitation and the endogenous program. Shorter distance migrants should rely heavily on environmental information when initiating mAuthorsTheodore J. Zenzal, Darren Johnson, Frank R. Moore, Zoltán NémethStructured decision making to prioritize regional bird monitoring needs
Conservation planning for large ecosystems has multiple benefits but is often challenging to implement because of the multiple jurisdictions, species, and habitats involved. In addition, decision making at large spatial scales can be hampered because many approaches do not explicitly incorporate potentially competing values and concerns of stakeholders. After the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, estabAuthorsAuriel M. V. Fournier, R. Randy Wilson, Jeffrey S. Gleason, Evan M. Adams, Janell M. Brush, Robert J. Cooper, Stephen J. DeMaso, Melanie J. L. Driscoll, Peter C. Frederick, Patrick Jodice, Mary Ann Ottinger, David B. Reeves, Michael A. Seymour, Stephanie M. Sharuga, John M. Tirpak, William G. Vermillion, Theodore J. Zenzal, James E. Lyons, Mark S. WoodreyPotential effect of low-rise, downcast artificial lights on nocturnally migrating land birds
Artificial light at night (ALAN) on tall or upward-pointed lighting installations affects the flight behavior of night-migrating birds. We hypothesized that common low-rise lights pointing downward also affect the movement of nocturnal migrants. We predicted that birds in flight will react close to low-rise lights, and be attracted and grounded near light sources, with a stronger effect on juvenilAuthorsSergio A. Cabrera-Cruz, Ronald P. Larkin, Maren E. Gimpel, James G. Gruber, Theodore J. Zenzal, Jeffrey J. BulerRetreat, detour or advance? Understanding the movements of birds confronting the Gulf of Mexico
During migration, birds must locate stopover habitats that provide sufficient resources to rest and refuel while en route to the breeding or non-breeding area. Long-distance migrants invariably encounter inhospitable geographic features, the edges of which are often characterized by habitat limited in food and safety. In response, they often depart in directions inconsistent with reaching their deAuthorsTheodore J. Zenzal, Michael P. Ward, Robert H. Diehl, Jeffrey J. Buler, Jaclyn (Contractor) Ann Smolinsky, Jill L. Deppe, Rachel T Bolus, Antonio Celis-Murillo, Frank R. MooreA Tennessee Warbler (Leiothlypis peregrina) captured in the web of a golden silk orb-weaver (Trichonephila clavipes)
During migration, transient birds usually find themselves stopping in unfamiliar habitats in order to rest and refuel before resuming migratory flight. Here we document the first case, to our knowledge, of a Tennessee Warbler (Leiothlypis peregrina) entrapped in a spiderweb. The warbler's tarsus became caught in the mooring thread of a golden silk orb-weaver (Trichonephila clavipes) web and the biAuthorsTheodore J. Zenzal, Liliana Calderon, Joshua Lefever, Vincent WeberA multiscale approach to understanding migratory land bird habitat use of functional stopover habitat types and management efforts
It is hard to believe that many of the small “backyard birds” people see during spring and autumn can make migratory journeys that span thousands of kilometers. In fact, over two-thirds of all land birds (i.e., those not associated with aquatic habitats) and over half of the migratory species in North America move long distances to areas in Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean islaAuthorsTheodore J. ZenzalGoMAMN Strategic Bird Monitoring Guidelines: Landbirds
Landbirds in the Gulf of Mexico region include an ecologically diverse group of taxa that depend on a wide range of terrestrial habitats and the airspace above them. For the GoMAMN region of the Gulf of Mexico, the Landbird Working Group identified 19 species from 12 families as priorities for monitoring (Table 3.1). In addition, all species that stopover within the GoMAMN region during migrationAuthorsTheodore J. Zenzal, William G. Vermillion, Jacqueline R. Ferrato, Lori A. Randall, Robert Christopher Dobbs, Heather BaldwinMigratory hummingbirds make their own rules: The decision to resume migration along a barrier
Knowing how naïve migrants respond to intrinsic and extrinsic factors experienced en route will allow a more thorough understanding of the endogenous migratory programme. To understand how inexperienced individuals respond to ecological features, we tracked the migratory departures of juvenile ruby-throated hummingbirds, Archilochus colubris, one of the smallest (∼ 3 g) and least-studied migrants,AuthorsTheodore J. Zenzal, Frank R. Moore, Robert H. Diehl, Michael B. Ward, JIll DeppeSongbirds are resilient to hurricane disturbed habitats during spring migration
The Gulf of Mexico is a conspicuous feature of the Neotropical–Nearctic bird migration system. Traveling long distances across ecological barriers comes with considerable risks, and mortality associated with intercontinental migration may be substantial, including that caused by storms or other adverse weather events. However, little, if anything, is known about how migratory birds respond to distAuthorsEmily Lain, Theodore J. Zenzal, Frank R. Moore, Wylie C. Barrow, Robert H. DiehlFat, weather, and date affect migratory songbirds’ departure decisions, routes, and time it takes to cross the Gulf of Mexico
Approximately two thirds of migratory songbirds in eastern North America negotiate the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), where inclement weather coupled with no refueling or resting opportunities can be lethal. However, decisions made when navigating such features and their consequences remain largely unknown due to technological limitations of tracking small animals over large areas. We used automated radioAuthorsJill L. Deppe, Michael P. Ward, Rachel T. Bolus, Robert H. Diehl, A. Celis-Murillo, Theodore J. Zenzal, Frank R. Moore, Thomas J. Benson, Jaclyn A. Smolinsky, Lynn N. Schofield, David A. Enstrom, Eben H. Paxton, Gil Bohrer, Tara A. Beveroth, Arlo Raim, Renee L. Obringer, David Delaney, William W. CochranSpring resource phenology and timing of songbird migration across the Gulf of Mexico
Migratory songbirds are advancing their arrival to breeding areas in response to climatic warming at temperate latitudes. Less is understood about the impacts of climate changes outside the breeding period. Every spring, millions of migrating songbirds that overwinter in the Caribbean and Central and South America stop to rest and refuel in the first available habitats after crossing the Gulf of M
AuthorsEben H. Paxton, Emily B. Cohen, Zoltan Németh, Theodore J. Zenzal, Kristina L. Paxton, Robert H. Diehl, Frank R. MooreNon-USGS Publications**
Weidensaul, S., T.R. Robinson, R.R. Sargent, M.B. Sargent, and T.J. Zenzal Jr. 2019. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), version 2.1. In P.G. Rodewald (editor), The Birds of North America. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.Zenzal Jr., T.J. and F.R. Moore. 2019. Resource use and defense by Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) during stopover. Behaviour 156: 131-153. doi: 10.1163/1568539X-00003533Ward, M.P., T.J. Benson, J.L. Deppe, T.J. Zenzal Jr., A. Celis-Murillo, R.H. Diehl, R.T. Bolus, and F.R. Moore. 2018. Estimating apparent survival of songbirds crossing the Gulf of Mexico during autumn migration. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 285: 20181747.Schofield, L.N., J.L. Deppe, T.J. Zenzal Jr., M.P. Ward, R.H. Diehl, R.T. Bolus, and F.R. Moore. 2018. Using automated radio telemetry to quantify activity patterns of songbirds during stopover. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 135: 949-963. doi: 10.1642/AUK-17-229.1Zenzal Jr., T.J., F.R. Moore, R.H. Diehl, M.P. Ward, and J.L. Deppe. 2018. Migratory hummingbirds make their own rules: factors influencing the decision to resume migration along an ecological barrier. Animal Behaviour 137: 215-224.Schofield, L.N., J.L. Deppe, R.H. Diehl, M.P. Ward, R.T. Bolus, T.J. Zenzal Jr., J. Smolinsky, and F.R. Moore. 2018. Occurrence of quiescence in free-ranging, migratory songbirds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 82: 36.Zenzal Jr., T.J., A.J. Contina, J.F. Kelly, and F.R. Moore. 2018. Temporal migration patterns between natal locations of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) and their Gulf coast stopover site. Movement Ecology 6: 2. doi: 10.1186/s40462-017-0120-2Zenzal Jr., T.J., R.J. Smith, D.N. Ewert, R.H. Diehl, and J.J. Buler. 2018. Fine-scale heterogeneity drives forest use by spring migrant landbirds across a broad contiguous forest matrix. The Condor: Ornithological Applications 120: 166-184.Zenzal Jr., T.J., E.J. Lain, and J.M. Sellers. 2017. An Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) transporting snails during spring migration. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 129: 898-902.Bolus, R.T., R.H. Diehl, F.R. Moore, J.L. Deppe, M.P. Ward, J. Smolinsky, and T.J. Zenzal Jr. 2017. Swainson’s Thrushes do not show strong wind selectivity prior to crossing the Gulf of Mexico. Scientific Reports: 7: 14280.Buler, J.J, R.J. Lyon, J.A. Smolinsky, T.J. Zenzal Jr., and F.R. Moore. 2017. Body mass and wing shape explain variability in broad-scale species distributions along an ecological barrier during migratory stopover. Oecologia 185: 205-212. doi: 10.1007/s00442-017-3936-yLain, E.J., T.J. Zenzal Jr., F.R. Moore, W.C. Barrow Jr., and R.H. Diehl. 2017. Songbirds are resilient to hurricane disturbed habitats during spring migration. Journal of Avian Biology: 48: 815-826. doi: 10.1111/jav.01215Moore, F.R., K. Covino, W. Lewis, T.J. Zenzal Jr., and T.J. Benson. 2017. Effect of fuel deposition rate on departure fuel load of migratory songbirds during spring stopover along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Avian Biology 48: 123-132. doi: 10.1111/jav.01335Zenzal Jr., T.J. and F.R. Moore. 2016. Stopover biology of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) during autumn migration. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 133: 237-250.Zenzal Jr., T.J. and W. Selman. 2015. Thamnophis proximus (Western Ribbon Snake). Arboreal Behavior. Herpetological Review 46: 653.Deppe, J.L., M.P. Ward, R.T. Bolus, R.H. Diehl, A. Celis-Murillo, T.J. Zenzal Jr., F.R. Moore, T.J. Benson, J. A. Smolinsky, L.N. Schofield, D.A. Enstrom, E.H. Paxton, G. Bohrer, T.A. Beveroth, A. Raim, R.L. Obringer, D. Delaney, and W.W. Cochran. 2015. Fat, weather, and date affect migratory songbirds’ departure decisions, routes, and time it takes to cross in the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences 112: E6331-E6338. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503381112Mettke-Hofmann, C., P.B. Hamel, G. Hofmann, T.J. Zenzal Jr., A. Pellegrini, J. Malpass, M. Garfinkel, N. Schiff, and R. Greenberg. 2015. Competition and habitat quality influences age and sex distribution in wintering Rusty Blackbirds. PLoS ONE 10: e0123775. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0123775Cohen, E.B., Z. Németh, T.J. Zenzal Jr., K.L. Paxton, R. Diehl, E.H. Paxton, and F.R. Moore. 2015. Spring resource phenology and timing of songbird migration across the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 63-82 in E.M. Wood and J.L. Kellerman (editors), Phenological synchrony and bird migration: changing climate and seasonal resources in North America. Studies in Avian Biology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.Zenzal Jr., T.J., R.H. Diehl, and F.R. Moore. 2014. The impact of radio-tags on Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris). The Condor: Ornithological Applications 116: 518-526.Zenzal Jr., T.J., A.C. Fish, T.M. Jones, E.A. Ospina, and F.R. Moore. 2013. Observations of mortality and anti-predator behavior of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) during migratory stopover. Southeastern Naturalist 12: N21-N25**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.