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Travis S Schmidt, Ph.D.

Travis Schmidt is a Research Ecologist for the Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center.

Travis' aims are to better understand how ecosystems respond to natural and human cause disturbances. He researches the effects of metals, pesticides, and other contaminants on aquatic and riparian ecological communities.

Professional Experience

  • 2020 to present, Research Ecologist, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, Helena, MT

  • 2009-2020, Research Ecologist, Colorado Water Science Center, Fort Collins, CO

  • 2007-2009, Mendenhall Fellow, Central Mineral and Environmental Science Center, Denver, CO

  • 2003-2007, USDA Fellow, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

  • 2001-2003, Ecotoxicologist, ELM Consulting, Chicago, IL

  • 1999-2001, Research Assistant, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

  • 1998-1999, Research Assistant, Aquatic Ecology Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

  • 1998-1999, Department of Biology, Notre Dame University, South Bend, IN

Education and Certifications

  • Ph.D. Ecotoxicology, Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, 2007

  • M.S. Aquatic Toxicology, Biology Department, Virginia Tech, 2001

  • B.S. Ecology, Biology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 1998

Science and Products

Contaminate Effects on Stream Biota

Analyses of contaminant effects in freshwater systems: synthesizing abiotic and biotic stream datasets for long-term ecological research

Fresh water is arguably the most valuable resource on the planet, but human activities threaten freshwater ecosystems. For example, use of synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, road salts, and nutrients, has led to the ubiquitous contamination of aquatic systems, jeopardizing the integrity of ecological communities. Given the importance biodiversity plays in maintaining ecosystem...
By
John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis
Analyses of contaminant effects in freshwater systems: synthesizing abiotic and biotic stream datasets for long-term ecological research

Analyses of contaminant effects in freshwater systems: synthesizing abiotic and biotic stream datasets for long-term ecological research

Fresh water is arguably the most valuable resource on the planet, but human activities threaten freshwater ecosystems. For example, use of synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, road salts, and nutrients, has led to the ubiquitous contamination of aquatic systems, jeopardizing the integrity of ecological communities. Given the importance biodiversity plays in maintaining ecosystem health and
Learn More
Poudre River looking upstream.

Potential Toxicity of Multiple Metals Associated with PGE Deposits

Water quality and aquatic life standards that are set by Federal and state regulatory agencies are used to evaluate the quality of our nation’s water and the health of aquatic ecosystems. These standards currently are based on hardness of the water and are determined for single metals, not for mixtures of metals that are typically found in natural systems. Metal mixtures can potentially be more or...
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Geology, Energy, and Minerals Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Mineral Resources Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Fort Collins Science Center
Potential Toxicity of Multiple Metals Associated with PGE Deposits

Potential Toxicity of Multiple Metals Associated with PGE Deposits

Water quality and aquatic life standards that are set by Federal and state regulatory agencies are used to evaluate the quality of our nation’s water and the health of aquatic ecosystems. These standards currently are based on hardness of the water and are determined for single metals, not for mixtures of metals that are typically found in natural systems. Metal mixtures can potentially be more or...
Learn More
Filter Total Items: 22

Fish Tissue Analysis Results, Koocanusa Reservoir, Montana, 2021 Fish Tissue Analysis Results, Koocanusa Reservoir, Montana, 2021

Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks (MT FWP), in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center (WY-MT WSC), Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) collected fish from the Koocanusa Reservoir in 2021 for tissue analysis. Fish tissue collected included muscle, eggs...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Data set for a mesocosm to field assessment of the ecological risks associated with neonicotinoids in US streams Data set for a mesocosm to field assessment of the ecological risks associated with neonicotinoids in US streams

Neonicotinoids, a widely used class of insecticide, have been found in surface waters globally. They pose a risk to non-target species found in aquatic environments such as aquatic macroinvertebrates. To better understand the effects of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin and their mixtures on aquatic communities we ran a 30 day mesocosm test. Rock trays were colonized with...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Results of Ecosystem Scale Selenium Modeling in Support of Site-Specific Guidelines Development for Lake Koocanusa, Montana, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada, 2020 Results of Ecosystem Scale Selenium Modeling in Support of Site-Specific Guidelines Development for Lake Koocanusa, Montana, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada, 2020

This data release and accompanying spreadsheet illustrate the ecosystem scale selenium model for Lake Koocanusa described in USGS Open-File Report 2020-1098, "Understanding and Documenting the Scientific Basis of Selenium Ecological Protection in Support of Site-Specific Guidelines Development for Lake Koocanusa, Montana, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada." All report sections...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Dataset for temporal influences on selenium partitioning, trophic transfer, and exposure in a major U.S. river Dataset for temporal influences on selenium partitioning, trophic transfer, and exposure in a major U.S. river

The trace element selenium is an essential element with a narrow window between concentrations needed to support life and those that cause toxicity to egg laying organisms. Selenium bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is primarily the result of trophic transfer through food webs and is poorly predicted by dissolved concentrations in freshwater bodies. To better understand the hydrologic...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Trace metals in water and biota in and near headwater streams in the Colorado Mineral Belt Trace metals in water and biota in and near headwater streams in the Colorado Mineral Belt

This data release includes sampling location data, field-collected water chemistry data, cation and anion concentration data for water and tissues of submerged aquatic vegetation, aquatic insect larvae, adult aquatic insects and riparian spiders from 35 first- and second-order sub-alpine streams that ranged over several orders of magnitude in metal concentrations but were similar in...
By
Contaminant Biology, Columbia Environmental Research Center

Invertebrate community data from native trout lakes and streams in the Southern Rocky Mountains Invertebrate community data from native trout lakes and streams in the Southern Rocky Mountains

Native trout in the West suffer a high degree of vulnerability, as highlighted by cutthroat trout, a group of 14 subspecies, most of which have been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). In the Southern Rocky Mountains, greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias; GBCT) are listed as threatened under the ESA, and few populations remain, in part...
By
Colorado Water Science Center
No results found.
Filter Total Items: 68

Evidence of long-range transport of selenium downstream of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley, Canada Evidence of long-range transport of selenium downstream of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley, Canada

Expanding coal-mining operations in the Elk River Valley (British Columbia, Canada) have increased total selenium (Se) concentrations in the transboundary Lake Koocanusa (Canada and United States), but the spatial extent of Se transport from the Elk River Mines is unknown. We evaluated multiple lines of evidence of long-range transport of Se at five sites downstream of the mines relative...
Authors
Madison Foster, Meryl Storb, Johanna Blake, Travis S. Schmidt, Rochelle Nustad, Ashley Bussell
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Colorado Water Science Center, New Mexico Water Science Center, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, Dakota Water Science Center

Multiple lines of evidence point to pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in small streams in five United States regions Multiple lines of evidence point to pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in small streams in five United States regions

Multistressor studies were performed in five regions of the United States to assess the role of pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in wadable streams. Pesticides and other chemical and physical stressors were measured in 75 to 99 streams per region for 4 weeks, after which invertebrate communities were surveyed (435 total sites). Pesticides were sampled weekly in...
Authors
Lisa Nowell, Patrick Moran, Ian Waite, Travis S. Schmidt, Paul M. Bradley, Barbara Mahler, Peter Van Metre
By
Water Resources Mission Area, California Water Science Center, Oregon Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Growth of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley (Canada) linked to increasing solute transport of Se, NO3-, and SO42- into the transboundary Koocanusa Reservoir (USA-Canada) Growth of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley (Canada) linked to increasing solute transport of Se, NO3-, and SO42- into the transboundary Koocanusa Reservoir (USA-Canada)

Koocanusa Reservoir (KOC) is a waterbody that spans the United States (U.S.) and Canadian border. Increasing concentrations of total selenium (Se), nitrate + nitrite (NO3–, nitrite is insignificant or not present), and sulfate (SO42–) in KOC and downstream in the Kootenai River (Kootenay River in Canada) are tied to expanding coal mining operations in the Elk River Watershed, Canada...
Authors
Meryl Storb, Ashley Bussell, Sara Caldwell Eldridge, Robert Hirsch, Travis S. Schmidt
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Fort Collins Science Center, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Density declines, richness increases, and composition shifts in stream macroinvertebrates Density declines, richness increases, and composition shifts in stream macroinvertebrates

Documenting trends of stream macroinvertebrate biodiversity is challenging because biomonitoring often has limited spatial, temporal, and taxonomic scopes. We analyzed biodiversity and composition of assemblages of >500 genera, spanning 27 years, and 6131 stream sites across forested, grassland, urban, and agricultural land uses throughout the United States. In this dataset...
Authors
Samantha Rumschlag, Michael Mahon, Devin K. Jones, William A. Battaglin, Jonny Behrens, Emily S. Bernhardt, Paul Bradley, Ethan Brown, Frederik De Laender, Ryan Hill, Stefan Kunz, Sylvia Lee, Emma Rossi, Ralf Schafer, Travis S. Schmidt, Marie Simonin, Kelly L. Smalling, Kristofor Voss, Jason Rohr
By
Water Resources Mission Area, John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis, New Jersey Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Rebuttal to correspondence on “sediment sources and sealed-pavement area drive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal occurrence in urban streams Rebuttal to correspondence on “sediment sources and sealed-pavement area drive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal occurrence in urban streams

No abstract available.
Authors
Travis S. Schmidt, Christopher Fuller, Sharon Qi, Allen Gellis
By
Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center

Ecological consequences of neonicotinoid mixtures in streams Ecological consequences of neonicotinoid mixtures in streams

Neonicotinoid mixtures are common in streams worldwide, but corresponding ecological responses are poorly understood. We combined experimental and observational studies to narrow this knowledge gap. The mesocosm experiment determined that concentrations of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin (range of exposures, 0 to 11.9 μg/liter) above the hazard concentration for 5% of...
Authors
Travis S. Schmidt, Janet L. Miller, Barbara Mahler, Peter Van Metre, Lisa Nowell, Mark Sandstrom, Daren Carlisle, Patrick Moran, Paul M. Bradley
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Stahl, Ralph G., Kapustka, Lawrence A., Munns, Wayne R., and Bruins, Randall J. F. 2007. Organizing and Integrating the Valuation Process. pp.129–163. DOI: 10.1201/9781420062632.ch6
Church, S.E., R.B. Wanty, T.S. Schmidt, D.L. Fey, B.W. Rockwell, and C.A. San Juan. 2008. Environmental Assessment of Central Colorado-Effects of hydrothermal alteration on water and sediment quality. [abs.]. In: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 16-20, 2008, Tampa, Florida, USA. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. p. 1.
Church, S.E., D.L. Fey, T.L. Klein, T.S. Schmidt, R.B. Wanty, E.H. DeWitt, B.W. Rockwell, and C.A. San Juan. 2008. Environmental effects of hydrothermal alteration and historical mining on water and sediment quality in central Colorado. [pages in] In: The Third Interagency Conference on Research in Watersheds, September 8-11, 2008, Estes Park, Colorado, USA. p. 1.
Van Metre. (2022). Sediment Sources and Sealed-Pavement Area Drive Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Metal Occurrence in Urban Streams. Environmental Science & Technology., 56(3), 1615–1626. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00414

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

Science and Products

Contaminate Effects on Stream Biota

Analyses of contaminant effects in freshwater systems: synthesizing abiotic and biotic stream datasets for long-term ecological research

Fresh water is arguably the most valuable resource on the planet, but human activities threaten freshwater ecosystems. For example, use of synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, road salts, and nutrients, has led to the ubiquitous contamination of aquatic systems, jeopardizing the integrity of ecological communities. Given the importance biodiversity plays in maintaining ecosystem...
By
John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis
Analyses of contaminant effects in freshwater systems: synthesizing abiotic and biotic stream datasets for long-term ecological research

Analyses of contaminant effects in freshwater systems: synthesizing abiotic and biotic stream datasets for long-term ecological research

Fresh water is arguably the most valuable resource on the planet, but human activities threaten freshwater ecosystems. For example, use of synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, road salts, and nutrients, has led to the ubiquitous contamination of aquatic systems, jeopardizing the integrity of ecological communities. Given the importance biodiversity plays in maintaining ecosystem health and
Learn More
Poudre River looking upstream.

Potential Toxicity of Multiple Metals Associated with PGE Deposits

Water quality and aquatic life standards that are set by Federal and state regulatory agencies are used to evaluate the quality of our nation’s water and the health of aquatic ecosystems. These standards currently are based on hardness of the water and are determined for single metals, not for mixtures of metals that are typically found in natural systems. Metal mixtures can potentially be more or...
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Geology, Energy, and Minerals Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Mineral Resources Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Fort Collins Science Center
Potential Toxicity of Multiple Metals Associated with PGE Deposits

Potential Toxicity of Multiple Metals Associated with PGE Deposits

Water quality and aquatic life standards that are set by Federal and state regulatory agencies are used to evaluate the quality of our nation’s water and the health of aquatic ecosystems. These standards currently are based on hardness of the water and are determined for single metals, not for mixtures of metals that are typically found in natural systems. Metal mixtures can potentially be more or...
Learn More
Filter Total Items: 22

Fish Tissue Analysis Results, Koocanusa Reservoir, Montana, 2021 Fish Tissue Analysis Results, Koocanusa Reservoir, Montana, 2021

Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks (MT FWP), in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center (WY-MT WSC), Montana Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) collected fish from the Koocanusa Reservoir in 2021 for tissue analysis. Fish tissue collected included muscle, eggs...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Data set for a mesocosm to field assessment of the ecological risks associated with neonicotinoids in US streams Data set for a mesocosm to field assessment of the ecological risks associated with neonicotinoids in US streams

Neonicotinoids, a widely used class of insecticide, have been found in surface waters globally. They pose a risk to non-target species found in aquatic environments such as aquatic macroinvertebrates. To better understand the effects of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin and their mixtures on aquatic communities we ran a 30 day mesocosm test. Rock trays were colonized with...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Results of Ecosystem Scale Selenium Modeling in Support of Site-Specific Guidelines Development for Lake Koocanusa, Montana, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada, 2020 Results of Ecosystem Scale Selenium Modeling in Support of Site-Specific Guidelines Development for Lake Koocanusa, Montana, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada, 2020

This data release and accompanying spreadsheet illustrate the ecosystem scale selenium model for Lake Koocanusa described in USGS Open-File Report 2020-1098, "Understanding and Documenting the Scientific Basis of Selenium Ecological Protection in Support of Site-Specific Guidelines Development for Lake Koocanusa, Montana, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada." All report sections...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Dataset for temporal influences on selenium partitioning, trophic transfer, and exposure in a major U.S. river Dataset for temporal influences on selenium partitioning, trophic transfer, and exposure in a major U.S. river

The trace element selenium is an essential element with a narrow window between concentrations needed to support life and those that cause toxicity to egg laying organisms. Selenium bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is primarily the result of trophic transfer through food webs and is poorly predicted by dissolved concentrations in freshwater bodies. To better understand the hydrologic...
By
Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Trace metals in water and biota in and near headwater streams in the Colorado Mineral Belt Trace metals in water and biota in and near headwater streams in the Colorado Mineral Belt

This data release includes sampling location data, field-collected water chemistry data, cation and anion concentration data for water and tissues of submerged aquatic vegetation, aquatic insect larvae, adult aquatic insects and riparian spiders from 35 first- and second-order sub-alpine streams that ranged over several orders of magnitude in metal concentrations but were similar in...
By
Contaminant Biology, Columbia Environmental Research Center

Invertebrate community data from native trout lakes and streams in the Southern Rocky Mountains Invertebrate community data from native trout lakes and streams in the Southern Rocky Mountains

Native trout in the West suffer a high degree of vulnerability, as highlighted by cutthroat trout, a group of 14 subspecies, most of which have been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). In the Southern Rocky Mountains, greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias; GBCT) are listed as threatened under the ESA, and few populations remain, in part...
By
Colorado Water Science Center
No results found.
Filter Total Items: 68

Evidence of long-range transport of selenium downstream of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley, Canada Evidence of long-range transport of selenium downstream of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley, Canada

Expanding coal-mining operations in the Elk River Valley (British Columbia, Canada) have increased total selenium (Se) concentrations in the transboundary Lake Koocanusa (Canada and United States), but the spatial extent of Se transport from the Elk River Mines is unknown. We evaluated multiple lines of evidence of long-range transport of Se at five sites downstream of the mines relative...
Authors
Madison Foster, Meryl Storb, Johanna Blake, Travis S. Schmidt, Rochelle Nustad, Ashley Bussell
By
Water Resources Mission Area, Colorado Water Science Center, New Mexico Water Science Center, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, Dakota Water Science Center

Multiple lines of evidence point to pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in small streams in five United States regions Multiple lines of evidence point to pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in small streams in five United States regions

Multistressor studies were performed in five regions of the United States to assess the role of pesticides as stressors affecting invertebrate communities in wadable streams. Pesticides and other chemical and physical stressors were measured in 75 to 99 streams per region for 4 weeks, after which invertebrate communities were surveyed (435 total sites). Pesticides were sampled weekly in...
Authors
Lisa Nowell, Patrick Moran, Ian Waite, Travis S. Schmidt, Paul M. Bradley, Barbara Mahler, Peter Van Metre
By
Water Resources Mission Area, California Water Science Center, Oregon Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Growth of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley (Canada) linked to increasing solute transport of Se, NO3-, and SO42- into the transboundary Koocanusa Reservoir (USA-Canada) Growth of coal mining operations in the Elk River Valley (Canada) linked to increasing solute transport of Se, NO3-, and SO42- into the transboundary Koocanusa Reservoir (USA-Canada)

Koocanusa Reservoir (KOC) is a waterbody that spans the United States (U.S.) and Canadian border. Increasing concentrations of total selenium (Se), nitrate + nitrite (NO3–, nitrite is insignificant or not present), and sulfate (SO42–) in KOC and downstream in the Kootenai River (Kootenay River in Canada) are tied to expanding coal mining operations in the Elk River Watershed, Canada...
Authors
Meryl Storb, Ashley Bussell, Sara Caldwell Eldridge, Robert Hirsch, Travis S. Schmidt
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Fort Collins Science Center, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Density declines, richness increases, and composition shifts in stream macroinvertebrates Density declines, richness increases, and composition shifts in stream macroinvertebrates

Documenting trends of stream macroinvertebrate biodiversity is challenging because biomonitoring often has limited spatial, temporal, and taxonomic scopes. We analyzed biodiversity and composition of assemblages of >500 genera, spanning 27 years, and 6131 stream sites across forested, grassland, urban, and agricultural land uses throughout the United States. In this dataset...
Authors
Samantha Rumschlag, Michael Mahon, Devin K. Jones, William A. Battaglin, Jonny Behrens, Emily S. Bernhardt, Paul Bradley, Ethan Brown, Frederik De Laender, Ryan Hill, Stefan Kunz, Sylvia Lee, Emma Rossi, Ralf Schafer, Travis S. Schmidt, Marie Simonin, Kelly L. Smalling, Kristofor Voss, Jason Rohr
By
Water Resources Mission Area, John Wesley Powell Center for Analysis and Synthesis, New Jersey Water Science Center, South Atlantic Water Science Center (SAWSC)

Rebuttal to correspondence on “sediment sources and sealed-pavement area drive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal occurrence in urban streams Rebuttal to correspondence on “sediment sources and sealed-pavement area drive polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal occurrence in urban streams

No abstract available.
Authors
Travis S. Schmidt, Christopher Fuller, Sharon Qi, Allen Gellis
By
Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center

Ecological consequences of neonicotinoid mixtures in streams Ecological consequences of neonicotinoid mixtures in streams

Neonicotinoid mixtures are common in streams worldwide, but corresponding ecological responses are poorly understood. We combined experimental and observational studies to narrow this knowledge gap. The mesocosm experiment determined that concentrations of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin (range of exposures, 0 to 11.9 μg/liter) above the hazard concentration for 5% of...
Authors
Travis S. Schmidt, Janet L. Miller, Barbara Mahler, Peter Van Metre, Lisa Nowell, Mark Sandstrom, Daren Carlisle, Patrick Moran, Paul M. Bradley
By
Ecosystems Mission Area, Water Resources Mission Area, Contaminant Biology, Environmental Health Program, Toxic Substances Hydrology, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center

Non-USGS Publications**

Stahl, Ralph G., Kapustka, Lawrence A., Munns, Wayne R., and Bruins, Randall J. F. 2007. Organizing and Integrating the Valuation Process. pp.129–163. DOI: 10.1201/9781420062632.ch6
Church, S.E., R.B. Wanty, T.S. Schmidt, D.L. Fey, B.W. Rockwell, and C.A. San Juan. 2008. Environmental Assessment of Central Colorado-Effects of hydrothermal alteration on water and sediment quality. [abs.]. In: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 16-20, 2008, Tampa, Florida, USA. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. p. 1.
Church, S.E., D.L. Fey, T.L. Klein, T.S. Schmidt, R.B. Wanty, E.H. DeWitt, B.W. Rockwell, and C.A. San Juan. 2008. Environmental effects of hydrothermal alteration and historical mining on water and sediment quality in central Colorado. [pages in] In: The Third Interagency Conference on Research in Watersheds, September 8-11, 2008, Estes Park, Colorado, USA. p. 1.
Van Metre. (2022). Sediment Sources and Sealed-Pavement Area Drive Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Metal Occurrence in Urban Streams. Environmental Science & Technology., 56(3), 1615–1626. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c00414

**Disclaimer: The views expressed in Non-USGS publications are those of the author and do not represent the views of the USGS, Department of the Interior, or the U.S. Government.

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