Tonie Rocke

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August 26, 2026

Dynamics of Rabies Transmission in Vampire Bats and Potential for Control Through Vaccination

Vampire bats are the primary spreader of rabies, a lethal disease that harms livestock and people across Latin America. Growth of the livestock industry and environmental changes in this region are leading to the expansion of vampire bats’ habitat range, and it is considered likely this species will move into the southern United States.

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Dynamics of Rabies Transmission in Vampire Bats and Potential for Control Through Vaccination

August 26, 2026

Dynamics of Rabies Transmission in Vampire Bats and Potential for Control Through Vaccination

Vampire bats are the primary spreader of rabies, a lethal disease that harms livestock and people across Latin America. Growth of the livestock industry and environmental changes in this region are leading to the expansion of vampire bats’ habitat range, and it is considered likely this species will move into the southern United States.

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August 23, 2026

White-nose Syndrome Vaccine Updates

Since its emergence in 2006, white-nose syndrome (WNS) continues to spread in North America and has substantially impacted hibernating bat populations, contributing to declines of over 90% in northern long-eared ( Myotis septentrionalis), little brown ( Myotis lucifugus), and tri-colored bat ( Perimyotis subflavus) populations. We are developing tools and management strategies to protect bat...

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

White-nose Syndrome Vaccine Updates

August 23, 2026

White-nose Syndrome Vaccine Updates

Since its emergence in 2006, white-nose syndrome (WNS) continues to spread in North America and has substantially impacted hibernating bat populations, contributing to declines of over 90% in northern long-eared ( Myotis septentrionalis), little brown ( Myotis lucifugus), and tri-colored bat ( Perimyotis subflavus) populations. We are developing tools and management strategies to protect bat...

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October 26, 2021

Field trials for testing of white-nose syndrome vaccine candidates

White-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), continues to decimate bat populations in North America, and efforts to develop treatment options have intensified. One potential method for controlling WNS is vaccination of bats with specific antigens to elicit a protective immune response.

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Field trials for testing of white-nose syndrome vaccine candidates

October 26, 2021

Field trials for testing of white-nose syndrome vaccine candidates

White-nose syndrome (WNS), caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), continues to decimate bat populations in North America, and efforts to develop treatment options have intensified. One potential method for controlling WNS is vaccination of bats with specific antigens to elicit a protective immune response.

Learn More

August 24, 2021

Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to support black-footed ferret conservation

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is known to infect and cause severe disease, such as respiratory distress and death, in mustelids, including farm-raised mink ( Mustela  lutreola and  Neovison  vison) and domestic ferrets ( M. putorius). This raised concern that the virus may also pose a threat to endangered black-footed ferrets ( Mustela nigripes) managed in captivity for breeding and recovery purposes.

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to support black-footed ferret conservation

August 24, 2021

Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to support black-footed ferret conservation

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is known to infect and cause severe disease, such as respiratory distress and death, in mustelids, including farm-raised mink ( Mustela  lutreola and  Neovison  vison) and domestic ferrets ( M. putorius). This raised concern that the virus may also pose a threat to endangered black-footed ferrets ( Mustela nigripes) managed in captivity for breeding and recovery purposes.

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April 16, 2020

Modeling the response of cave hibernating Myotis species to white-nose syndrome mitigation tactics

Bat Research Research collaboration: Robin Russell (NWHC), Tonie Rocke (NWHC), Wayne Thogmartin (UMESC), Evan Grant (EESC) White-nose syndrome is a fungal disease devastating cave-hibernating bat species ( Myotis spp.) in the eastern United States. Several mitigation tactics have been proposed to alleviate the effects of white-nose syndrome on bats including probiotics and vaccination. Questions...

By

Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, Species Management Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center

Modeling the response of cave hibernating Myotis species to white-nose syndrome mitigation tactics

April 16, 2020

Modeling the response of cave hibernating Myotis species to white-nose syndrome mitigation tactics

Bat Research Research collaboration: Robin Russell (NWHC), Tonie Rocke (NWHC), Wayne Thogmartin (UMESC), Evan Grant (EESC) White-nose syndrome is a fungal disease devastating cave-hibernating bat species ( Myotis spp.) in the eastern United States. Several mitigation tactics have been proposed to alleviate the effects of white-nose syndrome on bats including probiotics and vaccination. Questions...

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May 24, 2018

Vaccines

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) works on developing various disease management tools, including the development of vaccines. Our current work focuses on vaccines for sylvatic plague, white-nose syndrome, and rabies as disease control strategies.

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Vaccines

May 24, 2018

Vaccines

The USGS National Wildlife Health Center (NWHC) works on developing various disease management tools, including the development of vaccines. Our current work focuses on vaccines for sylvatic plague, white-nose syndrome, and rabies as disease control strategies.

Learn More

February 23, 2018

Sylvatic Plague

Sylvatic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is a bacterial disease transmitted by fleas that afflicts many mammalian species, including humans.

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Sylvatic Plague

February 23, 2018

Sylvatic Plague

Sylvatic plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is a bacterial disease transmitted by fleas that afflicts many mammalian species, including humans.

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February 1, 2018

White-Nose Syndrome

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emergent disease of hibernating bats that has spread from the northeastern across United States at an alarming rate.

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

White-Nose Syndrome

February 1, 2018

White-Nose Syndrome

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is an emergent disease of hibernating bats that has spread from the northeastern across United States at an alarming rate.

Learn More

January 1, 2018

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, Biological Threats and Invasive Species Research Program, National Wildlife Health Center

Vector-Borne Diseases

January 1, 2018

Vector-Borne Diseases

Vector-borne diseases are transmitted from one animal to another by vectors, including insects, such as mosquitoes or fleas, and arachnids, such as ticks. The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates wildlife diseases, including vector-borne diseases, such as West Nile virus and sylvatic plague.

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January 1, 1999

Science support for restoration of the Salton Sea. Recommendations of the USGS Tiger Team to the Salton Sea Science Subcommittee Science support for restoration of the Salton Sea. Recommendations of the USGS Tiger Team to the Salton Sea Science Subcommittee

No abstract available at this time

Authors

Frank S. Shipley, Douglas A. Barnum, G.F. Black, William I. Boarman, Walter G. Duffy, Michael J. Mac, David M. Miller, Tonie E. Rocke, Roy A. Schroeder, R.G. Thiery

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center, Western Ecological Research Center (WERC), Salton Sea

October 1, 1998

Preliminary evaluation of a simple in vitro test for the diagnosis of type C botulism in wild birds Preliminary evaluation of a simple in vitro test for the diagnosis of type C botulism in wild birds

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of type C botulinum toxin (Clostridium botulinum) in wild birds. This simple, antigen-capture ELISA utilizes polystyrene immunosticks as the solid substrate, chicken antitoxin (IgY) as the coating antibody, rabbit antitoxin as the primary antibody, and peroxidase-labeled goat-anti-rabbit as the secondary...

Authors

Tonie E. Rocke, Susan Smith, Sean Nashold

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1998

The inhibition of Clostridium botulinum type C by other bacteria in wetland sediments The inhibition of Clostridium botulinum type C by other bacteria in wetland sediments

Bacteria with inhibitory activity against Clostridium botulinum type C were isolated from 32% of sediment samples (n = 1600) collected from 10 marshes in a northern California wetland over a 12 mo period. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria with inhibitory activity were isolated from 12% and 23% of the samples, respectively. Bacteria with inhibitory activity were isolated from all 10 study...

Authors

Renee J. Sandler, Tonie E. Rocke, Thomas M. Yuill

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 7, 1997

Site-specific lead exposure from lead pellet ingestion in sentinel mallards Site-specific lead exposure from lead pellet ingestion in sentinel mallards

We monitored lead poisoning from the ingestion of spent lead pellets in sentinel mallards (Anas platyhrynchos) at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), Willows, California for 4 years (1986-89) after the conversion to steel shot for waterfowl hunting on refuges in 1986. Sentinel mallards were held in 1.6-ha enclosures in 1 hunted (P8) and 2 non-hunted (T19 and TF) wetlands. We...

Authors

Tonie E. Rocke, C. J. Brand, John G. Mensik

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1994

Use of sentinel mallards for epizootiologic studies of avian botulism Use of sentinel mallards for epizootiologic studies of avian botulism

Captive-reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were used as sentinels to study the epizootiology of avian botulism at the Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge, Willows, California (USA) from 1986 to 1989. Sentinel mallards were wing-clipped, and 40 to 50 birds were confined in 1.6-ha enclosures in 11 selected wetlands (pools). Enclosures were searched intensively three to four times weekly...

Authors

Tonie E. Rocke, C. J. Brand

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1993

Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland Seasonal prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C in the sediments of the northern California wetland

The prevalence of Clostridium botulinum type C (% of positive sediment samples) was determined in 10 marshes at Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), located in the Central Valley of California (USA), where avian botulism epizootics occur regularly. Fifty-two percent of 2,200 sediment samples collected over an 18-mo period contained C. botulinum type C (both neurotoxic and...

Authors

Renee J. Sandler, Tonie E. Rocke, M.D. Samuel, Thomas M. Yuill

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1993

Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum

No abstract available.

Authors

Tonie E. Rocke

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1992

The role of avian carcasses in botulism epizootics The role of avian carcasses in botulism epizootics

No abstract available.

Authors

T.M. Reed, Tonie E. Rocke

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1991

Brain acetycholinesterase activity in botulism-intoxicated mallards Brain acetycholinesterase activity in botulism-intoxicated mallards

Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in captive-reared mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) that died of botulism was compared with euthanized controls. AChE levels for both groups were within the range reported for normal mallards, and there was no significant difference in mean AChE activity between birds that ingested botulism toxin and died and those that did not.

Authors

Tonie E. Rocke, M.D. Samuel

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1991

Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system Effects of lead shot ingestion on selected cells of the mallard immune system

The immunologic effects of lead were measured in game-farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) that ingested lead shot while foraging naturally, mallards intubated with lead shot, and unexposed controls. Circulating white blood cells (WBC) declined significantly in male mallards exposed to lead by either natural ingestion or intubation, but not females. Spleen plaque-forming cell (SPFC) counts...

Authors

Tonie E. Rocke, M.D. Samuel

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1990

Blood lead concentrations in mallards from Delevan and Colusa National Wildlife Refuges Blood lead concentrations in mallards from Delevan and Colusa National Wildlife Refuges

Blood samples were taken from 181 (108 adult drakes and 73 individuals of mixed age and sex) mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, from Colusa and Delevan National Wildlife Refuges during late winter and summer of 1987. The percentage of birds with elevated lead concentration was 28.7 for late winter and 16.4 for late summer. For summer trapped birds, a significantly greater proportion of males...

Authors

David M. Mauser, Tonie E. Rocke, John G. Mensik, Christopher J. Brand

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

January 1, 1988

Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in captive-reared wild turkeys Experimental Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in captive-reared wild turkeys

The effects of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections on egg production, fertility, and hatchability were studied in captive-reared wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Three groups of adult birds, each consisting of four hens and two toms, were exposed to MG by the respiratory route at the beginning of their breeding season. Fourteen control birds received sterile growth medium...

Authors

Tonie E. Rocke, Thomas M. Yuill, Terry E. Amundson

By

Ecosystems Mission Area, National Wildlife Health Center

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